Road Construction Machinery

Road is an essential part of an infrastructure it is considered to be an arteries of any nation. Good roads not only makes transportation easier but also benefits to an economy in a substantial way. It is the roads that provides connectivity between two cities and between cities and rural areas. To construct roads and highways there are many construction machineries with different mechanical principles and operations.

Compactor

• Machineries used for reducing the size of the waste materials through compaction is called as compactors. Compactors are available in different shapes, sizes and configuration. Normally the compactors are powered by the hydraulics and are very useful. There are different types of compactors like plate compactors, vibratory compactors, sheeps foot compactors, steel rollers compactors with rubber tyres, etc.

Drum Mixing Plant

• Drum mix plants makes asphalt continuously and can store the asphalt for several days in heated storage soils. Drum mix asphalt plants are either mobile or stationary. Mobile drum mix can shift themselves to the job site itself whereas stationary plants uses other asphalt carrying vehicles to reach the desired destinations.

Asphalt Road Cutter

• Asphalt road cutter is a machine which removes the existing asphalt surface of roadways, runways, or other asphalt surface. Asphalt road cutter can be operated both manually and mechanically. It can be attached with any tractors or backhoes which gives it maximum downward pressure. It is suitable for working in tight conditions or where precise cutting is required. The width and diameter of the cutter varies and depends on the nature of the work.

Asphalt Recyclers

• Asphalt recycler machine is designed to crush asphalt and asphalt mixed with rocks, into fine material. The material produced can be used as a base before laying new asphalt or in some cases, as the top surface. There are different variety of asphalt recyclers using different techniques for heating asphalt which is important step in whole recycling process.

Truck Mounted Bitumen Sprayer

• Mobile bitumen sprayer is generally truck mounted or are mounted on other carriers and are designed for spraying hot bitumen. These trucks generally have a high capacity burner to heat the bitumen. The tank of the bitumen sprayer truck is fully insulated and is cladded with steel sheets. To avoid clogging after the usage, pressure cleaning system is applied. The spray bar deliver bitumen with good pressure.

Paver Finisher

• For giving final finish to pavement surfaces, paver finisher is an important equipment. Tractor and the screed unit are two important components of the typical paver machine. This paver is suitable for various asphalt surfaces. Asphalt paver finisher machine consists of the screed, which is attached through two long side arms or leveling arms at tow points of the tractor, one on either side. The screed is not fixed but is free to pivot about tow points. The screed is towed by the tractor. The tractors are either wheel mounted or track mounted.

Fork Lifts

• It is an industrial vehicle mainly used to move and lift materials through steel forks which is inserted under the loads. Forklift mainly move loads stored on pallets. Forklift trucks are generally powered by an LPG, gasoline or diesel fueled internal combustion engine or electric motor which is powered by battery. Counterweight which compensate for the load is at the rear of the machine. Load is lowered, raised and tilted by the mast which is operated hydraulically and consists of a cylinder and interlocking rails.

Cold Planer

• Cold planers are those construction equipments that are used for repairing asphalt abutting manhole covers, curbsides, gutters and driveways. In pothole repairs and utility cuts also it is very useful. Moreover, it rehabilitates and repairs the damaged road surfaces and lay new roads. The important feature of the cold planer is that the pressure is activated at the center of the cutting drum. It has swing away hydraulic controls and the points prone to wear are less. Bounce depends on the rotation speed. Faster the rotation, less is the bounce.

Pothole Patcher Machine

• Potholes are cracks and cleavages formed on roads due to various reasons like water logging, frost, heavy traffics etc. Potholes are not only the determinants of overall maintenance of roads but also causes severe damage to vehicles. For maintenance of roads, treatment of these pothole is must. There are many pothole machines that are also called as pothole patchers which are used to cover up these potholes.

Bridge Construction Machinery

• Bridges are indispensable for the railway transportation. It reduces the distance between two areas and are generally built over rivers or seas

Bridge Crane

• Bridge crane is a heavy machinery that is designed to build or fix a bridge. It operates on two tracks and has four way horizontal movement. Bridge cranes cover rectangular area and can be floor supported or hung from the ceiling.

• Double girder bridge crane can be utilized at any capacity where extremely high hook lift is required because the hook can be pulled up between the girders.

