Types of Construction Machinery 2

8/13/2019 Types of Construction Machinery 2

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TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONM CHINERY


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FOLLOWING ARE THE

MAJOR TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS

THAT IS BEING USED IN THECONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY


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Construction Equipment

Management (operations) It plays significant role in execution of modern high cost time

bound construction projects.

Present time construction equipment in construction work it has

become an indispensable item of resources.

It produces output at an accelerated speed, and completion of

task in limited time.

Equipment saves manpower which is becoming scarce, costly

and more demanding day by day.

It improves productivity, quality, and safety.

Equipment planning means to identify the constructionequipment for execution of project task. It needs

1. Assessing performance capability

2. Assessing date wise requirement numbers and type of

equipment, and finally participating in the selection of equipment

to be required.


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While submitting their bits and even for monitoring outputof equipment requires the data in respect of variouselements of cost constituting owning and operating costas wells the output.

Proper selection of equipment timely requirement andgetting in time repair and good maintenance will improveworkability, intern production and timely completionprojects.

Data of equipment is required for generally used inconstruction project which is helpful to

1. Engineers2. Quantity surveyors3. Builders.

Today machines are used in every field and every stageof construction.

Reduction in cost of construction has become the centraltheme to survive and grow in construction business.Therefore wherever machines save the cost in laboring

give superior finish in all such works machines are beingem lo ed.


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Cost Parameter of Time

Rupee today is more worth than tomorrow.Inflation reduces value of money over time.

Large projects and heavy cost is undertaken after

a careful calculating its cost over a completion

time. Large projects two to ten years duration. If

the project is not completed during this period the

cost due to inflation becomes so high that the

project may run into investment crunch and thus

the whole investment may go waste. Thus the

strict time restriction in which huge output of

construction is to be achieved make the use of

machine inevitable.


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Infrastructure development is the key to thedevelopment of the nation .Immediately after

independence; India has embarked upon a

massive Programmes of development.

Infrastructure development involves movement oflarge amount of construction materials in short

time as well as shifting heavy loads. Manual

labour has many limitations and use of machines

facilities undertaking and completing largehazardousworks in a given time frame, machines

also become financially advantageous at certain

magnitude of work.


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The various construction tasks which can be performedwith equipments includes

1. Surveying2. Excavation3. Hauling4. Transportation5. Compaction6. Grading7. Hoisting8. concreting9. Pre-casting

10. Plastering, Finishing, Trenching, Pipe laying, Cable layingetc.

Support equipments at Project site such as Generators,Pumping sets, Treatment Plants, and other utility serviceequipments etc.


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In the construction equipment one should know1. Classification of major equipment.

2. Earth factor in earth work

3. Earth excavating equipment

4. Earth cutting and hauling equipment

5. Earth compaction and grading

6. Concreting Plant &Equipment.

7. Cranes for material handling.


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STAGE TYPE OF WORK MACHINERIES

PRELIMENARY SITE

DEVELOPMENT

FOUNDATION

SUPER STRUCTURE

WATERBODIES

MANAGEMENT,FINISHING

TUNNELINING CANALS

TUNNELING CANALS

ROAD MAKING,

ASPHALTING

EARTH MOVING

EXCAVATING , GRABBING

,CLEARANCE

SHORT TRANSPORTATION

OF SOIL

LONG TANSPORTATION

COMPACTING,

EXCAVATING LOADING

DIGGING

DEWATERING

ROCK BREAKINGCONCREATING

MATERIAL HANDLING

PLASTERING

STONE CUTTING

DRILLING, DIGGING

EARTH MOVING

CONSTRUCTION OF

PAVEMENT

SURFACE FINISHING

DOZERS TRACK OR

WHEELED

SCRAPPERS

DUMPERS , TIPPERS

HEAVY ROLERS

SHEEP FOOT ROLLERS

VIBRATING ROLLERS

COMPACTING MACHINE

PUMPS

POWE HAMMERSCOMPOSITE MACHINES

PNEUMATIC TOOLS

MIXERS,CONVAYOR

BELTS,AGITATORS,

VIBRATORS

TOWER CRANES,

MOBILE CRANES

PLASTERING MACHINES

POWER SAWS

AIR COMPRESSORS,

EXCAVATORS, BACK HOE,

MOTER GRADERS, PAVERS

HOT MIXER PLANT


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DOZER TRACK


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SCRAPER


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DUMPER


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TIPPER


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HEAVY ROLLER SHEEP FOOT ROLLER

