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CONSERVATION OF

WATER QUALITY OF RIVER

GANGA


A SEGMENTAL APPROACH

A CONCEPT AND PLAN

“CONSERVATION OF WATER QUALITY OF GANGA”


[A CONCEPT AND PLAN]

“CONSERVATION OF WATER QUALITY

OF GANGA”

“A SEGMENTAL APPROACH”


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FOREWORD

Restoration of Water Quality of river Ganga is high on the National Agenda. The

Government is committed to put its best effort to bring back the sanctity of the

river. The major cause of concern of river Ganga relates to disposal of un-

treated/partially treated sewage into the river and using the river-front for disposal

of garbage including plastic as well as open defecation. Sewage disposal resulting

in rather high presence of fecal coliform bacteria makes the river un-fit for bathing

and potable purpose.

The CPCB has made an attempt to evolve a segmented Action Plan which is based

on identifying sources of pollution and assessment of pollution load of each

segment of the river. With regard to industrial pollution Control, CPCB intends to

strengthen on-line monitoring and vigilance for ensuring compliance by the

industries. Besides, directions have also been issued towards promotion of

conservation of water and adoption of Zero Liquid Discharge system.

We hope that the suggestive/indicative action plan of CPCB would contribute

towards cleaning of Ganga.

(Arun Kumar Mehta)

Chairman


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[PART – A]

Contents

1.0 PREAMBLE ...................................................................................... 1

1.1 Governments’ Commitment ......................................................................... 1

1.2 Implemented Concept and Works Undertaken ............................................ 1

1.3 Results Achieved and Constraints ............................................................... 1

2.0 THE ISSUES .................................................................................... 2

2.1 The Problem of Conserving River Ganga ..................................................... 2

3.0 GANGA MOVEMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT ...................................... 2

3.1 Initiative at Government level .................................................................... 2

4.0 CONCEPT AND GANGA ACTION PLAN (2015)-CPCB ......................... 3

4.1 A Concept and Action Plan for Ganga Conservation ..................................... 3

4.2 Approach to Conserve River Ganga ............................................................. 3

5.0 SEGMENTAL APPROACH .................................................................. 3

5.1 (S-I): Ganga from Origin to Haridwar (Downstream) ................................. 3

5.2 (S-II): Haridwar down to Narora Barrage ................................................... 4

5.3 (S-III-A): Down Narora to Down Kanpur .................................................... 5

5.4 (S- III-B): Kanpur down to Allahabad down ............................................... 7

5.5 (S- III-C): Down Allahabad to Down Varanasi/ Ghazipur ........................... 7

5.6 (S-IV A): Down Varanasi to Rajmahal ......................................................... 7

5.7 (S-IV B): D/S of Rajmahal to Diamond Harbour .......................................... 8

6.0 SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD ....................................................... 8

6.1 Uttarakhand (river Ganga from origin to Narora covering Segment I & II) ............ 8 6.2 Uttar Pradesh (Disposal of Sewage and Industrial Effluents to cover Segment III-

A, B and C) (down Narora to down Varanasi) ................................................. 11 6.3 Down Varanasi/Ghazipur to confluence of river Ganga to Sea (to cover Segment –

IV) ............................................................................................................ 16

7.0 SUMMARY OF SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD ............................... 21

8.0 SEGMENTAL WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA ........................... 22

8.1 Assessment of water quality of River Ganga ................................................... 22 8.2 The detailed Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year 2010-2014) ................... 23 8.3 Primary Water Quality criteria ...................................................................... 23

9.0 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF RIVER GANGA ............................... 24

10.0 FLOW IN GANGA ........................................................................ 25

10.1 Flow in Ganga – An Important Issue ......................................................... 25

10.2 Water Discharge and Its Utilization from Different Dams/ Barrages ......... 27

10.3 Findings .................................................................................................... 28

11.0 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .................................................... 28

11.1 Proposed Concept and Features of Plan .................................................... 28


12.0 PROPOSED PRIMARY WATER CRITERIA FOR BATHING WATER.. 31

13.0 PROPOSED STANDARDS FOR TREATMENT PLANTS (STPS)......... 34

14.0 CONCLUSION- KEY ACTIONS ..................................................... 35

Plate 1: Withdrawal of water from River Ganga from Haridwar to Kanpur. ............... 36 Plate 2: Segment wise status of River Ganga ...................................................... 37 Plate 3: Bio-mapping of River Ganga .................................................................. 38 Plate 4: The Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year 2010-2014) ......................... 39 Plate 5: Summary of Segmental Pollution Load and Proposed Action Plan ............... 41

[PART – B]

Ganga Action Plan – Segmental Approach ..................................................... 52

Tables

Table I Drains from origin to Hridwar (Segment –I) ........................................ 9

Table II Drains from Sukratal to Norora (Segment –II) .................................... 9

Table III Drains from Narora downstream to Varanasi .................................. 11

Table IV GPI of Uttar Pradesh ..................................................................... 14

Table V Contribution by Ramganga and Kali-east .......................................... 14

Table VI Drains from Bihar ......................................................................... 16

Table VII Drains of West Bengal meets in the left bank .................................. 17

Table VIII Drains of West Bengal meets in the Right bank .............................. 19

Table IX Segment wise Pollution load .......................................................... 21

Table X Segmental Water Quality of River Ganga .......................................... 22

Table XI Primary Water Quality Criteria for Bathing Water (Existing) ............... 24

Table XII Biological Water Quality in Ecological Segments of River Ganga ........ 25

Table XIII Water discharge and its utilization from different dams/barrages .. 27

Table XIV Proposed Primary Water Criteria for bathing water ......................... 31

NGRBA Cell F:\MKB\MY DOCUMENTS\NGRBA MAIN\PIAS\SEGMENTAL APPROACH DECEMBER 15\GANGA - SEGMENT APPROACH 9-12-2015 WITH FWD.DOCX

1

1.0 PREAMBLE

1.1 Governments’ Commitment

Cleaning of river Ganga has been the mission of the Government and

number of steps have been taken to prevent and control pollution of river

Ganga for restoring its sanctity.

1.2 Implemented Concept and Works Undertaken

The steps taken to restore water quality of Ganga included laying of sewers,

interception and diversion of sewage drains and setting up of sewage

treatment plants (STPs). The action plan for conserving Ganga has also

covered riverfront development programs, setting up of electric crematoria,

sanitation facilities for pilgrimage and construction of proper Ghats/bathing

facilities.

1.3 Results Achieved and Constraints

Despite many actions taken, the level of success achieved is being debated

and it has been a common understanding that, lot more is required to be

done. Installed sewage treatment facilities are not operated well and are

inadequate. There is a significant quantity of sewage still being disposed

into river Ganga.

The following achievements are listed out in-terms of Infra-structure and

improvement in water quality of river Ganga:

(i) Many Ghats (public worship places) have been constructed and

improved.

(ii) Public amenities have been setup to prevent direct contamination of

river.

(iii) Sewage treatment plants have been set-up on the concept of

interception, diversion and treatment of sewage.

(iv) In terms of water quality, there are no significant changes in last five

years in-terms of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and with respect

to Dissolved Oxygen contents in the river Ganga.

(v) Fecal coliform bacteria has however been a concern all along the

river.


2

2.0 THE ISSUES

2.1 The Problem of Conserving River Ganga

(i) The main focus of conserving water quality of river Ganga has been

on setting up of sewage treatment facilities for the towns located on

the banks of river Ganga. This involves, providing sewage conveyance

system (Sewers) into city / town and followed by treatment. After

treatment, sewage is disposed into river. Setting up of sewage

treatment facilities and its operation and maintenance is the concern

which has raised many questions due to their poor performance.

(ii) The industries are only responding to the regulatory requirements.

Due to lack of proper infrastructure for catering basic needs and

particularly for waste management, the industries are finding an easy

option to dispose effluents into domestic storm water / sewage

carrying drains which ultimately meeting river directly or to the

tributaries of river Ganga.

(iii) Excessive abstraction of river water for human consumption and

irrigation, is resulting diminishing flow in river Ganga which is of great

concern. Though, water can be utilized but, how to augment and

replenish the river flow, has not been worked out.

(iv) Mass participation of public for their contribution with Government

and Non-Government agencies has not been on consistent or regular

basis. The programmes have been sporadic, event-basis or with

special drives.

3.0 GANGA MOVEMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT

3.1 Initiative at Government level

Among the initiatives and to re-look Ganga conservation as a fresh,

National Mission for Cleaning Ganga has been launched. A National

Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) has been set up under the

Chairmanship of Hon’ble Prime Minister with Chief Ministers of concerned

states (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West

Bengal).

The new Government (NDA) has set a prime agenda for conserving water

quality of river Ganga. A nationwide consultation “Ganga Manthan” was

convened on 07.07.2014 wherein significant input were received which

has given new movement for conservation of river Ganga.


3

4.0 CONCEPT AND GANGA ACTION PLAN (2015)-CPCB

4.1 A Concept and Action Plan for Ganga Conservation

Under the new concept, a holistic approach and entire Ganga is covered

which now will be considered for implementation of new concept.

4.2 Approach to Conserve River Ganga

However, it might be emerging out that there may not be any new

technology or a concept to be implemented for conservation of Ganga. It

will be necessary to introspect and integrate efforts made so far and re-

place the modified action plan. It would not only to be financial resources

which will be important in river conservation but, other factors like

empowering of appropriate institutions to monitor and implement the

need-based programs, public participation and other actions depending on

use of Ganga water to link with national economy will be the important

issue

Based on understanding and assessing the hydrogeological status of river

Ganga and knowing the problem in-terms of pollution, there is need to

evolve segmented implementation plan under direct control of State

Governments. The benefit in-terms of revenue / economic gains, both

Central and State Governments to share and utilize them for public use and

taking more innovative approach. It is well known that the river Ganga

receives untreated sewage along with industrial effluents at various

locations throughout its length. The water quality of river is governed by

the water flowing in the river and quantity of sewage and trade effluents

being disposed. With this background, river Ganga has been divided into

following segments and suggested with action plan:

5.0 SEGMENTAL APPROACH

Segmental Characteristics and Approach

5.1 (S-I): Ganga from Origin to Haridwar (Downstream)

(i) Status

a) River in this stretch is clean, fast-flowing and having adequate quantity

of flow.

b) No significant industrial or sewage discharge except smaller towns

letting-out sewage and sullage.


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(ii) Approach to be followed- Proposal

a) Setting up of in-situ sewage treatment on sewage carrying streams.

b) Emphasis on elimination of fecal coliform bacteria.

c) Put-up bio-gas plant for small town for recovery of gas from municipal

solid waste.

d) Promoting Forestry programme to prevent erosion problems.

e) Look for acceptable hydro energy project without having any impact on

“ecology” and “flow”.

f) Any other programmes, as evolved based on local community

participation.

5.2 (S-II): Haridwar down to Narora Barrage

(i) Status

a) River is still fast flowing with good quantity and quality of water.

b) Two canals are drawn to divert water for public and agricultural

consumption from Haridwar and Narora. There is also provision

made for drawing canal from barrage at Bijnore.

c) No significant discharge in this segment by industries or sewage

except two drains that is Chhoiya Nala and Phuldera.

d) Barraging of river at Bijnore and Narora, needs review because of

diminishing flow in downstream effecting river water quality and

flow.