Gantry Crane

• Gantry cranes are those cranes which are generally used for moving heavy loads. They are a common type of portable material handling equipment used in job station or secondary task areas. Gantry cranes are quite similar to overhead cranes except that the bridge which carries trolley is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on fixed rails.

Floating Crane

• Floating cranes are those heavy-duty cranes which are frequently used for building bridges, and constructing ports. They also have great utility in loading and unloading of heavy weights on and off ships. The floating cranes are generally self-propelled. They have the powerful diesel generators to work the crane winches, which can be switched to propel the craft.

• Floating cranes can be mounted on a swing base installed on the deck of a pontoon and can swing in a circular motion both in a clockwise and anticlockwise direction. Apart from pontoon mounted cranes, some floating cranes barges with a lifting capacity exceeding 10,000 tonnes and are used to transport entire bridge sections.

Jib Crane

• Jib crane derives their name from the horizontal beam, or jib, upon which the shuttle or hoist is mounted. With horizontal load-supporting boom fastened to a rotating vertical column, jib crane is either attached to a wall or extending from floor to ceiling.

• A jib crane consists of strut, pulley block and cables. The winch is used to move the cable up or down. The winch may be manipulated using a variety of power sources, including fossil fuels, hydraulic or pneumatic power, or electric chain jib cranes.

Launching Girder

• Launching girder itself is a steel structure which moves forward on the bridge piers span by span. With different launching capacities and heights, launching girders are used for making different kinds of bridges. As launching girder can handle cast-in place concrete, as well as prefabricated elements, it is highly adaptable for a wide range of spans and types of superstructure.

Canals Construction Machinery

• Water is the most precious and scarce resource that has great utility in agriculture and electricity production. To conserve and for the optimum utilization of water, canals and dams are constructed. Through canals, water is transferred from rainfed areas to water scarce areas thereby increasing the agricultural production and promoting balance regional development. For construction of canal, lots of heavy and light machineries are used. Canal construction involves digging, lining, paving, loading and unloading of materials, crushing, etc.

Canal Finisher

• Canal finishing is necessary as it prevents water seepage and hence water logging. Canal finishing is done through lining of concrete on both side of the canals. Concrete trucks have access on one side only and the canal spanning conveyor allows concrete to be placed on the opposite canal slope. Machine can be used alternatively for bed and slope finishing canal projects. Longitudinal and transverse joints are scored with attachments on the canal finisher machine and the workers on the work bridge finish the joints.

• The finisher covers maximum distance while paving. The finisher can finish the work at a faster rate. The special under carriage consists of a spreader augar to spread the concrete to level, the finishing cylinder to compact and finish the concrete to the grade.

Building Construction Machinery

• Building constitutes not only the residential houses but also big corporate offices, commercial centers, multistory buildings etc. For the construction of buildings both heavy and light machineries are used. The machineries used for the construction of buildings are :

• Heavy Machinery • Light Machinery

Heavy Machinery

• Heavy machineries are primary for the construction, maintenance and the development of huge infrastructures. Some of the heavy machineries that are required for the construction of buildings are :

Caterpillar • Caterpillar machines are those machines

that are extensively used for the development, construction and maintenance of various infrastructure projects. Caterpillar incorporates within itself wide range of machines like loaders, excavators, dozers, backhoes etc. Working on different hydraulic principles caterpillars have engaged themselves in many small and big infrastructure projects since many years.

ApplicationsCaterpillars has multiple usage it finds its application in the following fields :

• Building highways, airports and roads. • Construction of dams, water and sewer

systems. • Constructing commercial buildings, housing

developments, hospitals, schools and office building.

• Helps in mining and offshore drilling. • Excavating, digging, small demolitions,

landscaping and preparation of construction sites.

Cranes • Development depends on infrastructure and

infrastructure on heavy machineries. Of all the heavy machines cranes acquire an important position as they are involved in the building and maintenance of huge projects.

Crane machines are the huge tower like machineries having ropes meant to lift or to lower any heavy devices. Cranes are not permanent structure. In fact it is a temporary structure either fixed in the ground or mounted on certain vehicles. Cranes are operated either through cab operator or through infrared or radio signals.

Applications Cranes are indispensable for the developments of heavy projects. Their high loadage capacity and easy operations has made them highly useful in following areas :

• Building of bridges • Building of airports • Building seaports • Container lifting device in seaports • Building of big multi storied structures • In heavy industries etc.