VIBRATING ROLLER


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POWER HAMMER


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PNEUMATIC TOOLS


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MIXER , CONVEYOR BELT


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CONVEYOR BELT


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PRIMARY EARTH EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS ARE THE TRACTOR MOUNTED

EXCAVATORS .IT OPERATES ON STATIONARY

MOOD .THEY DUMP EXCAVATED MATERIALS

ON THE SIDES OR DIRECTILY INTO THEWAITING TIPPERS /DUMP TRACK THEY

GRADUALLY MOVE THE POSITION

AS THE WORK PROGRESS


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FACE SHAVELS

IT OPERATES FROM A FLAT

SURFACE,PRODUCING UPWORD DIGGINGACTION ,EXCAVATING AND FILLING THE

BUCKET AS IT CLIMBES.AFTER THE BUCKETFILLED ITS UPPER PART SWING S TO THEDUMPING POSITION WHER THE BUCKETEMPTIED IN A WAITING TRUCK. THERE AFTER ITRETURNS TO ITS ORIGINAL POSITION AND

STARTS THE NEXT CYCLE OF EXCAVATION .BUCKET CAPACITY VARIES FROM 0.3M3 TO3.25M3 AND ITS CUTTING LENGTH VARIESFROM 7M TO 10.5M


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FACE SHOVEL


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BACK HOE OR EXCAVATORS

IT IS PRIMARILY USED FOR EXCAVATING

BELOW ITS TRACK LEVELS BACK HOE ARE

GENERALLY TRACK MOUNTED BUT SMALL

CAPACITY EQUIPMENT HAVE WHEEL MOUNTEDTO ADD TO THEIR MOBILITY

BUCKETS HAVING STRUCK CAPACITY 0.38 M3

TO 3.25M3 CAPABILITY OF DIGGING DEPTH

FROM 5M TO 9.5 M .


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BACK HOE


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EARTH EXCAVATING AND FITTING

EQUIPMENT

TYPE OFEQUIPMENT FEATURE BUCKET STRUCKCAPACITY

1. FACE SHOVEL MAXIMUM CUTTINGHt(M)

IDEAL OUTPUT /Hr

(LOOSE , EASY

DIGGING)

7.0 7.0 7.0 7.5 8.510.

60 90 120 180 220

300

2. BACK HOE OR

EXCAVATER

MAXIMUM DIGGING

DEPTH (M)