5

Good quality of water available at Narora before

canal is taken out (Narora - Summer 2014)

(ii) Approach to be followed-Proposal

a) This segment would need attention for water apportioning and

utilization plan.

b) A strict vigilance of disposal of industrial waste water through

Chhoiya and Phuldera and other drain is to be kept under vigilance

and regulated by adopting cost – effective sewage treatment

plans.

5.3 (S-III-A): Down Narora to Down Kanpur

(i) Status

This stretch requires maximum attention because:

a) The stretch receives sewage from number of small, medium

and large towns and industrial effluent through drains and

tributaries.

b) The stretch, down Narora to Kanpur is sluggish and water flow

is reduced.


6

90% of water diverted at Narora into Canal

(Summer 2014)

After Narora, Low and sluggish flow at Kachchla Ghat

(Summer 2014)


a) Strict enforcement of law on industries with adopting approaches

like enforcing Zero liquid discharge, utilization of treated effluents

for irrigation and no disposal in drains.

b) Evolving time-bound plan for sewage treatment flowing in drains

joining river Ganga and its tributaries.

c) Regulating withdrawal of water from river Ganga at Haridwar,

Bijnore, Narora and Kanpur.

d) River front development activities with garbage management on

Ghats, removing floatables and maintaining cleanliness and

hygienic status.


7

e) Attention on priority for ensuring no tannery effluent flows into

Ganga.

5.4 (S- III-B): Kanpur down to Allahabad down

(i) Status

i) This stretch gains water flow due to joining of 4 tributaries

namely East Kali, Ram Ganga and Garra at Kannauj and river

Yamuna at Allahabad. The river receives sewage with

industrial effluents from Allahabad and other towns.


i) Setting up of comprehensive sewage treatment facilities for

towns.

ii) Enforcement of law on industries for compliance and

monitoring for prohibiting coloured effluents to protect water

quality at Allahabad and Varanasi.

iii) High priority for up-keep of sanitary condition on Ghats.

5.5 (S- III-C): Down Allahabad to Down Varanasi/ Ghazipur

i. Status

i) This stretch receives sewage and industrial effluents from

Varanasi town as well as other small and medium towns.

ii) The river flow increased due to joining of river Gomati.

ii. Approach to be followed-Proposal

i) There is need to up-grade sewage treatment facilities already

installed and improve the performance efficiency for bacterial

treatment.

ii) Install advance wastewater purification system and

emphasizing on use of treated water and discharging into the

river for maintaining flow of the river.

5.6 (S-IV A): Down Varanasi to Rajmahal

(i) Status

i) The river receives flow from the rivers originating from Nepal

and others, thereby increasing flow of the river.

ii) Though, sewage and industrial effluents are entering into river

but due to dilution, organic load is reduced on the river.

However, fecal coliform bacteria remains high.


8


i) The stretch receives domestic sewage and industrial effluents

but, not as significant when compared with Segment III-A, B

and C.

ii) Numbers of sewage treatment facilities have been installed in

Bihar and these sewage treatment facilities are to be improved

for their efficient performance.

iii) Efforts are required to maximize the use of the river water

before it joins the sea.

5.7 (S-IV B): D/S of Rajmahal to Diamond Harbour

i) Status

i) At Farakka barrage, in West Bengal significant amount of water

is diverted to Bangladesh through Padma River.

ii) Due to high population density, this stretch receives maximum

fecal contaminated sewage.

iii) Tidal effect of Bay of Bengal is also visible upto Kolkata.

ii) Approach to be followed-Proposal

i) Numbers of sewage treatment facilities have been installed in

West Bengal and these sewage treatment facilities are to be

improved for their efficient performance.

ii) Maximizing of water utilization before joining of River to Bay of

Bengal.

6.0 SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD

Segment-specific plans will have to be prepared and implemented by the

State Agencies and to be monitored and technically coordinated by the

Central Government. Source based action plan is as under:

6.1 Uttarakhand (river Ganga from origin to Narora covering

Segment I & II)

(i) The estimated sewage entering into the river Ganga is 715 MLD through

26 drains with BOD load of 66 TPD. (In Uttarakhand, 14 drains

discharging 444.22 MLD and sewage with small rivers/steams with BOD

load of 42.80 tonnes per day. In UP from D/S of Haridwar to Narora,

there are 12 drains discharging 270.4 MLD of sewage with 23.11 tonnes

per day of BOD).

(ii) The towns discharging sewage into river Ganga directly or through the

drains are as under:


9

Table I Drains from origin to Hridwar (Segment –I)

S.

No.

Catchment

Region

Drain in S-I Stretch

(Origin of River to

Haridwar)

Flow

(MLD)

Organic Load

Based on

BOD (TPD)

1. Uttarkashi

&

Devprayag

Storm Water Drain

Uttarkashi

1.73

2. Kodia nala Devprayag 1.73

Sub total 3.46

3.

Rishikesh

Triveni Drain/ Saraswati

Nala

11.5 0.83

4. Rambha River 152 0.15

5. Lakkar Ghat STP Drain 12 0.22

6. IDPL- STP Drain 3 0.01

7. Swarg Ashram STP Drain 2.5 0.06

8. Gadhi Shyampur Drain -

Sub total 187.92 1.27

9. Haridwar Jagjeetpur STP Drain 42 2.10

10. Kassavan Drain 11.7 1.36

11. Pandey wala Drain - -

12. Matra Sadan Drain 3.8 0.08

13. Rawlirao Drain 2.8 2.13

Sub-total 60.3 5.67

14. Laksar Laksar Drain 196 35.87

Total in Uttarakhand (Segment –I) 444.22 42.80

Table II Drains from Sukratal to Norora (Segment –II)

S.

No.

Catchment

area

Drain in S-II Stretch

(Haridwar to Narora)

Flow

(MLD)

Organic Load

Based on

BOD (TPD)

1. Sukratal Banganga River (at

confluence with river

Ganga)

- -

2.

Bijnor

Hemraj Drain - -

3. Bijnor Sewage Drian 7.6 0.44

4. Malan River (at confluence

with river Ganga)

16.5 0.08

5. Chhoiya Drain (at conf.

with river Ganga)

124 16.12

Sub-Total 148.1 16.64


10

S.

No.

Catchment

area

Drain in S-II Stretch

(Haridwar to Narora)

Flow

(MLD)

Organic Load

Based on

BOD (TPD)

6. Gajrola

and

Babrala

Bagad River 1.8 0.35

7.

Garh

Garh Drain 14 0.22

8. Fuldehra Drain (at

confluence with river

Ganga)

32 3.49

Sub-Total 47.8 3.71

9. Badaun

Badaun Sewage Drain 29.9 1.38

10. Sot River 42 0.97

Sub-Total 71.9 2.34

11. Anupshar

Anupsahar STP Drain-1 0.85 0.01

12. Anupsahar STP Drain-2 1.75 0.05

Sub-Total 2.6 0.06

Upper Reach in UP (Segment -II) 270.4 23.11

Total for the Segment (I + II) 714.62 65.91

6.1.1 Action Plan (Proposed)

i. For treatment of sewage flowing in the drains and depending on site specific

conditions, simple and cost- effective options like in-situ treatment should

be attempted and the technologies which helps in reducing fecal coliform

bacteria need to be experimented based on physico-chemical or biological

methods.

ii. Towns generating MSW along with “NIRMALYA” and other worship materials

of bio-degradable in nature, should be subjected to the bio-gas generation

on the same lines of gobar gas plant. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

(BARC) has developed “NISARGUNA” technology which can be implemented

in these towns or other similar type.

iii. Through Panchayats and other Voluntary Organizations, Community

participation can be sought involving local citizens represented by

Schools/Colleges, Women Groups, Senior Citizens and other NGOs. Their

role can be confined to support the government launched programmes and

also creating environment protection awareness to the tourists for

maintaining sanctity of the river.

iv. Emphasis to be laid on prohibiting open defecation along the river banks.

Communities, villages should be provided with adequate sanitation facilities

which should be hygienically maintained.


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6.2 Uttar Pradesh (Disposal of Sewage and Industrial

Effluents to cover Segment III-A, B and C) (down Narora

to down Varanasi)

(i) There are 39 drains joining the river main stem of Ganga directly. These

drains are discharging 3541 MLD of sewage along with industrial

effluents into the river. A total BOD load of 165 Tones per day is exerted

on this stretch. The details of towns and the number of drains

discharging sewage and industrial effluents with their flow and BOD level

are as under:

Table III Drains from Narora downstream to Varanasi

SL.

No

Catchment

region

Drain in S-III (Narora

to Varanasi)

Flow

(MLD)

Organic

Load

Based on

BOD (TPD)

1.

Bareilly –

Aligarh to

Kannauj

(III-A)

Nakatiya Nala 319.40 0.01

2. Chawari Nala 52.00 0.00

3. Deveranaiya Nala 192.53 0.06

4. Patta Nala, Kannauij 14.06 0.00

5. Kasganj drain at Amarpur Village,

47.21 0.00

6. Cherat Drain near KrisNigyan, Kentra,

Aligarh

32.38 0.05

Sub-Total 657.58 0.12

7.

Kanpur

(III-A)

Dabka Nalla-1 (Kachha

nala)

76.66 12.35

8. Dabka Nalla-2 (Pakka

nala)

6.01 7.58

9. Dabka Nalla-3 (Pakka

nala)

0.26 0.01

10. Shetla Bazar(Kachha

nala)

29.0 12.35

11. Wazidpur Nalla 11.23 7.58

12. Satti Chaura 1.43 0.10

13. Golaghat Nala 2.91 0.18

14. Bhagwatdas Nala 10.9 0.76

15. Sisamau Nala 141.33 11.92

16. Permiya Nala 186 11.49

Sub-Total 465.73 64.32

17. Unnao

(III-A)

Loni Drain 41.9 4.86

18. City Jail Drain 35.86 7.21

Sub-Total 77.76 12.07

Total (Segment III-A) 1201.07 76.51


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SL.

No

Catchment

region

Drain in S-III (Narora

to Varanasi)

Flow

(MLD)

Organic

Load

Based on

BOD (TPD)

19. Fatehpur to

Raibareilly

(III-B)

Pandu River 1,396 34.90

20. Seepage *

21. Arihari Drain 34.25 0.13

22. NTPC drain 60.29 1.12

Sub-Total 1490.54 36.15

23.

Allahabad

(III-B)

Rasulabad-1(Pakka nala) 29.8 20.26

24. Rasulabad-2(Pakka nala) 20.2 5.66

25. Rasulabad-3(kachha

nala)

14.2 1.32

26. Rasulabad-4(Kachha

nala)

48.5 2.38

27. Nehru Drain 26 0.38

28. Kodar Drain 32.70 0.32

29. Pongaghat Drain 8 0.16

30. Solari Drain 34.8 1.09

31. Maviya Drain 42.93 1.29

32. Mugalaha Drain 32.70 0.32

Sub-Total 289.83 33.18

Total (Segment III-B) 1780.37 69.33

33. Mirzapur

(III-C)

Ghore Saheed drain 86.4 4.12

34. Khandwa drain 62.21 5.35

Sub-Total 148.61 9.47

35.