Dozers

• A dozer is a heavy, driver-operated machine for clearing and grading land, usually having continuous treads and a broad hydraulic blade in front. The function of the dozer is determined by the types of the blade it has used. Early dozers used pulleys and cables for the manipulation of the blades but modern dozer uses hydraulic system. Many modern dozers have a ripper claw with a hardened tungsten steel tip mounted on the end opposite the shovel. The ripper is used to break up compacted ground or paved areas.

Based on the size, nature of work and the blades used, dozers are of following types :

• Bulldozer • Scrape Dozers • Applications

Dozers finds their application in the following areas :

• Earthmoving • Road construction • Mining • Military purpose • Loading ores into hoppers at mines • Lifting various materials • Breaking pavements and compacted grounds •

Dumpers • Dumper is a small diesel-powered vehicle

used to carry loads and materials to the construction sites. It has a towing eye on its back end, to tow such things as a air compressor to run pneumatic drills. Using steel dumpers, heavy duty containers are handled easily. The starting handle is used to start the dumper manually. Tipping, loading, refueling and traveling are some of the factors which should be considered while starting the dumpers.

Types of Dumper Based on the sizes, dumpers are of following types :

• Dumper Truks • Crawlers Dumper • Applications

The main applications of dumpers are : • Transporting materials to construction sites. • They are used for trucking and transportation. • They are helpful in manufacturing and

production line. • They are designed also to handle smaller

items like plastics, metals, glass, rubber, plastics etc

Loaders

• Loader, is a machine usually wheeled, that uses a wide tilting bucket on the end of movable arms to lift and move materials. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices depending on the nature of the work. For example buckets are sometimes replaced by clamshell or forks for doing certain tasks. Depending on the sizes and the nature of work to be performed, loaders can be classified as :

• Skid Steer Loader • Telescopic Loader • Backhoe Loader • Wheel Loader • Scraper Loader • Crawler Loader • Skip Loader

Articulated Haulers • An articulated hauler is one of the most versatile

piece of equipment which is a transition between a tractor-trailer and an articulated loader. The strength of an articulated hauler lies in the coupling and drive systems. Power and drive sections moves independently of the load section due to the coupling system. The two sections are attached together through an oscillating system which allows the two units to move in a rolling motion around its centerline.

Articulated haulers have good load carrying capacity and its body is wide and open to facilitate loading from excavators and wheel loaders. They are also very maneuverable to load from fixed loading facilities.

Applications An articulated hauler is easy to operate machine. It is very useful in operating in rough terrain and is applicable in the following areas :

• Loading and unloading of materials. • Bringing the materials to construction sites. • Helpful in road construction. • Helps in bringing materials for the construction of

runways of airports. • Useful in various landfill operations. • Articulated haulers are also used to move large

volumes of material without access to roads in earthmoving, quarrying, mining, forestry etc.

Chip Spreader • Roads once constructed needs constant repair as it is

prone to wear and tear due to weather influence and rolling traffics. A chip spreader through chip sealing gives special protective wearing surface to an existing pavement. A chip spreader is a unique self-propelled machine for laying of precoated chipping surface treatments provides long-time conservation and maintenance of the roads. Thus for maintaining the quality and giving it a lasting effect, stone chipping is one of the most effective method which is done by chip spreader.

Mechanical OperationsChip spreader is powered by diesel engine and has spread hopper of different size. An individual one foot power gates gives the variable hopper flexibility and increases productivity. Other equipments used by chip spreader are conveyor belts, container, hydrostatic drive, planetary axle etc.

Before spreading chips, asphalt is mixed with water. This emulsified mixture is then applied to the road using a chip spreader or spray truck. As soon as the liquid asphalt meets the road surface, the water starts to evaporate. After this a layer of crushed gravel is applied by a spreader. Next, the gravel is compacted and embedded into the asphalt by rubber-tire rollers.

ApplicationsChip spreader is one of the important machine for the maintenance of an infrastructure. Its other applications are :

• Chip spreader distributes different quantities of chips for optimum grip of asphalt layers evenly.

• Chip can be distributed directly behind the pavers.

Concrete Batching Plant • Concrete batching plants are those plants

which uses sand, gravel, cement, water, and other materials for producing concretes. These plants are either mobile or stationary.