IDEAL OUTPUT / HR

5.0 6.5 7.5 8.0 9.0

9.0

48 72 96 144 176

240

BUCKET SIZE 0.38 0.57 0.76 1.14 1.53 2.30

ENGINE HP 50 75 100 130 160 200


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OUTPUT PLANNING DATA

PLANNED OUTPUT = IDEAL OUTPUT *CORRECTION FACTOR * PERFORMANCE

FACTOR

IDEAL OUTPUT = BUCKET OUTPUT/CYCLE*

NO OF CYCLES/HR

BUCKET OUTPUT /CYCLE = BUCKET STRUCK

CAPACITY

NO OF CYCLES = 60/EACH CYCLE TIME INMIN


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CORRECTION FACTOROUTPUT ADJUSTMENT FACTOR FOR SECONDARY TASK

EQUIPMENT NATURE OF SECONDARYTASK

TASK n

SHOVEL MOVEMENT FROM

EXCAVATING

PLACE TO MALVADING PLACE

TASK n

1.WITHIN VICINITY 1.0

2. LITTLE MOVEMENT 0.6 TO 0.9

3. APPRECIABLE MOVEMENT 0.4 TO 0.6

BACK HOE

TRENCHING

1. EQUAL TO BUCKET WIDTH 1.0

2. MORE THAN BUCKET WIDTH

WIDTH

0.7 TO 0.9


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CORRECTION FACTOR

EQUIPMENT FACTOR

MULTIPLIES

FACE SHOVEL 1.00

BACK HOE 0.80

SOIL DIGGING

FACTORDIGGING EFFORT FACTORMULTIPLIES

EASY DIGGING 1.00

MEDIUM DIGGING 0.85


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SWING FACTOR

ANGLE OFSWING

45 60 75 90 120 150 180

FACTOR VALUE 1.2 1.16 1.07 1.0 0.88 0.79 0.71

LOAD CASTING FACTOR

METHOD OF CASTING FACTOR MULTIPLIES

OPEN AREA RESTRICTED AREA

SIDE CASTING 1.0 0.8

LOADING IN VEHICLE 0.8 0.6


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EXAMPLE

ESTIMATE THE HOURLY PRODUCTION IN BULK

VOL (CCM) OF A BACK HOE WITH BUCKETCAPACITY OF 0.96cum EMPLOYED ON

EXCAVATION OF A FOUNDATIN FOUR METRES

DEEP IN HARD DIGGING SOIL . THE EXCAVATED

EARTH IS TO BE LOADED IN WAILING DUMPTRACKS PLACED AT A SWING ANGLE OF 75 .

THE EXPECTED PERFORMANCE IS 83%

IDEAL OUTPUT ASSUMED150 CUBIC M/HR

BACKHOE OUTPUT USING EQUIPMT

CONVERSION = A* 0.8


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CORRECTION FACTOR

SOIL FACTOR FOR HARD DIGGING - 0.67

FOOD FACTOR FOR LOADING INTO VEHICLE -

0.87

SWING FACTOR FOR 75 - 1.05

CORRECTION FACTOR = 0.67*0.87*1.05 = 0.56 PERFORMANCY n = 0.83

HENCE EXPECTED OUTPUT

= IDEAL OUTPUT * CORRECTION FACTOR *

PERFORMANCE n

= 150*0.8*0.56*0.83

= 56 cubm/hr


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HAULING EQUIPMENT

REAR DUMPER TIPPER AND REAR DUMPERTRICULOR AS HIGH WAY HAULING

GENERALLY FRONT END LOADERS AND

EXCAVATORS ARE USED TO LOAD TIPPERS

AND DUMPERS

THE NO OF HAULAGE VEHICLE REQUIRED

= 1 + CYCLE TIME / TRIP OF

VEHICLE/LOAD FILLING TIME OF VEHICLE


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HAULING EQUIPMENT


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PROBLEM

CONSTRUCTION OF A MILITARY HELIPAD AT AN

ATTITUDE OF 2400 m INVOLVES 80,000 CUBM(LOOSE) OF AREA EXCAVATION OF SOFT SOIL . THETASK IS TO BE COMPLETED IN 200 WORKING HRS .THE COMPANY ENTRUSTED WITH THE EXECUTIONOF THE TASK HAS TOO DOZER EACH WITH AN

OUTPUT OF 220CUBM/HR UNDER JOB CONDITION. IT ALSO HOLDS WHEELAND 22 CUBM DUMP

TRUCKS ONE LOADER CAN LOAD IN TRUCKS BOUT120CUBM OF EXCAVATED SOIL/Hr

THE DUMP TRUCK CYCLE TIME FOR DISPOSED OFEXCAVATED MATERIALS IN 35 MINUTES .