Varanasi

(III-C)

Rajghat drain 16.19 0.81

36. Nagwa drain 66.45 4.06

37. Ramnagar drain 23.65 0.96

38. Varuna drain 304.5 3.78

39. Shivala Drain * ------

Sub-Total 410.79 9.61

Total (Segment III-C) 559.40 19.08

Grand Total (Segment III) 3540.84 164.92


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Chhoiya drain joining Ganga at Punjabi Dera (Jalilpur) (Summer 2014)

Status of drains carrying industrial effluents joining to

tributary of River Ganga

(ii) The drains along with domestic sewage also carries industrial effluents.

In the stretch of UP, 687 Industries are discharging 269 MLD effluents

through drains into river Ganga. It has been a fact that majority of

industries ae discharging wastewater into drains and tributaries which

ultimately meets river Ram Ganga and East Kali. The, entire industrial


14

pollution load in this region is carried by both these rivers and are

polluted. The details are as under:

Table IV GPI of Uttar Pradesh

Category of

Industry

Number of

Industry

Water

Consumption

(MLD)

Waste-water

Generation

(MLD)

Chemical 20 113.0 29.6

Distillery 29 69.2 33.0

Food, Dairy &

Beverage

15 6.3 3.8

Others 35 90.7 18.1

Pulp & Paper 33 96.3 68.1

Sugar 56 278.4 85.7

Textile,

Bleaching &

Dyeing

59 11.4 9.0

Tannery 440 27.4 21.6

Total 687 693 269

(iii) There are two tributaries of Ganga namely Kali-east and Ramganga

joining river Ganga on the East and West banks at Kannauj. Both the

tributaries are acting as a carrier for disposal of domestic sewage and

industrial effluents. It is to mention that industries like Pulp and Paper,

Distilleries, Sugar and others are discharging wastewater into these

tributaries. The details of disposal of industrial and domestic sewage for

both the tributaries are given below;

Table V Contribution by Ramganga and Kali-east

Ramganga

(11 tributaries + 4 drains)

Kali-east

(9 drains)

Industrial

(80 units)

Domestic Industrial

(67 units)

Domestic

235 MLD 227 MLD 50.47 MLD 544 MLD

462 MLD 594.47 MLD

6.2.1 ACTION PLAN (Proposed)

(i) There is a need to evolve a comprehensive sewage treatment plan for

78 drains (main stem 65, 26 in Uttarakhand and 39 in UP + tributaries

receiving sewage from13 drains) covering 8 Class-I and 9 Class-II

towns for sewage treatment facilities.


15

(ii) After sewage treatment, the treated sewage effluents will have to be

polished to free them from pathogenic bacteria and color and then

discharging into the river for maintaining flow of the river. This will be

the cost intensive action but, would be necessary and essential for

maintaining water quality of the river.

(iii) It would also be necessary to review the quantity of water being

discharged from the Narora barrage and the released flow may be

increased say by 5 % for illustration to facilitate further flow of the river

which may enhance oxygenation and rejuvenation capacity of the river.

(iv) With regard to control of pollution from industries, strict enforcement of

law will be the only option. Industries in this region are highly water

consuming, generate significant organic load bearing effluents and

importantly color, which many times has been reported by downstream

villages and at religious centers like Varanasi and Allahabad.

(v) After setting up of effluent treatment facilities by the industries, further

attempts, would be required to polish the treated effluents and either be

re-cycled or re-use back into the industrial system.

(vi) For strict regulatory enforcement and at the same time, preventing

frequent inspection of industries, a self-regulatory mechanism will have

to be enforced which should include:

(a) Installation of Continuous Effluent Monitoring Devices;

(b) Direct the industry to provide effluent tapping point to be notified

for Pollution Control Boards and to the public at appropriate

location so that, samples can be collected for compliance

verification. This system would prevent un-necessary and un-

wanted visits to the industry and will create accountability within

the industry that, where sample can be drawn by any person for

compliance verification. It shall be the responsibility of an industry

and SPCB to ensure the disposal points if consented, should be

approachable.

(vii) Enforcing Action Plan for Textile, sugar, Pulp & Paper, Distillery and

Tanneries to implement Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system or treat the

effluent for irrigation standard and prohibiting them not to dispose

effluent into drains.


16

6.3 Down Varanasi/Ghazipur to confluence of river Ganga to

Sea (to cover Segment –IV)

It has been estimated that 580 MLD of sewage is discharged into river Ganga

directly by 25 drains in the State of Bihar which carries organic load of

100TPD in terms of BOD. In the State of West Bengal 1779 MLD of sewage

is being discharged through 54 drains carrying BOD load of 95.5 TPD.

The details of drains are as under:

(a) Bihar

Table VI Drains from Bihar

S.No. City Drain Flow

(MLD)

Organic Load

Based on BOD (TPD)

1.

Buxer

Sidhharth Drain 7.5 1.00

2. Sati Ghat Drain 7.7 1.51

3. Nath Baba Drain 5.2 0.30

4. Tadka Drain 6.8 0.02

5. Sariupur Drain 6.7 1.58

Sub-Total 33.9 4.41

6.

Patna

Danapur Cantt Drain 10.1 1.99

7. Digha Ghat Drain 9.6 1.91

8. Kurzi Drain 120.4 31.93

9. Rajapur Drain 40.7 7.49

10. Bansh Ghat Drain 6.6 1.14

11. Collectriate Ghat

Drain 14.3

4.00

12. Mittan Ghat Drain 5.4 0.98

13. Mahavir Drain 5.4 1.08

14. Badshahi Drain 21.4 4.88

Sub-Total 233.9 55.39

15. Munger

ITC Drain 10.13 3.29

16. Lal Darwala Drain 8.5 2.10

Sub-total 18.63 5.39

17.

Bhagalpur

Jamunia Drain 82.61 17.03

18. Adampur Drain 11.75 2.65

19. Sarkikal Drain 6.62 1.98

20. Saklichand Drain 7.7 1.48

21. Hathiya Drain 11.8 2.72

22. Chama Drain 10.6 3.07

23. Barari Ghat Drain 9.7 2.87

Sub-total 140.78 31.80

24. Kahalgaon

Kowa Drain 147.28 0.93

25. KagziDrain 5.2 1.58

Sub-total 152.48 2.51

Total In Bihar (Segment IV-A) 579.69 99.51


17

b) West Bengal (LEFT BANK) Table VII Drains of West Bengal meets in the left bank

Sl.

No.

Catchment

region

Drain Flow

(MLD)

Organic

Load Based on BOD

(TPD)

1 Babughat Circular Canal adjacent

to River Hooghly

320.3 7.05

2 Kalighat Tolly Nala adjacent to

Dahighata

380.2 26.99

3 Khidderpore Dhankheti Khal Near

CESE Intake Point

65.2 15.13

4 Budge Budge Akhra Food Ghar

Adjacent to Hooghly River

83.4 2.00

5 Khardah Khardah Municipal Drain Connected to Hooghly River

63.0 2.33

6 Ichapur Debitala Pancha Khal, Ichapore (Adjacent to

R.N.S Brick Field)

46.0 0.23

7 Kalighat Khal Near Nimtala

Burning Ghat

20.7 1.55

8 Shobhabazar MuniKhali Khal Adjacent

to Arun Mistri Ghat

19.4 0.05

9 Kamarhati Kashipur Khal Adjacent

to Khamarhati Jute Mill

16.1 6.31

10 Barrackpore In front of S.P Bunglow,

S.N Banerjee Road, Mistry Ghat, Barrackpore

22.7 3.63

11 Cossipore Adjacent to Cossipore ferryghat & gunshell

factory

19.8 1.27

12 Chitpur Chitpur Ghat, Dilarjung

Road

15.0 0.96

13 Kalyani Majher Char Khal &

Kalyani combined waste sewage near brick field

with foam near sluice gate

16.5 0.36

14 Fortwilliam (Drain Opposite to Fort William , Judges Court Ghat )

7.65 0.08

15 Garifa Adjacent to Garifa Rly.Stn., Patterson road,

adjacent to Ram Ghat

7.78 0.15

16 Garifa Adjacent to Garifa Rly.

Stn.(North side) on

9.68 0.48


18

Sl.

No.

Catchment

region

Drain Flow

(MLD)

Organic

Load Based on BOD (TPD)

Patterson road (domestic)

17 Baranagar Baranagar Khal Adjacent to Ratan Babu Ghat

10.3 0.99

18 Halisahar Mohan Misra lane & crossing of Ghosh para road, Halisahar,

adjacent to Prabhat Sangha playground

10.7 0.24

19 Garden Reach Bagher Khal, adjacent to Hotel Dreamland, near

sluice gate, open pucca drain

11.1 0.18

20 Howarh Drain between Pratapnagar and Rajbari

4.19 0.73

21 Chandannagar By the side of Alliance jute mill, Jagatdal Jetty, opposite side of bank

Chandannagar Jetty

4.96 0.28

22 Barrackpore Adjacent to boundary

wall of Gandhighat & near Upashak Social

Welfare Organization, Gandhighat, South gate-1,Barrackpore

3.61 0.04

23 Khardah Balughat, Manirampur pucca drain

2.28 0.13

24 Titagarh Bishalakshmi Ghat, adjacent to CESC Power

House, Titagarh

4.01 0.26

25 Naihati Thanar Khal, adjacent to

Thana & over tank by Naihati Municipality

5.29 0.20

26 Naihati Sasan ghat 2.92 0.03

27 Ramaghat Open pucca drain carrying waste for ward nos. 9 & 10

1.20 0.14

28 Saidabad kunja Bhata(opposite to auto

center)ward no. 25

1.26 0.10

29 Shovabazar Shovabazar Canal Near

Shovabazar Launch Ghat

0.42 0.03

30 Open pucca drain flowing adjacent to Diamond club,

0.96 2.03


19

Sl.

No.

Catchment

region

Drain Flow

(MLD)

Organic


31 Open Kuccha drain carrying domestic waste

for Ward 16

0.66 0.03

32 Jangipur Adjacent to boundary

wall of Jangipur College and B D Office

1.08 0.05

33 Bhairabpur Shasan (burning) Ghat,Bhairabpur,

Purbaparaword9 no16

0.54 0.02

34 Bhairabpur Radhar Ghat(Old

Ichagra shasan Ghat) Bhairabpur, Purbapara

0.48 0.06

Sub Total (WB left bank) 1179.37 74.10

C) West Bengal (RIGHT BANK)

Table VIII Drains of West Bengal meets in the Right bank

Sl.

No.

Catchment

Region

Drain Flow

(MLD)

Organic

Load Based on

BOD (TPD)

1 Serampore Bhagirathi lane, Mahesh,

Serampore

41.5 0.327625

2 Rishra Hastings Ghat road,

adjacent to Hastings jute mill, Rishra, Hooghly

42.0 3.56918

3 Sankrail Najerganj Khal, north side of Shalimar paint, near Hans Khali Poll, Sankrail

326.0 5.21614

4 Sankrail Singhi More Khal (Singhi mara Khal), Manikpur,

Sankrail, near brick field

26.1 0.06795

5 Serampore Chatra Khal, Beniapara,

Serampore, Behind Ganga Darsan, Raja K. L Goswami

street, Serampore

28.4 1.44585

6 Rishra &

Konnagar

Bagh Khal, border of Rishra

& Konnagar Municipality on G.T Road

18.4 1.030575

7 Howarh Telkal Ghat 21.9 3.02849

8 Howarh Ramkrishna Mullickghat Road

12.2 1.0874

9 Garden Reach

130 Foreshore Road Martin Burn

17.6 2.47539

10 Shibpur Shibpur Burning Ghat 13.3 0.70596


20

Sl.