Mechanical Operations Equipment used at a concrete batching plants includes soils, weight hoppers conveyors, mixer engines, and auxiliary generators. The raw material like cement, sand and aggregate are batched and mixed into slightly moisture concrete. The required concrete is fed via conveyor belt into the block machine. Boom Scrapper is used for pulling the material towards the gates for batching of aggregates. Cement Hopper with Screw Conveyor, concrete mixer reversible drum, weight batcher with precision scales for aggregate and cement are some of the other equipments that are used in concrete batching plants.

Tower Crane

• Tower cranes are one of the most important device that is used for the construction of huge buildings. They are a common fixture at any major construction site. They are used to lift steel, concrete, large tools like acetylene torches and generators, and a wide variety of other building materials.

Mechanical OperationsFor the construction of tall buildings they are indispensable machine. The important components of the tower crane are horizontal boom, long and short arm, mounted cabin, lifting hook, etc. Across the top of the tower horizontal tower is balanced asymmetrically. Counterweight of the concrete block is balanced by short arm whereas long arm carries the lifting gear. The lifting hook of the crane is set into motion by the pulleys. The crane is operated by the operated either from the crane cabin, or from the ground using radio remote control. The boom which is mounted on slewing bearing is rotated by means of a slewing motor.

ApplicationsTower cranes are utilized for construction of various projects like :

• Sky scrapers • Multistory buildings • Convention centers • Huge industrial projects etc

Paver Machine

• Paver is a machine meant for laying pavement. Screed and tractor are main constituent machines of the paver. Lorry containing the materials and towing the screed is pushed forward by the tractor. The Paving machine receives the material from the lorry and place it with the correct dimensions onto the prepared surface forming a "mat". This mat is then compacted by various types of rollers.

The paving machines can be varied according to the requirements with the addition of new features including automatic level systems or integral spray system. These machines can be either mounted on wheels or on the tracks depending on the nature of the pavement pavers can be classified as follows :

• Asphalt Crawler Paver • Asphalt Wheeled Paver • Concrete Pavers

Road Rollers

• Road roller is an important engineering vehicle that is considered necessary for the roads and highway constructions and is used for the compaction of dirt, gravel, concrete, and asphalt. In landfill compaction too, road roller has great utility. The size vary according to the usage. Its size vary from simple drum with a handle, to a size of many tonnes.

Types of RollersBased on their sizes rollers are of following types :

• Combinations • Tandem • Trench • Applications

The major utility of rollers lies in the following areas :

• Compaction of roads. • Compaction of runways in airports. • It also has utility in the landfill compaction. • It is also used in the compaction of car parking

areas, pavements etc. •

Trenchers

• Machines responsible for digging trenches are called trenchers. Available in different sizes it is applied in construction purposes, agricultural operations and laying of pipes. Based on the size and usage it can be categorized as chain trenchers, wheel or disc trenchers and bucket trenchers. Heavy-duty trenchers are riding units that can be used to dig very large trenches. With attachments like backhoes, saws and reel carriers. Trenchers becomes more versatile and efficient.

Construction Scrapers • Scraper is an important mechanical equipment that is used for

excavating, digging and hauling of materials. Scraper is available in different sizes and configuration depending on the nature of the project. It is one of the most versatile equipment that performs different functions single handedly.

Mechanical OperationsMechanics of scraper is simple. It is powered by either single engine or double engine. The push/pull arrangement for scraper has two twin-engine machines hooked up to help each other with loading. There are also elevating and auger configuration and open bowls. The construction scrapers have hydraulically operated bails and push blocks with hooks. During loading, the trailing scraper's bail snags the hook and holds the machines together. This push pull arrangement work efficiently without consuming much time.

The single lever implement controls and combines the traditional three implement levers into one joystick. Auger scrapers help load granular material, laminated rock, and mud more easily, while elevating scrapers work alone for great economy on hauls with lower rolling resistance. It is because of this fact scrapers are highly useful in various projects.

Applications Scrapers are applied in various fields like :

• It helps in preparing the ground for the new loads of solid waste that constantly arrive.

• Helps in preparing work at landfills. • It digs, the site, loads, hauls and dumps the wastes materials

and helps in preparing the sites for construction. • It is also used in road construction etc.