THIS INCLUDES 7 MINUTES OF LOADING TIME BY ALOADER TEAM CONSISTING OF 2 LOADERS


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ESTIMATE THE OUTPUT OF FRONT ENDLOADER FOR LOADING EXCAVATED SOIL

HEAP INTO DUMP TRUCKS AND DETERMINE

APPROXIMATELY THE NO OF DOZERS ,

LOADERS AND DUMPERS REQUIRED TOCOMPLTE THE TASK ON TIME


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ATTITUDE AT HEIGHT OF 2400 cm

THE SOIL REQUIRED FOR HELIPAD IS 80888 CUBcm TIME PERIOD OF COMPLETION200 HRS

MACHINERIES USED DOZERS - 2NOS

OUTPUT OF EACH DOZER IS 220CUBM/HR

ALSO WHEEL LOADER MACHINE IS USED CAPACITY OF EACH BUCKET IS 22CUBM

WHEEL LOADER OUTPUT/HR120CUBM/HR

EACH CYCLE TIME OF DUMP TRUCK35 MIN

TIME OF FRONT END LOADER ? NO OF DOERS , LOADERS ,DUMPER?


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NOW OUTPUT/HR OF EACH DOZER 220CUBM/HR

TOTAL WORKING HR OF EACH DOZER200

OUTPUT = 220 * 200 = 44000 CUBM EXCAVATION QUANTITY = 80000CUBM

NO OF DOZERS = 80000/44000 = 1.8

i.e 2 DOZER


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LOADERS REQUIRED = EXCAVATION /HR BYDOZERS/ LOADER OUTPUT /HR

= NO OF DOZERS*DOZEROUTPUT/HR

LOADER OUTPUT /HR

= 2*220/120 = 4 LOADERS

1 DOZER = 2 LOADER (1 TEAM)

2 TEAMS


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DUMPERS REQUIRED FOR EACH LOAD OFTEAM = 1 + DUMPER CYCLE TIME

LOADING TIME

= 1+ 35/7

= 1+5 = 6

TOTAL DUMPERS REQUIRED = 6*2 = 12


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LOADER

FRONT END WHEEL LOADER AREGENERALLY AVAILABLE AND THEY ARE

EQUIPPED WITH A FRONT MOUNTED

GENERAL PURPOSE BUCKET EACH

TRANSPORTER FOR SHORT DISTANCE IT IS AVAILABLE AS WHEEL MOUNTED AND

TRACK MOUNTED

IT CAN SPREAD AND COMPACT THE FILLING

MATERIAL


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OUTPUT DATA

THE OUTPUT DEPENDS UPON THE SIZE OFBUCKET AND HP OF ENGINE

BUCKET CAPACITY ARE SPECIFIED BY THEMANUFACTURER EITHER IN TERMS OF

HEAPED CAPACITY OR STRUCK CAPACITY PLANNING IN MODE ON LOOSE SOIL STRUCK

CAPACITY OF THE BUCKET

HEAPED CAPACITY IS CONVERTED TO

STRUCK CAPACITY BUCKET CAPACITY = BUCKET HEAPED

CAPACITY * FILL FACTOR


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FILL FACTOR

NATURE OF SOIL BUCKET FILLFACTOR

COMMON EARTH 0.95

SAND AND GRAVEL 0.95

HARD CLAY 0.80

BLASTED ROCK 0.70


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BULL DOZER

IT IS ONE OF THE HEAVY EARTH MOVINGMACHINERY USED FOR , IT COME UNDER

EARTH CUTTING AND HAULING EQUIP.

1.DITCHING

2.GRUBBING

3.STUMPING

4.PIONEERING

5.STRIPPING 6.MOVING AND LEVELLING


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BULL DOZER

IT IS TO CUT AND SHIFT EARTH FROM ONEPLACE TO OTHER . THEY ARE AVAILABLE WITH

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLADES

IT IS A VERSATILE MACHINE

BULL DOZER IS USED TO MOVE EARTH UPTO100m EXCAVATING TO A SHALLOW DEPTH OF

200m AT A TIME

OTHER TYPES OF EARTH CUTTING AND

HAULING EQUIP 1.FRONT END LOADER

2.TOWED SCRAPER

3.MOTORISED SCRAPER


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BULL DOZER


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IT COMES UNDER DIFFERENT TYPES OFBLADES(4NO)