No.

Catchment

Region

Drain Flow

(MLD)

Organic


11 Sankrail Jagannath Ghat Road, opposite to China

pharmacy, by the side of Bijoy lakshmi rolling mill

17.3 0.44871

12 Howarh Combined of Swarasati Khal and Rajganj Khal,

near Sankrail Police station, near Pareshnath Hazra Ghat

2.77 0.01662

13 Khardah Champdany Ferry Ghat, opposite nabal garrage,

Champdany , Poura bhavan road, Pin-712222

4.15 0.15759

14 Bally South side of Dawnagazi Ghat, Bally Municipality,

Bally

1.31 0.03659

15 Belur Jagatnath Ghat, Ward No.-

14, Lalababu Saha Rd., South side of Kathgola Ghat

9.33 0.133

16 Howarh 101,Foreshore Road 6.24 0.167

17 Belur Kuthighat South Side of

Belur Math

5.76 0.946

18 Sankrail N.C.Pal Khal, Sankrail 3.87 0.266

19 Adjacent to bazarpara and Garighat (ward no. 18)

Kuccha drain

1.20 0.15

20 Shibpur Shalimar Coal Deposit No

1Naresh Kumar Ward

0.16 0.158

Sub-Total (WB right bank) 599.49 21.43

Total (West Bengal) (Segment IV-B) 1778.86 95.53

Grand Total (Segment IV) 2358.55 195.04

6.3.1 Action Plan (Proposed)

i. The Action Plan for down Varanasi to the end in West Bengal would focus

on sewage treatment and emphasizing on water utilization to a maximum

extent and only excess un-utilized water going to the sea.

ii. Special attention is required to maintain aesthetic water quality as this

segment is contaminated with high number of fecal coliform bacteria.


21

7.0 SUMMARY OF SEGMENTAL POLLUTION LOAD

A segment-wise breakup of drains carrying sewage/sullage with industrial

effluents is river in Table IX.;

Table IX Segment wise Pollution load

Segment No. of Drains

Flow (MLD)

Organic Load Based

on BOD (TPD)

No. of GPI

Waste Water Genera

tion (MLD)

Organic Load Based on

BOD (TPD)

Segment-I

Gangotri to

Haridwar D/S

14 444.2 42.8 7 5 1.4

Segment-II

Haridwar D/S to

Narora D/S

12 270.4 23.11 12 13 3.9

Segment III-A

Narora D/S to

Kanpur D/S

18 1201.0 76.51 145 314 96.9

Segment III-B

Kanpur D/S

(Fatehpur) to

Allahabad D/S

14 1780.3 69.33 504 39 6.8

Segment-III-C

Allahabad D/S

(Mirzapur) to

Ghazipur (Varanasi)

07 559.4 19.08 61 26 5.3

Segment-IV-A

Varanasi D/S

/Ghazipur to

Rajmahal

25 579.7 99.5 13 17 2.0

Segment-IV-B

Rajmahal D/S to

Diamond Harbour

54 1779 95.5 22 87 15.6

TOTAL 144 6,614 426 764 501 132

According to the figures given in the Table, it is clear that the river Ganga

receives maximum quantity of sewage and industrial effluents between Narora

downstream to Varanasi Downstream in the State of U.P. It is also important

to note that flow in river is significantly reducing from down of Narora. Hence,

segmental approach and action plan is becoming essential. (Plate -2, showing

pollution load and water quality on each segment may be seen).


22

8.0 SEGMENTAL WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA

(Plate 2 may be seen)

8.1 Assessment of water quality of River Ganga

The segmented water quality of river Ganga correspondingly matches with the

activities being observed in each segment. The finding of water quality of river

Ganga (2009-2013) indicates that;

(i) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) has never been critical at locations where water

quality is monitored. Water Quality of Ganga is being monitored at 57

locations. DO has always been more than 6.0 mg/l. However, monitoring

at the outfall of sewage drain and within dilution zone, levels of DO could be

critical.

(ii) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) which is an indicator of organic pollution

has been above 3.0 mg/l from Kanpur to downstream of Varanasi. As water

flow increases in the river from Kanpur to Varanasi because of tributaries,

the BOD is getting diluted and down Varanasi to Diamond Harbour (WB) the

BOD values recover.

(iii) Fecal Coliform bacteria are present throughout the river length and this is

only due to disposal of sewage. The number of bacteria keep on varying but,

their presence is the only raising question on sanctity (“Pavitrata”) of the

river. The water quality of river Ganga is summarized in Table X.

Table X Segmental Water Quality of River Ganga

Sl.

No.

Segment Dissolved

Oxygen (mg/l)

Biochemical

Oxygen Demand (mg/l)

Fecal Coliform

Bactria(MPN/100ML)

I Gangotri to

Haridwar Down

Stream (D/S)

Ranging

between 5.0

to 10.0

Less than 2.0

except location

D/S of Raiwala

and D/S of

Haridwar

< 1,60,000

II. Haridwar D/S to

Narora D/S

More than 6.0 Ranging between

1.0 to 5.0

< 14000

III.A Narora D/S to

Kanpur D/S


2.0 to 9.0

High Numbers

III.B Kanpur D/S to

D/S of Allahabad

More than

6.0

Ranging between

3.0 to 6.0

High Numbers

III.C Down Stream of

Allahabad to D/S

of Varanasi


3.0 to 9.0

High Numbers


23

IV-A Varanasi D/S

/Ghazipur to

Rajmahal


2.0 to 4.0

High Numbers

IV-B Rajmahal D/S to

Diamond

Harbour

Ranging

between 5.0

to 9.0

Ranging 3.0 to

6.0

Entire stretch is

having high no.

of FC and

particularly in

the stretch

from

Behrampore to

Diamond

Harbour

8.2 The detailed Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year

2010-2014)

(May be seen at Plate 4.)

8.3 Primary Water Quality criteria

CPCB and SPCBs /PCCs have been comparing water quality monitoring

results with primary water quality criteria evolved by CPCB. The water

quality criterion for bathing water is given in Table XI. Accordingly, water

quality will have to be maintained with respect to coliform and fecal coliform

criteria.


24

Table XI Primary Water Quality Criteria for Bathing Water (Existing)

(Water used for outdoor organized bathing)

CRITERIA RATIONALE

1. Faecal Coliform (MPN/100ml): 500 (desirable)

2500 (Maximum Permissible)

To ensure low sewage contamination.

Faecal coliform and faecal streptococci

are considered as they reflect the

bacterial pathogenicity.

2. Faecal Streptococci(MPN/100ml): 100 (desirable) 500 (Maximum Permissible)

The desirable and permissible limits are

suggested to allow for fluctuation in

environmental conditions such as

seasonal changes, changes in flow

conditions etc.

3. pH :

Between 6.5-8.5

The range provides protection of the skin

and delicate organs like eyes, nose, ears

etc. which are directly exposed during

outdoor bathing.

4. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) :

5 or more

The minimum dissolved oxygen

concentration of 5 mg/l ensures

reasonable freedom from oxygen

consuming organic pollution

immediately U/s which is necessary for

preventing production of anaerobic

gases (obnoxious gases) from sediments

5. Biochemical Oxygen (mg/l) Demand 3 day, 27oC : 3 or less

The Biochemical Oxygen Demand of 3

mg/l or less of the water ensures


demanding pollutants and prevent

production of obnoxious gases.

9.0 BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF RIVER GANGA

i) The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) based on the Saprobic and

Diversity Scores, has evolved a water quality classification. This

classification has been done based on benthic macro- invertebrates. It has

been observed that each segment of river Ganga is represented by a typical

set of benthos present in that stretch. A bio-mapping of river Ganga has

been done (Plate -2) and it has been inferred that by identifying organism,

water quality of the river from clean to severe pollution can be assigned

(Table XII).

ii) CPCB has got a study conducted in the year 2010-11 through Central Inland

Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI) to assess the status of fisheries. It has


25

been concluded that fish species are changing and replacing sensitive

species by hardy ones. It will be an important aspect of a new concept that,

the river Ganga be studied on regular basis to assess its ecological/biological

status. It is important to mention that river without life, has no meaning

and therefore, ultimate object and to set of river cleaning should be to

conserve life.

Table XII Biological Water Quality in Ecological Segments of River Ganga

S.

no.

River Ganga

Segment

Saprobic

score

Diversity

score

Bio-

logical

water

quality

Bio-logical

water quality

class

Indicator

colour

1

Segment I 6.03 0.57

Slight

Pollution B Light Blue

2 Segment II 4.49 0.77 Moderate

pollution C Green

3 Segment III

A 5.01 0.7

Moderate

pollution C Green

4 Segment III

B 5.11 0.658

Moderate

pollution C Green

5 Segment III

C 4.8 0.75

Moderate

pollution C Green

6 Segment IV

A 5.378 0.667

Moderate

pollution C Green

7 Segment IV

B 5.444 0.641

Moderate

pollution C Green

10.0 FLOW IN GANGA

10.1 Flow in Ganga – An Important Issue

The River Ganga suffers from various problems and the most significant one being

the lean flow during dry season and dumping of untreated and /or partially treated

sewage into the river. River flow in the Ganga is low because of diversion through

Upper and Lower Ganga canals from Hardwar and further from Narora barrage

leaving virtually very little flow in the main river.

Ganga in Uttar Pradesh demands treatment of sewage and minimum

environmental flow for its survival as a river. Since a river is a living eco-system

and therefore, ultimate goal should be to protect the functioning of the river eco-

system.

It is important to note that un-abated discharge of treated sewage, even if after

100% treatment, with BOD level of 30 mg/l or less cannot bring the river water to

bathing quality level in lean season river flow. In order to achieve the goal, it is

important that minimum flow throughout the year is maintained to support eco-

system and other uses to maintain the wholesomeness of the river.


26

90% of water diverted at Narora into Canal (Summer 2014)

For illustration (on 31.05.2014), at Narora Barrage, the total discharge of

river water was 7858 cuses/sec and the discharge into river was 355

cuses/sec and rest was diverted into the canal. As a result, there was little

water flowing down and it was seen that at Kacchla Ghat, people were just

crossing the river.


27

10.2 Water Discharge and Its Utilization from Different

Dams/ Barrages

Information obtained (Irrigation and Water Resource department, Uttar

Pradesh) regarding water discharge and its utilization from different

dams/barrages constructed on river Ganga from Haridwar to Kanpur is given

table-XIII.

Table XIII Water discharge and its utilization from different dams/barrages

Name of

Dams/

Barrages

Average

Flow of

Ganga

River

(Cusec)

Name/Numbers

of Canals taking

water from such

dams/ barrages

Quantity of water Discharge

through Canals (cusec)

Use of

water

discharge

through

Canal

Max.

Discharge

Min.