Excavators

• Excavators are multiple usage heavy engineering machines consisting of bucket, cab, backhoes and are placed on tracks or wheels. Often the buckets are replaced by an auger, handler, breaker or grapple as per demand and usage. Some of the excavators also have the small dozer blade which is attached to the under carriage, for pushing removed materials back into hole. Excavators are sometimes also called as 360 degree excavators.

Types of ExcavatorsBased on the size and the usage excavators are grouped into following categories :

• Cable Excavators • Chain Excavators • Material Handler Excavator • Mining Excavators • Wheeled Excavator • Walking Excavators • Hydraulic Excavator • Industrial Excavators • Mini Excavators • Applications of Excavators

Excavators have multiple usage. They find their application from big infrastructure to smaller projects. With their huge carriage capacities and high horse power they are used in the demolition of big buildings, digging of trenches, foundations and holes, lifting of heavy materials like cement blocks and pipes, landscaping and river dredging.

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Motor Graders • A motor grader is a huge productive earth-moving apparatus

which is used to level a surface. It is used for the leveling of roads and construction sites. The motor grader, apart from hauling road construction, is also responsible for the maintenance and soft grading of cell floor liners.

On the basis of strength and the types of grades used in the motors, motor graders are classified as :

• Cat motor graders • Brush less motor graders • Rotor nut motor graders • Mechanical Operations

In design and applications motor grader differs from a simple grader. Motor grader functions on all the four wheels and can be operated from the center of the machine. At the ends it has a plow which stays close to the ground. It also has a different type of arm which can be used to pick up materials and move them to other places.

Motor grader also has a blade which is situated under the cab to spread and push gravel. It has hydraulic controls that provide smooth, predictable response when the lever is moved. Motor graders are very useful while working on a project which requires dirt holes to be filled.

Applications Motor graders finds its application in the following areas :

• Motor graders are used for the maintenance of public roads. • They are also used in construction sites. • In land filling applications motor graders has greater utility. • They also find their applications in vacuum casting, forming and

weldings. •

Soil Compactors • Soil compactors are those machines that are used for compacting

soils in various construction projects like roads, highways and buildings. In soil compacting techniques, energy is applied to loose soil or other material which increases its density and consequently its load-bearing capacity. There are certain advantages of soil compacting which are as follows :

• Water seepage is minimized • Contraction and swelling of soil is reduced to a certain extent. • Prevents damage from frosts. • Increases load bearing capacity. • Types of Soil Compactors

For different types of soils, different types of compactors are used. For example for thin layer of soils, static steel wheel and pneumatic rollers are used. For cohesive type of soils, impact machines like jumping jack rammers are applied. For granular soils and asphalt, plate compactors are applied. Plate compactors are vibratory compactor which depends upon frequency and amplitude. For soils with greater cohesive content, machines like vibratory rollers are used which is available in both single and dual drum models with either smooth or padfoot drums.

ApplicationsSoil compactor plays an important role in many infrastructure projects. They have their applications in the following areas :

• Soil compactors are useful for compaction in urban areas, roads and highways.

• They are also utilized for landfill and paving applications. • Soil compactors are suitable for compacting mixed soils and

cohesive soils in thin and medium layer thicknesses in large areas.

• They are also applied for landscaping and preparing sites for building construction.

• They have their great utility in compaction of soils and gravels in trenches, around retaining walls and or any other difficult job site.

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Tracked Carriers • Tracked carriers are the multipurpose vehicles

used to transport materials from one site to other. These tracked carriers are either dumpers or loaders or any other vehicles. The tracked carrier varies in size depending upon the task they have to perform. Since these carriers are mounted on the tracks they can function in every terrain. Many track carrier have hydrostatic transmissions and hydraulics due to which they can operated with ease even in the most demanding conditions.

ApplicationsTrack carrier finds their applicability in the following areas :

• Transporting of materials to various building construction sites.

• Loading and unloading of material. • Supply materials for roads and highway

construction. • Mulching residues regardless of material and size. • Commercial land clearing. • Commercial oil/gas industries etc. •

Light Machinery

• Light Machinery• For the development of an

infrastructure and manufacturing industries, light machineries play a pivotal role. The importance of these machinery lies in their applications. They are used in both small and big industries and also for the construction development and maintenance of big infrastructures. Some of the commonly used light machineries are :

Air Compressor

• An air compressor is a light machine which is considered to be the central power source for all varieties of air tools. Air compressors reduces the volume of a gas while increasing the pressure and heat. The pressure and the heat so generated has many industrial and small infrastructural applications. There are two main sources of power for an air compressor-gasoline and electric supply. Gas powered air compressor are applied in those areas where there is no electric supply. Whereas electric powered air compressor are best suited to those enclosed areas where gas fumes are unacceptable.