S BLADE STRAIGHT USED FOR FORWARD

PUSHING OF EARTH

U BLADE IT HAS LARGE CAPACITY AND IS

USED FOR PUSHING LOOSE MATERIAL

ANGLE A BLADE FOR PUSHING SOIL TO

ONE SIDE , IT IS REQUIRED IN HILL ROAD

FORMATION CUTTING

P BLADE FOR PUSH LOADING A SCRAPPER


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BULL DOZER OUTPUTDOZER OPTIMUM OUTPUT = DOZER IDEAL OUTPUT *

CORRECTION FACTOR

DOZER PLANNING DATA = DOZER OPTIMUM OUTPUT *

PERFORMANCE FACTORS

NOW CORRECTION FACTORS DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING FACTOR

1 . BLADE FACTOR S 1.00

A 0.75

U 1.25

2. TRANSMISSION FACTOR - 80% OF IDEAL OUTPUT


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3.GRADE FACTOR - AS PER SLOPEFOR PLANNING PURPOSE IT CAN BE TAKEN

AS

4. SOIL FACTOR

DOWN HILL +2.5 * GRADE %

UP HILL -2 * GRADE %

DIGGING EFFORT NATURE OF SOIL SOIL FACTOR

EASY DIG SAND,GRAVEL 1.0

MEDIUM DIG COMMON EARTH INNATURAL STATE

0.85

HARD DIG HARD STUFF CLAY ,

SOFT ROCK

0.67


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5.SWING FACTORIN PLACE (OR BANK) VOLUME =

BULK VOL

SWELL FACTOR

FLY WHEEL HP ONE WAY HAUL DISTANCE IN METRES

15M 30M 45M 60M

60 -75 220 115 78 73

75 - 125 375 195 132 123

125 - 200 514 266 180 169

200 275 705 350 246 229


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EXAMPLE

DETERMINE THE OUTPUT OF A BULL DOZERHAVING 215 HP ENGINE FILLED WITH AGRADE RATEDCAPACITY 4.40CUBM

THE DOZER IS EMPLOYED FOR EXCAVATING

A HARD CLAYED AREA WITH AVERAGEHAULAGE OF 50M ON A GROUND WITHDOWN SLOPE OF 10% .IT HAS A DIRECTDRIVE TRANSMISSION AND ITS EXPECTEDPERFORMANCE IN 50MIN/HR

SOLUTION

OUTPUT/HR = IDEALOUTPUT/HR*CORRECTION FACTOR *PERFORMANCE FACTOR


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1. IDEAL OUTPUT/HR FOR 50M HAULAGE OF 215 HPDOZER WITH S BLADE OF CAPACITY 4.4CUBM =200CUBM/HR

2. CORRECTION FACTOR APPLICABLE

SOIL FACTOR FOR HARD DIGGING= 0.67

BLADE FACTOR FOR ABLADE = 0.65

GRADE FACTOR FOR 10% DOWN GRADE ASSISTANCE = 1+2.5 * 10% = 1.25

TRANSMISSION FACTOR FOR DIRECT DRIVE0.8

SWELLING FACTOR OF CLAYED SOIL1.3

LOOSE VOL

BANK VOL = 1/1.3CORRECTION FACTOR = 0.67*0.65*1.25*0.8*0.4355*1/1.3=

0.335

PERFORMANCE FACTOR FOR 50MIN/HR = 0.83

OUTPUT = 200 *0.83*0.335 = 55.61CUBM/HR


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COMPACTING EQUIPMENT

TYPES OF COMPACTING EQUIPMENTSMOOTH DRUM VIBRATION , PADDED , DUAL

DRUM ASPHALT

NOW PRODUCTION OF SPREADING

EQUIPMENT

TIME FOR COMPLETING JOB:

NO OF PASSES *DISTANCE IN Km

AVG SPEED IN Km/Hr * n FACTOR


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COMPACTING EQUIPMENT


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EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION DEPENDS ON THECOMPACTED THICKNESS OF MATERIAL