Discharge

Average

Discharge

Bheem Gaura

Barrage,

Haridwar

30,527

Min.-9869

Max.-NA

1. Left side of Barrage: East Ganga Canal

2. Right Side of Barrage: Upper Ganga

Canal

2032

11290

161

1692

890

7663

For

Irrigation,

Electric

generation

& Drinking

Water

Ch. Charan

Singh

Barrage,

Bijnor

18,000

Min.-NA

Max.-NA

1. Left side of Barrage:

Madhya Ganga Canal

(Second Phase) Under Construction

2. Right side of Barrage: Madhya Ganga Canal (First Phase)

-

5,60,980

(In Year

2010)

-

600

-

5000

Madhya

Ganga

Canal (First

Phase)

Used for

Irrigation

of Kharif

Crop

Ch. Charan

Singh Ganga

Barrage,

Narora

Bulandsharha

r

13,000

Min.-

2783

Max.-

6,10,859

1. Lower Ganga Canal

2. Parallel Lower Ganga Canal

3. Narora atomic power plant channel

7443

6096

43

2653

0

27

5320

5307

38

For

Irrigation,

and Atomic

power

Plant

LUVKUSH

Kanpur

Ganga

Barrage,

Kanpur

4096

(May

2015)

Max.-

3,48,012

Min.-2430

No Canal is taking

water from this

Barrage

- - 80.20 To supply

drinking

water to

Kanpur city


28

10.3 Findings

Based on data collected it can be inferred that significant quantity of water is

abstracted through three barrages. The average quantity of water abstracted from

i) Bheem Gaura Barrage, Haridwar is 8553 cusec; ii) Ch. Charansingh Madhya

Ganga Barrage is 5000 cusec; iii) Ch. Charan Singh Ganga Barrage, Narora is

10,665 cusec; and iv) Luv Kush Kanpur Ganga Barrage is 80.2 cusec.

Considering this, it can be concluded that total quantity of water withdrawal from

Haridwar to Narora is 24,298 cusec, which is about 80% of average flow (30,527

cusec) of river Ganga at Haridwar The tributaries Ramganga and Kali east meets

with river Ganga at about 200 km downstream of Narora even though the average

water being discharged from Kanpur is only 4096 cusec in the month of May, 2014.

Plate -1 may be referred for details. However, these information’s need further

review for strategic actions.

11.0 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

11.1 Proposed Concept and Features of Plan

The proposed conservation plan will include following features which perhaps

were not taken into the previous action plans:

a) Evolving segmental action plans and assigning responsibility and

accountability on the concerned State Governments under the monitoring

and technical supervision of Central Government. There could be

Regional/Segmental Monitoring Authorities. This should not be viewed for

new staff, infrastructure or other facilities but, existing system available

with State Pollution Control Board and State Departments should be

utilized. Each state will ensure that when river water leaves from their

territory, should meet existing primary water quality criteria and

subsequently the proposed bathing water quality criteria (Table –XIV).

b) Feasibility to introduce low cost sewage options like in-situ sewage

treatment or other alternate methods as intermediary options till full-

fledged sewage treatment facilities are installed. A wide publicity should

be given to invite expression of interest from technology providers (private

and Govt. Institutions) that to treat waste water flowing in drains and bring

down pollution load. The Government may encourage action plans to this

effect and experiment such options on demonstration basis and costs can

be reimbursed only after demonstrating the results.


29

c) Due to the circumstances and need, treated sewage effluents would

require further treatment to remove fecal bacteria and then use the

treated effluents for disposal in river.

Ph

oto

grap

hs

on

ly f

or

illu

stra

tio

n a

nd

no

t fo

r an

y o

ffic

ial p

urp

ose


30

(d) Introducing physico-chemical and biological methods for reducing

pathogenicity for treated effluents so to maintain sanctity of the river.

[Fecal coliform bacteria]

(e) Enforcement of law on industries insisting for zero waste disposal

system, maximizing water recycling and re-using of treated effluents.

(f) Industries to be made responsible for providing sample collection points

to be duly notified for the regulatory bodies for collection of treated

samples to verify compliance with the standards.

(g) Constitution of voluntary groups under the coordination with States and

Central Agencies for keeping a watch on protection of river and to check

illegal activities relating to disposal of effluent in to river/drains.

(h) Networking with Academic and Research & Development Institutions for

undertaking R&D programs based on practical solutions for conserving

the river Ganga and its tributaries.


31

12.0 PROPOSED PRIMARY WATER CRITERIA FOR

BATHING WATER

The proposed primary water quality criteria (Draft) for bathing water (fresh water)

(water used for organized outdoor bathing) to be implemented for Ganga and to

other rivers is given in Table XIV. (Readers may refer for final action)

Table XIV Proposed Primary Water Criteria for bathing water

CRITERIA RATIONALE

1. Total Coliform

(MPN/100ml)

50

Many glacial fed and spring fed rivers at

the upstream, are direct source of

drinking water. Contribution of Total

Coliform in such pristine water is mainly

through soil origin and may not be

harmful while bathing.

2. Fecal Coliform

(MPN/100ml)

<1.8

Fecal Coliform is considered as they are

indicators of the bacterial pathogenicity

through human origin and their presence

renders the river water to many water

borne diseases like urinary tract

infection, shigellosis, ear and eye

infection, cholera, skin diseases and

typhoid etc. thus, unsuitable for drinking

purposes while bathing.

3. Fecal Streptococci

(MPN/100ml)

<1.8

The Fecal streptococci are valuable

pollution indicators of rivers, streams,

lakes. The normal habitat of Fecal

streptococci is the intestine of humans

and animals. Ratio of Fecal Coliform/

Fecal streptococci may provide

information on possible sources of

pollution such as; human, duck, sheep,

chicken, pig, cow, and turkey. Their

presence renders the river water to many

water borne diseases like Impetigo,

meningitis, sinusitis, dental caries,

endocarditis, erysipelas and narcotizing

fasciitis, diseases of cattle and horses,

thus, unsuitable for drinking purposes

while bathing.

4. pH value 6.5-8.5 The range provides protection to the skin

and delicate organs like eyes, nose, ears

etc. which are directly exposed during

outdoor bathing


32

5. Dissolved Oxygen

(mg/l)

5 or more

The maximum Dissolved Oxygen

concentration of 5 mg/l ensures

reasonable freedom from Oxygen

consuming organic pollution immediately

upstream which is necessary for

preventing production of anaerobic gases

(Obnoxious gases) from sediments.

6. Bio-chemical

Oxygen Demand 3 days, 270C

(mg/l)

3 or less

The Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand of 3

mg/l or less of the water ensures


demanding pollutants and prevent

production of obnoxious gases.

7. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

(mg/l)

<10

COD often is used as a measurement of

pollutants in natural water to ensure no

contamination from industrial source

after treatment. Such levels of COD

ensure no contamination from industrial

source after treatment.

8. Colour ( Hazen ) 10-20 Specially caused by chemical compound like creosols, phenols, naphtha, pyridine,

and benzene, toluene etc. causing visible coloration of water, which is undesirable for drinking and bathing purposes.

9. Odour No noticeable offensive Odour

Odour is recognized as a quality factor

affecting acceptability of drinking water

(and food prepared with it) fainting of

fish and other aquatic organisms and

aesthetics of bathing waters. Most

organic and some inorganic chemicals

contribute odour. These chemicals may

originate from municipal and industrial

waste discharges from natural sources

such as decomposition of vegetable

matter or from associated microbial

activity, and from disinfectants or their

products which is undesirable for drinking

and bathing purposes.

10.Floating Matter

Nothing Obnoxious

or detrimental for use Purpose.

Floating material in bathing waters are of

two types, particulate matter that

includes grease balls and liquid

components capable of spreading as a

thin, highly visible film over large areas.

It is important because it accumulates on

the surface, is often highly visible, is

subject to wind –induced transport, may

11.a) Floating Materials, Oil, grease

and scum (including Petroleum

Products) mg/l

<1.0


33

11.b) Sludge deposits,

Solid refuse floating solids, oil grease and scum

None except for

such small amount that may result from

discharge of approximately

treated sewage and or industrial waste effluents

contain pathogenic bacteria and / or

viruses associated with individual

particles, and can significantly

concentrate metals and chlorinated

hydrocarbons such as pesticides and

PCBs. Colloidally dispersed oil and grease

behave like other dispersed organic

matter and are included in the material

measured by the COD, BOD, tests.

12.Suspended Solids mg/l

<10 form sewage or

industrial waste origin

Water high in suspended solids may be

esthetically unsatisfactory for such

purposes as bathing. Solids analyses are

important in the control of biological and

physical waste water treatment

processes and for assessing compliance

with regulatory agency waste water

effluent limitations.

13.Turbidity NTU (Nephalo Turbidity

Unit)

30 Measured at 0.9 depth

Turbidity in water is caused by suspended and colloidal matter such as

clay; silt finely divided organic and inorganic matter, and plankton and other microscopic organisms.

14.Aquatic life of Benthic Macro invertebrates

Benthic macro-invertebrates are the best suitable indicators of surface water

quality. Their presence in bathing water with having high saprobic and diversity

score ensures suitability of water quality standards for protection of aquatic life in bathing waters.

14.a) Saprobic score range

6.0 -7.0

14. b) Diversity score range

0.5-1.0


34

13.0 PROPOSED STANDARDS FOR TREATMENT PLANTS

(STPs)

CPCB has proposed following standards for notification and STPs will be required

to comply with these standards.

Standards For Treated Effluent Of Sewage Treatment Plants

Sl. No. Sector Parameters Standards for New

STPs (Design after

notification date)*

1. Sewage

Treatment Plant

pH 6.5-9.0

2. BOD, mg/l 10

3. COD, mg/l 50

4. TSS, mg/l 10

5. NH4-N, mg/l 5

6. N-total, mg/l 10

7. Fecal Coliform,

MPN/100ml

<230

8. PO4-P , mg/l 2

Note: (i) These standards will be applicable for discharge in water resources as well as for land disposal. The standards for Fecal Coliform may

not be applied for use of treated sewage in industrial purposes.

*Achievements of Standards for existing STPs will be within 05 years from date of notification.


35

14.0 CONCLUSION- KEY ACTIONS

1. Immediate need is to commission in-situ treatment of the drains joining

river Ganga (144) or any other actions without waiting for full-fledged

sewage treatment plants as it may be a time taking process.

2. Invite Expression of Interest from Technology Providers

(Private/Govt./R&D) for demonstrating experiments to treat

sewage/industrial effluents flowing drains meeting river Ganga. Such

approach should be simple, cost-effective and should comply with standards

till STPs are set up. This will be short term and intermediary solution. Such

proposal should also include removal of pathogenic bacteria. The existing

and new STPs should essentially meet the bacterial standards.

3. Handover each Ghat on river Ganga to Religious, Private Institutes for

maintaining up-keep and hygienic conditions.

4. Need to release more water from Bijnor and Narora barrage.

NGRBA Cell F:\MKB\MY DOCUMENTS\NGRBA MAIN\PIAS\SEGMENTAL APPROACH DECEMBER 15\GANGA - SEGMENT APPROACH 9-12-2015 WITH FWD.DOCX 36

Plate 1: Withdrawal of water from River Ganga from Haridwar to Kanpur.