Types of Air Compressors On the basis of their construction air compressors are categorized as :

• Reciprocating Compressors • Centrifugal Compressors • Axial-flow Compressors • Scroll Compressors • Rotary Screw Compressors • Advantages • Tools of an air compressors are smaller and easier to use than

electrically powered tools. Tools are smaller and easy to handle as there is no need for a power source on the tool itself.

• Due to higher torque and revolution per minute than electrically powered tools which allows the user to finish more quickly.

• An air compressor has a longer life than electrically powered tools. • Applications

The applications of air compressors are : • In manufacturing industries • Infrastructure construction and maintenance • Water well drilling • Mining • Oil and gas production

Automatic Brick Making Machine

• No construction is possible without bricks. Since many centuries brick making has been practiced by human beings. In modern period bricks are easily made by using machines using new technologies. Generally two types of bricks are manufactured by the machines- concrete block machines and clay brick machines. Different types of automatic machines use different techniques to make bricks. The raw materials used by the machines for making bricks are fly ash, sand lime, iron oxide, lime sludge, quarry wastes etc.

In clay brick making machines, clay and water is mixed in one chamber. In second or extrusion chamber clay is given shape with the help of the die. The size of the bricks vary according to demand. The die is also used for making hollow bricks, perforated bricks and designer bricks. The clay is cut by the cutting machines and taken to the drying sheds for initial drying.

The basic raw materials used for making the blocks are fly ash, gypsum, cement, sand etc. Concrete blocks are generally made by machines having different molds. The tabletop vibrator in machine provides optimum vibration in the mix so that the ratio of cement used can be reduced substantially without affecting the strength of the blocks.

Boring Machines

• Boring machine is a device which is used for making holes of different diameters in equipments, heavy machines, building or earth for specific purpose. Boring machines produces bores in the shortest time and produce the highest possible surface finish and tolerances. There are different types of boring machines which includes vertical boring machines, horizontal boring machines, line boring machines, cylinder boring machines, tunnel boring machine, coupling boring machines and jig boring machines. These boring machines are used for different purpose. For example tunnel boring machines produces smooth tunnel wall after boring hard rocks and sands. On the other hand cylindrical boring machines bores engine cylinder in automobiles.

Types of Boring Machines Depending upon the functions, Boring Machine is of two types :

• Vertical Boring Machine • Horizontal Boring Machine

Concrete Cutter

• Through concrete cutting, concrete is removed by sawing or drilling through skillful operations of concrete cutter. Available in different sizes and horse power modern concrete cutters are known for their attractive finishes which uses water to avoid dusts. The most common types of concrete cutting machines are core drilling, wall sawing and slab or flat sawing. Having hydraulic and pneumatic power and armed with petrol or diesel engine, valves, nylon filters, protective hoods, off-on chokes these cutters are applied for various purposes.

ApplicationsThe main applications of concrete cutters are :

• Reinforced concrete asphalt precast and structural stone materials can be cut easily.

• It is used for sawing of concrete walls for enlarging doors, windows and other openings in concrete foundation.

• By using concrete cutter holes can be drilled for electrical purpose, plumbing, industrial decoratives etc.

• Using concrete cutter interior trenching is done for plumbing and electrical purposes.

• It is used for the removal and cutting of concrete floors, walkways, stairs and masonry walls.

• It is also used for the cutting of joints for traffic induction loop and asphalt or concrete pavements during road or general repair jobs.

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Concrete Kerbing Machine • Concrete kerbing machine is a machine

which is used for the concrete landscaping. Concrete kerbing machines are generally diesel powered. For kerbing heights there are hydraulic cylinder at front and rear. The needle vibrators in some kerbing machines ensures compact and easy concrete flow. The other important components of the kerbing machines are hydraulic kit, micron filtering system, slop, grade and steering systems.

ApplicationsConcrete kerbing machines finds their applications in the following areas :

• Contouring landscape. • Retention of bark and garden soil. • Paving subways, pathways and car parks. • Paving of bus and rail way stations. • Mower strips. • Paving borders.