AVERAGE SPEED

FLY WHEEL POWER

WEIGHT OF OPERATING

FREQUENCY OF VIBRATION


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COMPACTED SOIL /SUB BASE /ASPHALTICCONCRETE IMCUBM/HR

= W*S*L*0.83

P

W= EFFECTIVE ROLLING WITH WIDTH OF COMPACTION (M)

S= AVERAGE SPEED OF COMPACTION (M/HR)

L = COMPACTED THICKNESS OF THE MATERIAL

P= NO OF PASSES REQD TO ACHIEVE DESIREDCOMPACTION ( DEPENDS UPON WEIGHT AND TYPE OFCOMPACTIONAND THE REQD DENSITY TO ACHIEVE)

WHILE SELECTING THE ROLLER OR WIDTH IN RELATION

TO WIDTH OF THE LAYDOWN LANE TO BE TAKEN INTOCONSIDERATION

NO OF PASSES DEPEND UPON WEIGHT AND TYPE OF THECOMPACTER AND THE REQUIREMENT OF DENSITY TO BE

ACHEIVED


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CRANES AND HOISTS

CRANES ARE HOISTING DEVICES AND THEYARE USED FOR LIFTING MATERIAL/

EQUIPMENTS MACHINERY

BASICALLY THEY ARE OF TWO TYPES OF

CRANES

1. MOBILE CRANES

2.TOWER CRANES


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MOBILE CRANES ARE THE BEST MEANS FORLIFTING AND SHIFTING OF SMALL TO HEAVYLOADS. THEY ARE OF THREE TYPES

1.GRAWLER MOUNTED CRANES

2. SELF PROPELLED RUBBER TYREDWHEELS CRANE

3. TRUCK MOUNTED

TOWER CRANES

1.STATIONARY CRANES 2.TRAVELLING CRANES

3.CLIMBING CRANES

MOBILE CRANE TOWER


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MOBILE CRANE TOWER

CRANE


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ESTIMATING CRANE OUTPUT

CAPACITY TO HANDLE LOAD = GRA=OVEOUTPUT/HR= LOAD/CYCLE* CYCLES/HR

TO REFER MACHINERY MANUAL FOR

LOAD/CYCLE AND CYCLES/HR


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TOTAL CYCLE / TIME

:.n = 44 min/hr AND SHIFTING AT 5 TONSLOAD IN EACH CYCLE

5 TON LOADS * CYCLES IN ONE HOUR (OF

44 MIN)

44 * 5

11

= 20 TON/HR


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METHOD OF COMPUTING OWNING AND

OPERATING COST OF AN EQUIPMENT

TO GET COST OF EQUP/HR , TOUNDERSTAND OWNING AND OPERATING

COST

EQPTLOADER : - FLYWHEEL POWER

112HPPAYLOAD = 2722kg

(A)COST AT SITE FOR 1.53 CUBM (FOR

EARTH)

Rs 1500000 .00

LESS TYRE REPLACEMENT COST Rs. 40000 . 00

LANDED PRICE LESS COST OF TYRES Rs. 1460000 . 00

LESS : RESALE VALUE : Rs . 150 000 . 00


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(B) NET VALUE FOR DEPRECIATION :

Rs 1310000.00

(C) OWNING COST

1. DEPRECIATION : NET DEPRECIATION VALUE

LIFE IN HRS

= 1310000.00 = Rs 81.88 HR

16000ASSUMING ANNUAL USE IN HRS = 16000 HRS

INTEREST @ 12% AND INSURANCE @ 1%LANDED PRICE * % INVESTMENT = TOTAL

ANNUAL RATEANNUAL USE IN HRS

= RS.67,03/HR


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REPAIR COST

REPAIR COST TYRES: REPLACEMENT COST = 40000

ESTIMATED LIFE 3200

= Rs 12.50

NORMAL REPAIR = 90% OF LANDED COSTTYRECOST

TOTAL HOUR

= 0.9 * 150000040000 = Rs 81.88/hr16000


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THANK YOU

Types of Construction Machinery 2

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