Plate 2: Segment wise status of River Ganga

Origin

Haridwar

Narora

Kanpur

Allahabad

Varanasi

Diamond Harbour

Segment - I

Segment - II Segment – III A

Segment – III B

Segment – IV A

Segment – III C

Segment – IV B

Rajmahal

1. Sewage Drains : 14

a. Flow : 444.2 MLD

b. BOD : 42.8 TPD

2. No. of GPI : 7

a. Effluents : 5 MLD

b. BOD : 1.42 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) : 5.0-10.0

b. BOD (mg/l) : .0.0-7.0 (<2.0 at

most of the locations U/s

Rishikesh)

c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :4-160000

Segment - I


a. Flow : 270.4 MLD

b. BOD: : 23.11 TPD

2. No. of GPI : 12


b. BOD : 3.93 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-6.0

c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<2500

Segment - II


a. Flow : 1201.07 MLD

b. BOD: :76.51TPD

2. No. of GPI : 145


b. BOD : 96.94 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) :2.0-9.0

c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml):high at

Kanpur

Segment – III A


a. Flow : 1780.37 MLD

b. BOD: : 69.33 TPD

2. No. of GPI : 504


b. BOD : 6.79 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) :3.0-6.0

c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high

Segment – III B


a. Flow : 559.4MLD

b. BOD: : 19.08 TPD

2. No. of GPI : 61


b. BOD : 5.3 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) :3.0-9.0


Segment – III C


a. Flow :580 MLD

b. BOD :100 TPD

2. No. of GPI :13

a. Effluents :17 MLD

b. BOD :2 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-4.0

(<3.0 at most of the

locations)c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<9,000

Segment – IV A


a. Flow :1780 MLD

b. BOD :95.04 TPD

2. No. of GPI :22


b. BOD :15.6 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-6.0c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high 3000-65x104

Segment – IV B

Distillery 1Pulp & Paper 3Sugar 3


Chemical 9Distillery 1Food &dairy 8Other 23Pulp &Paper 2Sugar 2Tannery 404Textile 55

Chemical 10Distillery 20Food & dairy 4Other 8Pulp & Paper 53Sugar 48Textile 2

Chemical 1Distillery 1Food & dairy 2Other 3Pulp & Paper 1Tannery 2Textile 3

Chemical 1, Distillery 5Food & dairy 3, Other 4Pulp & Paper 4, Sugar 6Tannery 36, Textile, 2

Chemical 7Distillery 2Food & dairy 4Other 3Pulp &Paper 3Sugar 2Textile 1

Po

llutin

g Sou

rces, Lo

ad an

d Q

uality


Plate 3: Bio-mapping of River Ganga

Origin

Haridwar

Narora

Kanpur

Allahabad

Varanasi

Diamond Harbour

Rajmahal

Segment – IV A

Segment – IV B

Bio Mapping of River Ganga

9

311

1

1

6

91

1

8

2

1

2

1

Segment – III A

Average Saprobic Score - 5.01

Average Diversity Score - 0.66

Biological Water Quality Class - ‘C’

Biological Water Quality -

Moderate Pollution

Indicator Colour - Green

Segment – IV A

Average Saprobic score –5.378

Average Diversity score – 0.677

Biological Water quality Class – ‘C’

Biological Water Quality – Moderate Pollution


Segment - I



Biological Water Quality Class - ‘B’

Biological Water Quality - Slightly Polluted

Indicator Colour - Light Blue

Segment - II





Moderate Pollution


Segment – III B





Moderate Pollution

Indicator Colour - GreenAverage Saprobic Score - 4.861




Moderate Pollution


Segment – III C Segment – IV B

Average Saprobic score –5.4444

Average Diversity score – 0.6418

Biological Water quality Class – ‘C’

Biological Water Quality –

Moderate Pollution

Indicator Colour – Green

9

1


Plate 4: The Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year 2010-2014)

Water Quality Data of River Ganga (year 2010-2014)

Sl.

No.

LOCATION DO (mg/l) B.O.D (mg/l) FECAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Water Quality Criteria

1 BHAGIRATHI AT GANGOTRI 8.8 8.5 8.6 8.6 0.0 - - 12 - - 220 -

2 ALKANANDA B/C MANDAKINI AT RUDRA PRAYAG 9.2 9.6 9.7 8.8 8.5 0.3 - 0.7 0.9 0.8 310 2500 5000 790 -

3 MANDAKINI B/C ALKALNADA AT RUDRAPRAYAG 9.3 8.8 8.9 8.6 8.8 0.3 - 4.6 0.6 0.7 325 1800 1100 -

4 ALKANANDA A/C MANDAKINI AT RUDRAPRAYAG 8.7 9.3 8.9 8.4 7.9 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.0 470 16650 78 -

5 ALKANANDA B/C TO BHAGIRATHI AT DEVPRAYAG 9.1 9.1 9.4 8.9 8.2 0.3 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.0 600 5100 160000 -

6 BHAGIRATHI B/C WITH ALAKNANDA AT DEVPRAYAG 8.2 8.6 7.0 9.0 8.6 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.9 457 650 17000 40 -

7 ALKANANDA A/C WITH BHAGIRATHI AT DEVPRAYAG 9.1 8.7 9.0 8.6 8.1 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.6 1.0 863 27650 45 -

8 GANGA AT RISHIKESH U/S 9 9.1 8.4 8.6 8.5 1.0 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.1 4 - - -

9 GANGA A/C OF RIVER SONG NEAR SATYANARAYAN TEMPLE D/S RAIWALA 8.1 7.8 6.0 6.7 7.0 3.2 4.5 6.2 5.5 6.7 - 800 -

10 GANGA AT HARIDWAR D/S 6.3 6.7 7.2 6.5 5.0 6.7 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.2 20 1150 -

11 UPPER GANGA RIVER D/S ROORKEE 8.6 8.3 7.9 6.7 7.8 2.8 2.5 2.6 5.5 2.0 - 8 -

12 GANGA AT GARHMUKTESHWAR 8.1 8.2 8.6 9.0 9.1 4.2 3.4 3.4 2.9 2.8 1517 1162 920 767 725

13 GANGA U/S, ANOOPSHAHAR 8 8.4 9.2 2.7 2.8 3.1 2.6 - 673 352 -

14 GANGA D/S, ANOOPSHAHAR 7.9 8.3 9.2 2.9 3.6 3.2 2.5 - 783 428 -

15 GANGA AT NARORA (BULANDSAHAR) 8.2 8.7 9.3 2.8 3.1 2.6 2.4 - 420 595 -

16 GANGA AT KACHHLA GHAT, ALIGARH 7.8 8.3 9.0 3.0 3.7 2.7 2.4 - 840 732 -

17 GANGA AT KANNAUJ U/S (RAJGHAT) 7.2 7.9 8.6 8.2 7.8 4.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 2.8 1058 3042 4673 1210 3500

18 GANGA AT KANNAUJ D/S, U.P 7 7.8 8.3 7.9 5.8 5.0 5.5 4.8 4.3 3.0 1667 3508 6045 1517 4000

19 GANGA AT BITHOOR (KANPUR) 7.5 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.1 3.6 4.0 4.1 3.2 3.3 1067 1700 4845 1233 3500

20 GANGA AT KANPUR U/S (RANIGHAT) 8.1 8.6 8.7 8.3 7.8 3.3 4.3 4.3 3.4 3.5 1083 6667 6245 1358 4200

21 GANGA AT KANPUR D/S (JAJMAU PUMPING STATION) 6.3 6.9 6.6 6.7 7.3 6.1 8.4 8.3 6.8 7.7 8558 38942 23927 13567 40000

22 GANGA AT DALMAU (RAI BAREILLY) 7.5 7.8 7.7 8.3 9.1 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.4 5367 5300 4642 4645 7600

23 GANGA AT KALA KANKAR, RAEBARELI 7.5 7.7 7.8 8.4 9.2 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.3 5375 4980 4400 4400 7200

24 GANGA AT ALLAHABAD (RASOOLABAD), U.P. 7.7 7.2 7.4 8.5 9.0 4.4 4.2 5.6 3.6 3.5 3367 3358 3058 5033 22000

25 GANGA AT KADAGHAT, ALLAHABAD 7.8 7.6 7.8 8.4 8.7 3.9 3.6 4.8 3.4 4.1 - 2492 2600 16100 24000

26 GANGA AT ALLAHABAD D/S (SANGAM), U.P. 7.3 7.2 7.1 8.2 8.6 4.6 4.0 5.1 3.6 3.8 - 3408 3450 6475 26000

27 GANGA U/S, VINDHYACHAL, MIRZAPUR - 8.7 8.5 8.8 8.6 2.7 3.7 2.8 2.6 3.0 - 332 813 1441 4600

28 GANGA D/S, MIRZAPUR - 7.7 7.8 8.4 8.4 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.5 - 2377 2133 2808 6300

29 GANGA AT VARANASI U/S (ASSIGHAT) 8 7.6 7.9 8.4 8.3 3.9 3.9 3.2 3.0 2.9 8730 8000 6783 5500 2200

30 GANGA AT VARANASI D/S (MALVIYA BRIDGE), U.P 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.9 7.7 8.9 8.0 5.0 4.6 4.4 44400 40000 31667 34500 34000

31 GANGA AT TRIGHAT (GHAZIPUR) 7.6 7.3 7.6 7.9 7.7 4.3 4.3 3.7 3.7 3.9 13800 13000 14167 15167 14000

32 GANGA AT BUXAR,BIHAR 8.6 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.3 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 1889 3122 2350 1913 2400


33 GANGA AT BUXAR, RAMREKHAGHAT 8.5 8.4 8.1 7.9 8.2 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.7 2.7 7889 7500 6167 4925 1100

34 GANGA AT KHURJI, PATNA U/S 8.5 8.4 11.7 8.0 8.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.3 1720 2767 2209 2356 1750

35 GANGA AT INDRAPURI, DEHRI ON SONE 8.4 8.3 8.0 8.0 - 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.2 - 911 1188 960 650 -

36 GANGA AT THE CONFLUENCE OF SONE RIVER DORIGANJ, CHAPRA 8.2 8.5 8.3 8.3 8.3 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 1367 1922 1406 1613 2100

37 GANGA DARBHANGA GHAT AT PATNA 8.2 8.4 8.2 7.8 8.2 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 7711 9000 7250 7378 6100

38 GANGA AT PATNA D/S (GANGA BDG) 8.3 8.4 8.2 7.9 8.2 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 4278 5667 5167 5222 5200

39 GANGA AT PUNPUN, PATNA 7.1 7.3 7.7 7.7 6.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 4.0 2.4 1333 1589 1308 1713 1900

40 GANGA AT FATUHA 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.1 8.3 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2089 2675 1600 2300 1950

41 GANGA AT MOKAMA (U/S) 8.5 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.3 1978 2575 1840 1410 1595

42 GANGA AT MOKAMA (D/S) 8.1 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.6 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.6 6775 7638 5973 5000 2960

43 GANGA AT MUNGER 8.4 7.8 8.0 7.6 7.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2900 2178 2067 1646 2050

44 GANGA AT SULTANGANJ, BHAGALPUR 8.3 7.8 8.0 7.8 7.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2033 1943 1778 1418 1670