Concrete Mixers with Hooper

• Concrete mixer is a machine which combines the ingredients of concrete. It is a device that combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water homogeneously to form concrete. Generally concrete mixer consists of a revolving drum to mix the components. Some concrete mixers are also supplied with hoopers which helps in mixing work. Hooper supplies the granulars into a mixer where they are mixed in a definite proportion.

The other components of the concrete mixers are diesel engine or electric motors, steel chassis, detachable blades and hydraulic loaders. Portable concrete mixers are often used for small volume of work at the construction site so that it could be used easily by the workers before they are hardened.

For rapid concrete production twin-shaft batch mixers are used which, for industrial production, takes short mixing time. The high turbulence used by them results in the homogeneity in concrete production. Based on the different technologies used, concrete plant mixers are of following types :

• Pan mixer • Slurry mixer • Tilt drum mixer • Horizontal shaft paddle mixer

Jaw Crusher

• Heavy rocks, stones and other minerals need to be crushed before they are used in any infrastructural projects. Jaw crusher, crush heavy rocks to minimal size and make them ready for the construction process. Jaw crushers, depending upon the nature of the work varies in size.

Mechanical OperatonsPitman is the main component of jaw crusher which forms the moving side of the jaw, while the stationary or fixed jaw forms the other. Jaw crusher moves through the eccentric machining of the flywheel shaft. The back and forth movement of the top of the pitman is nearly one and a half inches. Due to this, tremendous force is provided to each stroke. The jaw crusher pitman is covered with dies made of manganese, on the inward facing side The fixed jaw face is also covered with a manganese jaw die. Jaw crusher rotates through sheave pulley having multiple v-belt grooves.

As per requirement of the material being crushed by the jaw materials of different sizes may be required. This is achieved by adjusting the opening at the bottom of the jaw.

Hydraulic Breakers

• Hydraulic breakers are powerful, productive machines used to break a variety of materials. Depending upon the job to be done, the breaker chosen may be light, medium or heavy. For use, these breakers are to be mounted on some equipment such as backhoes, excavators etc. Here, these equipment are called Carriers.

Mechanical OperationsExcept lightweight breakers, it is difficult to operate other breakers by hand as the vibrations transmitted to the operator are very strong and unbearable. The size of the breaker must match the size of the carrier. The compatibility of a carrier and a breaker also depends upon the volume of oil that the carrier can supply and the pressure.

For mounting a breaker hydraulic-installation kit is used which gets oil flow to the breaker and then brings it back to the machine. In modern construction industry, a lot of pin-grabbing, quick-coupler attachments are used on carriers. Quick couplers are clamping devices that grabs the pins on the top of any attachment. It has the advantage of hooking up to a variety of attachments without needing to constantly take out and reposition pins.

Though the match between breaker and a carrier is essential, it is also important that the breaker be used appropriately in order for it to perform as intended.

Mini Digger

• Mini digger is a small inexpensive machines suitable for light excavation and digging. Mounted on wheel or tracks it is machine of great utility. With cab, arms and buckets it can do multipurpose jobs. It is easy to handle and has high loading height.

ApplicationsThe popular application of mini diggers are :

• Light digging where bigger backhoes are not necessary.

• Useful in light constructions. • Land clearing and lifting of smaller

loads etc

Cutter Suction Dredges

• The process by which either new waterways are created or existing waterways are deepened is called as dredging. Dredging is carried out by using special ships and equipment called dredges. Dredging is done through various equipments like suction dredgers, bucket dredger, grab dredger, backhoe injection etc.

Mechanical OperationsSuction dredges operates by sucking through long tubes. In suction inlet there is a cutter head to loosen the earth and transport it to the suction mouth. The cutter can also be used for hard surface materials like gravel or rock. The dredged soil being sucked by centrifugal pump discharged through a pipe line or to a barge. In recent years dredgers with more powerful cutters have been built in order to excavate harder and harder rock without blasting.

ApplicationsCutter suction dredger has following applications :

• Used in canal construction and maintenance. • Clearing of sediments, dams and gravels from

canals and dams. • Removes sediments from settling ponds at an

aggregate mining facility. • Used in mining and dredging aggregate material. • Has utility in sand mining and coal mining.

Paving Block Machine

• Paving block machines are preferred machines for laying blocks of concretes, stones, bricks, tiles etc. Blocks are laid for paving paths, streets, parks etc. Paving block making machines are available in various configuration and sizes depending on the nature of the work they perform. One of the important kind of paving block machine is high density paving block machines. These machines are available with different production capacities. They also consists of vibrators, motors and are hydraulically operated.

ApplicationsPaving block machines are used to make blocks of various materials which are used for the pavement of :

• Parking lots. • Subways and walkways. • Bus station and railway station. • Commercial centers etc.

Vibrator Sand Screening Machine

• For the purpose of construction, sand and gravels are important ingredients. However sands, before they are put to use are screened and washed. Screening is essential to remove dirt, dust, and slit from the sand to bring quality in construction. Vibratory sand screening machine is responsible for screening the sand. It has following features :

• Vibratory screening machine can sieve both dry as well as wet sand.

• Through vibratory screening machine efficient screening is achieved.

• The vibratory screening machine helps in avoiding the sand wastage.

• In vibratory screening machines, only screen vibrates and not the chassis.

• Eccentric shaft creates vibration. • Screen is replaceable. • Some other features if required can be

added to the screening plant. For example some screening machine also has sand washing equipments

Vibrator/Manual Concrete Block Machine

• Concrete block making machine comes in various configuration to make blocks of different sizes and dimensions. Vibrator cum manual operated concrete block making machine can make both hollow and solid blocks for different purposes. This machine can be operated through simple manual operation. Its mould helps in the production of bricks, blocks and pavers.

The table top vibrator in machine provides optimum vibration in the mix so that the ratio of cement used can be reduced substantially without affecting the strength of the blocks. Vibratory motor, hopper, pump motors are other important equipments used by vibratory cum manual concrete block making machines.

AdvantagesVibrator cum manual operated concrete block making machine has certain advantages which are as follows :

• It is cost effective. • It has no adverse effect on environment. • The block produce by this machine has very good quality. • Applications

The blocks produce by the vibrator cum manual operated concrete block machine are utilized in the following areas :

• Making buildings both residential and commercially. • Paving roadside, parkways and pathways. • Paving bus and railway stations etc.

Mobile Hot Mix Plant

• Hot mix plants are assemblage of various machineries which are used for the purpose of maintenance and construction of infrastructures. Mobile hot mix plants are mounted on any carriage or trucks in which asphalts are mixed for the purpose of construction and maintenance of roads and other things.

Mechanical OperationsIn mobile hot mix plant, aggregates of all sizes can be used. Available in various models, these hot mix plants are provided with a dust collector for maintenance of pollution-free environment during operation. For drying and mixing of the asphalt there are two drums. For liquid asphalt there is a heated tank. After being thoroughly dried and heated they are discharged directly into an insulated holding or surge bin at the back of the asphalt mobile plant. Through electric heating system liquid asphalt is heated. After the end of the process materials are ready for road construction.

Applications Mobile hot mix plant has utility in the following areas :

• Construction of roads. • Patching of roads. • Construction of highways and runways for airports. • Light paving with hot-mix bituminous concrete.

Mini Excavators

• An excavator is an engineering vehicle consisting of a backhoe and cab mounted on top and is used for various smaller and major civil engineering projects. It is either mounted on tracks or wheels. A mini excavator or small compact excavator is ideal for landscapers, rental yards, general contractors or for any jobs that require a high level of production in confined spaces.

Mechanical OperationsMini excavator consists of cab having operator's compartment, engine compartment and hydraulic pump. Through swing bearing, house structure is able to attach itself over the undercarriage which helps it to rotate due to hydraulic distribution valve which supplies oil to the undercarriage components. The other components of the mini excavators are boom dipper or arm, and attachment like bucket, auger etc. They are attached to the excavator through swing frame which allows them to move left and right. The backfill blade that is used for digging is connected to excavator's undercarriage.

ApplicationsMini excavators are mainly applied in the following areas :

• Landscaping for various constructions. • Remove concrete from roads, bridges, walls, floors,

driveways, inside buildings. • Light demolitions. • Construction of roads and small buildings. • Street repairs, drainage ditches, and repairs on water and

sewer lines. • Dig trenches for conduit. • Dig test holes and remove contaminated soil.