45 GANGA AT BHAGALPUR 8.5 7.7 7.9 7.6 7.7 2.9 2.8 4.7 2.7 2.6 1933 3686 4410 2673 3350

46 GANGA AT KAHALGAON 8.3 7.9 8.1 7.8 7.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 1989 5611 3809 3055 3200

47 GANGA AT BAHARAMPORE 7.7 8.3 7.6 7.8 6.7 1.6 2.2 3.4 5.6 4.4 63333 105364 41817 17317 592500

48 NABADIP ON GANGA,GHOSHPARA NEAR MONIPURGHAT 7.6 8.5 7.6 7.4 7.5 1.4 2.1 2.4 3.4 3.1 21250 13573 28975 16208 651500

49 TRIBENI ON GANGA, NEAR BURNING GHAT 7.8 8.2 7.4 7.0 7.3 1.8 1.7 1.6 2.0 3.3 27500 3064 12925 29782 56000

50 GANGA AT PALTA WEST BENGAL 7.4 7.7 7.0 7.2 6.9 1.6 2.1 3.1 3.6 4.8 87500 84667 156417 131000 256500

51 GANGA AT SERAMPORE 7.9 7.8 7.0 6.1 6.6 2.1 1.9 2.4 3.7 5.4 41750 66667 128667 233417 258500

52 GANGA AT DAKSHINESHWAR 6.8 7.8 6.1 5.9 6.7 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.4 238333 270333 493750 443333 592500

53 GANGA AT HOWRAH-SHIVPUR 6.9 7.3 6.0 6.0 6.7 2.1 4.0 2.9 3.5 3.4 107500 130750 131250 238333 127000

54 GANGA AT GARDEN REACH 6.2 6.8 6.2 6.2 6.6 2.2 4.1 3.3 4.2 3.0 200000 164833 198333 328750 632500

55 GANGA AT ULUBERIA 6.6 5.9 5.5 5.6 6.4 3.2 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.2 19583 32500 30333 63833 67000

56 GANGA AT DIAMOND HARBOUR 6.9 7.1 6.7 6.4 6.7 4.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.8 12500 20333 25500 33167 122000


Plate 5: Summary of Segmental Pollution Load and Proposed Action Plan

Segment No. of

Drains

Flow

(MLD)

Organic

Load

Based on

BOD

(TPD)

No.

of

GPI

Waste

Water

Generation

(MLD)

Organic

Load

Based

on BOD

(TPD)

Proposed action plan

Segment-I

Gangotri to Haridwar

D/S

14 444.2 42.8 7 5 1.4 Afforestation to prevent silting.

Massive awareness campaigns to discourage the use of plastic and other non-biodegradable materials.

Installation of bio-toilets to prohibit practice of open defecation.

Installation of bio-gas plants/composting for utilization of domestic solid waste as well as

“Nirmalya”. In-situ sewage treatment for drains

carrying sewage and sullage

Segment-II

Haridwar D/S to

Narora D/S

12 270.4 23.11 12 13 3.9 Afforestation to prevent silting

Massive awareness campaigns to discourage the use of plastic and other non-biodegradable materials.

Installation of bio-toilets to prohibit practice of open defecation.

Installation of bio-gas plants/composting for utilization of domestic solid waste as well as

“Nirmalya”. In-situ sewage treatment for drains

carrying sewage and sullage Bio- augmentation of existing STPs

to remove fecal coliform bacteria.


Segment III-A

Narora D/S to

Kanpur D/S

18 1201.0 76.51 145 314 96.9 Implementing norms of zero liquid discharge for industries Distilleries, Tanneries and Textiles; and water

conservation and utilising treated effluent for irrigation in Pulp &

Paper and Sugar. Enforcing industries to re-cycle and

re-use treated effluents or permitting to discharge only after meeting with the standards and

industries discharging continuous effluents, to install on line effluent

monitoring devices. In-situ sewage treatment at

terminal point of the drains joining

river Ganga and tributaries till full-fledged sewage treatment plants

are installed. Improving performance of STPs to

achieve newly proposed standards

and polishing of treated effluents by adopting bio-augmentation to

eliminate total coliform and fecal coliform bacteria.

Install as per need, RO plants to

refine the treated sewage and then either dispose into the river or re-

utilize. Installing real time water quality

monitoring stations as envisaged

under the World Bank project and also adopting with early warning

biological system to have strict vigilance on water quality to river strict vigilance on water quality to

Segment III-B

Kanpur D/S

(Fatehpur) to

Allahabad D/S

14 1780.3 69.33 504 39 6.8

Segment-III-C

Allahabad D/S

(Mirzapur) to

Ghazipur (Varanasi)

07 559.4 19.08 61 26 5.3


river Ganga and to keep watch on the discharges of both sewage and trade effluents.

Insisting rain water harvesting system for establishments along

the bank of river Increase quantity or water

discharge from Bijnor/Narora barrage.

Installation of

community/individual bio toilets. Installation of waste to

energy/compost plants for disposal of municipal solid waste and “Nirmalya”.

Segment-IV

Ghazipur D/S to

Diamond Harbour

79 2358.5 195.04 35 104 17.6 Emphasis on improving

performance of installed STPs and bio-augmentation followed by

polishing of effluents to eliminate fecal coliforms.

Maximizing of water utilization

before joining of river to bay of Bengal.

Implementation of zero liquid discharge for Pulp and Paper, Tanneries, Distilleries.


PHOTO GALLERY

1. Water release from Narora barrage

2. Chhoiya drain joining Ganga at Punjabi Dera (Jalilpur)

(Summer 2014)

3. Flow diminished at Kachchla Ghat (Summer 2014)


4. Drain carrying industrial effluents

5. Drain carrying industrial effluents


6. Status of drains carrying industrial effluents

7. Industries discharging effluents into drains


[Part – B]

GANGA ACTION PLAN

Segmental Approach


Blank page


“Ganga Action Plan — Segmental Approach”

1. River Ganga travels 2525 km crossing the States of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh,

Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh

Bihar Jharkhand West Bengal

Total

Number of Districts along Ganga Main Stem

8 31 15 1 11 66

Number of Towns included in MoUD Priority List

15 31 26 2 44 118

Number of Gram Panchayats in MoDWS List

132 959 309 25 224 1649

2. The River Ganga in its total length of 2525 km receives 501 MLD of industrial

effluents from 764 grossly polluting industries (GPI) [GPI refers to industries

discharging effluent more than 100 kg/day of BOD or generating hazardous

Waste]. Besides, there are other industries discharging effluents into drains which

ultimately meets river Ganga. Industries exert about 131 tonnes of BOD load per

day on river Ganga through various drains.

Salient Features of River Ganga

Total Length 2525 kms

Uttarakhand 450 kms (upto Haridwar) Uttar Pradesh 1000kms (upto Varanasi) Sharing length between UP & Bihar 110 kms

Bihar 405 kms (Buxer-Manihari) Jharkhand 40 kms (Sahibganj-Rajmahal) West Bengal 520 kms (Farakka-Ganga Sagar)

Catchment Area Ganga Basin 8,61,404 sq km (26.4%) of India

Average Annual discharge 4,93,400 million cubic meters

Main Tributaries Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Damodar, Kosi & Kali-East

Main sub tributaries Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, Tons (beyond five States), Sone & Kasia-Haldi

3. As per estimates of MoWR, sewage treatment capacity of about 7300 MLD is

required whereas, capacity of treatment created is 2100 MLD and under creation


is 1200 MLD. According to assessment of CPCB (2014), 144 sewage drains are

discharging 6100 MLD of sewage effluents with BOD load of 294 tonnes per day.

4. Water quality of river Ganga is being regularly monitored on monthly basis at 57

locations. (UK-11, UP-20, Bihar-15, Jharkhand-1 and WB-10). Water Quality

Monitoring of last five years (2010-14) indicate that;

(i) At all the 56 monitored locations, pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) values

are in the acceptable range when compared with Water Quality criteria

required for bathing waters. Since, monitoring of river is carried out in day

time, the levels of DO were not critical.

(ii) Values of BOD more than 3.0 mg/l are considered to be critical for

requirement of bathing waters. In last five years in the State of Uttarakhand,

out of 11 location monitored, BOD was 4.6 mg/l at location Mandakini before

confluence Alaknanda at Rudrayprayag (2012). However, at location D/S

of Raiwala and D/S of Haridwar, BOD has been more than 3.0 mg/l. In the

entire stretch of UP, BOD remained higher than 3.0 mg/l wherereas in Bihar,

BOD remained below 3.0 mg/l except in one year at Ramrekha Ghat, Buxar;

Punpun at Patna and at Bhagalpur. In West Bengal, at all locations, BOD

has been higher than 3.0 mg/l. It can therefore be concluded that UP and

West Bengal requires to focus on treatment of sewage and particularly of

drains joining river Ganga.

(iii) Fecal coliform bacteria are present throughout the river. However, their

number varies. The presence of fecal coliform is directly linked with

disposal of sewage. It will be the challenging task to apply advance

treatment technologies of sewage treatment to remove the bacteria as well

as prohibiting disposal of fecal matter/ sewage into river.


5. The Action Plan

For prevention and control pollution of river Ganga, CPCB has formulated a

segment wise strategy which is being implemented, under Section (16) and

18(1)(b) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further,

delegated powers to Chairman, CPCB under Section 5 of EPA are being exercised

against defaulting industries and will further be extended against Local Bodies for

improving management of municipal waste (sewage and solid waste).

For implementation of Action Plan, river Ganga is divided into Four Segments and

for each segment, polluting sources and pollution load has been assessed. In each

segment, a group of Scientists have been assigned with the responsibility to keep

vigil on polluting sources like industries, drains, assessing status of disposal of

municipal solid waste (MSW) and survey of Ghats. The segments covers:

Segment Coverage

I Gangotri to Haridwar D/S. II Haridwar D/S to Narora D/S. III

A. Narora D/S to Kanpur D/S. B. Kanpur D/S to Allahabad D/S. C. Allahabad D/S to Varanasi D/S and D/S of Ghazipur.

IV

Ghazipur D/S to D/S of Rajmahal D/S of Rajmahal to Diamond Harbor

It has been observed that the distribution of industries varies in each segment as

well as the number of sewage carrying drains. Identified polluting sources and their

load along with water quality of each segment is depicted in a figure given as

Annexure I (Page 60) and summarized in a statement placed as Annexure – II.

(Page 61)

It is important to note that major pollution load of 145 industries (Chemical-10;

Distilleries-20; Food & Dairy-4; Others-8; Sugar-48 and Textile-2 and Pulp and

Paper-53) estimated to BOD load of 97 tonnes per day is getting drained into Kali

East and Ramganga tributaries which meets river Ganga near Kannauj. The


Kanpur stretch is receiving sewage and industrial waste from 10 drains. (465 MLD

and 64 Tonnes of BOD per day).

5.1 Industrial Pollution Control

CPCB has drafted Action Plan for five industrial categories which includes; Sugar,

Distilleries, Pulp and Paper, Tanneries and Textiles. The Action Plan lays

emphasizes on water conservation by adopting best practices and not allowing

Sugar and Pulp & Paper industries to dispose their effluents into drains so they

become zero liquid discharge with reference to river. Both these Sectors after

treatment of waste water are required to be use for irrigation only. In case of

Tanneries, Textiles and Distilleries, these industries either individually or

collectively will have to set up the systems which would enable them to utilize

treated effluents back into the processing operations. However, there has been

concern amongst these three Sectors particularly in Tanneries and Textiles that,

such system being costly, will be prohibitive and their competition with other

domestic or international Companies. CPCB has issued directions under Section

18(1) (b) of the Water Act to the State Board of UK, UP, Bihar and West Bengal to

link the stipulated Action Plan for each sector with the consent conditions. The

action Plan stipulates following time lines;

Sl. No. Sector (No. of Units)

Timelines for Compliance.

1 Sugar (67) To be completed before Sept, 2016.

Reduce waste water discharge from 400 lit. to 200 lit per ton of cane crushed.

Estimated water conservation of 180 MLD and reduction in BOD load to river will be the expected outcome.

2 Distilleries (35) To be completed by Sept, 2016

24 MLD of Water saving by adopting ZLD system.

Terminal system for ZLD will have to be achieved either through incineration (Slope Fire Boiler) or utilizing concentrated spent wash for composting.


3 Pulp and Paper (67)

To be completed by March 2017

The ultimate object is to prohibit black liquor discharge (Agro pulping permitted only with chemical recovery Plant) and conserve water and tertiary treatment system. This will help in water conservation and reduction in BOD load.

4 Tanneries (442) Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) with ZLD system is need for Jajmau. CETP and Unnao/ Banther to be attached with RO/MEE

5 Textiles (63) CETP is to be established at Farrukhabad and Bhadoi.

For clarify in the implementation of the action plans for the timelines of the said five

sectors the action Plan the timeline given are not prohibitive for taking action under

Section 5 of EPA against any sector of in case of non-compliance with existing

notified standards.

The Action Plan will be implemented by include deputing Teams of Scientist to

report on the quality of effluents being disposed and their compliance with

stipulated standards. In case of non-compliance, the concerned industry will be

communicated with show-cause notice under Section 5 of EPA and followed by

the proper direction as per laid down procedures.

5.2 Sewage Treatment System

o Monthly monitoring of sewage treatment plants will be carried out and the

reports will be communicated to the concerned STP Operator, Municipal

Authority and Secretary, State Urban Development.

o Monthly samples will be collected from sewage drains joining river Ganga.

The major cause of bacterial contamination of river Ganga is due to disposal of

sewage from drains. Presently, there is no documented Plan with time-lines

regarding interception, diversion and treatment of the drains. The process of

interception diversion and treatment though may be required but is a time taking

process. Till such time, it would be appropriate to adopt intermediary solutions. At


the terminal point of drain, suitable technology should be installed which will

remove filthy material from drain, provide aeration and enhance mechanism for

biodegradation. This action is expected to reduce at least 50% of pollution load.

It will be an immediate need in future that STPs/ and drains at terminal points will

have to adopt technologies to eliminate pathogenic bacteria. Though such

technologies may be costly but, are unavoidable. Standards for STPs proposed

for notification to be complied are given in Annexure-III.

Proposals from different technology Providers can be called to select any one

drain (out of 144) and set up the facilities at the terminal point of drain and treat

and demonstrate compliance with BOD and fecal coliform bacteria. If they meet

with Standards, the cost of treatment per MLD can be reimbursed. The cost would

include Capital and O&M to be borne by the firms. As many proposals could be

taken up so to assess the performance of different technologies. The concerned

Local Authority where this treatment will be taken, are required to provide site and

securing the installation. CPCB with MoWR will monitor the projects involving

concerned SPCBs.

5.3 Municipal Solid Waste in Towns and maintenance of Hygienic conditions

on Ghats

Towns located on Ganga will be surveyed to assess the status of MSW

management. Each town will be directed to prepare action plan and implement it

and the information will be brought in public domain.

For maintenance of hygienic status of Ghats and river fronts, Local Body and the

Religious/Voluntary Organizations should prepare a Plan as well as for day-to-day

operation/maintenance. The Action Plan should include;


(i) Management of left-over of Worship material, Pious, Flowers, Coconut and

other solid waste.

(ii) Removal/Scrapping-of floatables from river to aim for maintaining bathing

water quality criteria

(iii) Ghat cleaning — washing/sweeping.

(iv) Establishment and Maintenance of public amenities. No waste water to flow

into river.

(v) Setting up of Aeration devices

(vi) Scouts/Squads to vigil the Ghats

(vii) Awareness for pilgrims

CPCB under co-ordination of MoWR may implement such Plans. The

implementation of Plan will be on web-site of State Government and with MoWR.

5.4 Water Quality Monitoring

CPCB will continue to monitor Water Quality at 57 locations.

CPCB will ensure that monthly information on Water Quality of Ganga is placed

on its web-site.

More Water Quality Monitoring locations will be added to existing monitoring

network.

To assess the status of water quality for impacts of Agricultural runs-off and

industrial effluents, monitoring of micro-pollutants will be initiated from

November, 2015. This monitoring will be carried out during pre and post

monsoon seasons.

Biomonitoring of river at 113 location matching with locations of Real Time

Water Quality Monitoring will be taken up as this exercise will indicate biological

health of river.

Under the World Bank Project, 36 stations (RTWQMS) will be commissioned

and operated before March or June 2016 and simultaneously, the process for

setting up of remaining 77 stations will be taken up.


5.5 Community Participation

CPCB will involve different communities (Schools, Colleges, Universities,

Institutes, Religious Organizations, Non- Government Organizations and

others) to test water quality of river at various locations. CPCB will develop an

“App for mobile” so that involved organizations can upload/forward the picture

and results to CPCB. Water Testing kits will be used for analysis.

6.0 Summary of Action Plan

S.No Action Points Action Plan Time-lines

1 Industrial Pollution Control.

(i) Vigilance on industries and action against defaulting industries. (segmental Actions) (ii) SPCBs to upload consents of all 764 industries on their web- site including linking Action Plan directed for Five Sectors by CPCB. (iii) Issuing Directions to those units who have not submitted Action Plans. (iv) Inviting Public observations to report disposal of black liquor, spent wash or coloured effluents by Textile, Chemical units or other industries. (v) Installation of on-line effluent monitoring devices and confirming Directions to each Unit with time-line/ or closure.

Monthly Review Urgently Legal Actions once in 3 months By 31.12.2015 with confirmed Directions


2 Sewage Treatment (i) Monthly/Quarterly Monitoring the performance of 63 sewage Treatment Plants.

(ii) Monthly/Quarterly

monitoring of 144 sewage drains

(iii) Interaction with MoWRto

work-out proposal for setting up of terminal intermediary facility to treat sewage/sullage flowing in drain on cost reimbursement mode. Also introduce garbage traps/ scrappers on Drains.

Monthly monitoring Monthly monitoring Interaction with MoWR

3 Management of MSW and Maintaining Hygienic Status of Ghats

(i) Action Plan Preparation of Towns and Ghats in consultation with MoWR and involving concerned Local Bodies and Religious and Voluntary Organizations.

Plan by 31.03.2016 and implementation in 12 months (Before 31.12.2017)

4 Water Quality Monitoring

(i) Monthly/Quarterly monitoring at 57 location

(ii) Expanding monitoring network on Ganga.

(iii) Initiating monitoring of micro pollutants (Metals & Pesticides)

(iv) Continuing bio monitoring at 113 locations.

(v) Monthly monitoring of river Kali East and Ramganga

Monthly reporting of Water Quality data on web-site as E-News on Ganga. Starting from 01.01.2016 Starting from 01.12.2015 Once a year Monthly monitoring


5 Community Participation

(i) Involving Voluntary Groups in daily reporting qualitative data on Ganga (Apps will be developed for uploading)

From 31.03.2016

6 River Cleaning Introducing surface boomers, removing floatables

In consultation with MoWR

7 R&D— Review (i) State-wise interaction with R&D Institutions to know the work done by them and likely areas for execution.

State-wise interaction


Annexure-I

Segment wise status of River Ganga

Origin

Haridwar

Narora

Kanpur

Allahabad

Varanasi

Diamond Harbour

Segment - I

Segment - II Segment – III A

Segment – III B

Segment – IV A

Segment – III C

Segment – IV B

Rajmahal


a. Flow : 444.2 MLD

b. BOD : 42.8 TPD

2. No. of GPI : 7


b. BOD : 1.42 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) : 5.0-10.0

b. BOD (mg/l) : .0.0-7.0 (<2.0 at

most of the locations U/s

Rishikesh)

c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :4-160000

Segment - I


a. Flow : 270.4 MLD

b. BOD: : 23.11 TPD

2. No. of GPI : 12


b. BOD : 3.93 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-6.0

c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<2500

Segment - II


a. Flow : 1201.07 MLD

b. BOD: :76.51TPD

2. No. of GPI : 145


b. BOD : 96.94 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) :2.0-9.0

c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml):high at

Kanpur

Segment – III A


a. Flow : 1780.37 MLD

b. BOD: : 69.33 TPD

2. No. of GPI : 504


b. BOD : 6.79 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) :3.0-6.0


Segment – III B


a. Flow : 559.4MLD

b. BOD: : 19.08 TPD

2. No. of GPI : 61


b. BOD : 5.3 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) :>6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) :3.0-9.0


Segment – III C


a. Flow :580 MLD

b. BOD :100 TPD

2. No. of GPI :13


b. BOD :2 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-4.0

(<3.0 at most of the

locations)c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :<9,000

Segment – IV A


a. Flow :1780 MLD

b. BOD :95.04 TPD

2. No. of GPI :22


b. BOD :15.6 TPD

3. Water Quality

a. DO (mg/l) : >6.0

b. BOD (mg/l) : 2.0-6.0c. F.C. (MPN/100 ml) :high 3000-65x104

Segment – IV B



Chemical 9Distillery 1Food &dairy 8Other 23Pulp &Paper 2Sugar 2Tannery 404Textile 55

Chemical 10Distillery 20Food & dairy 4Other 8Pulp & Paper 53Sugar 48Textile 2

Chemical 1Distillery 1Food & dairy 2Other 3Pulp & Paper 1Tannery 2Textile 3

Chemical 1, Distillery 5Food & dairy 3, Other 4Pulp & Paper 4, Sugar 6Tannery 36, Textile, 2

Chemical 7Distillery 2Food & dairy 4Other 3Pulp &Paper 3Sugar 2Textile 1

Po

llutin

g Sou

rces, Lo

ad an

d Q

uality


64

Annexure-II Segment wise Pollution load

Segment No. of

Drains

Flow

(MLD)

Organic

Load Based on

BOD (TPD)

No.

of GPI

Waste

Water Generat

ion (MLD)

Organic

Load Based on

BOD (TPD)

Segment-I

Gangotri to Haridwar

D/S

14 444.2 42.8 7 5 1.4

Segment-II

Haridwar D/S to

Narora D/S

12 270.4 23.11 12 13 3.9

Segment III-A

Narora D/S to Kanpur

D/S

18 1201.0 76.51 145 314 96.9

Segment III-B

Kanpur D/S (Fatehpur)

to Allahabad D/S

14 1780.3 69.33 504 39 6.8

Segment-III-C

Allahabad D/S

(Mirzapur) to Ghazipur

(Varanasi)

07 559.4 19.08 61 26 5.3

Segment-IV-A

Varanasi D/S

/Ghazipur to Rajmahal

25 579.7 99.5 13 17 2.0

Segment-IV-B

Rajmahal D/S to

Diamond Harbour

54 1779 95.5 22 87 15.6

TOTAL 144 6,614 426 764 501 132


65

Annexure –III

Standards For Treated Effluent Of Sewage Treatment Plants

Sl. No. Sector Parameters Standards for New

STPs (Design after

notification date)*

1. Sewage

Treatment Plant

pH 6.5-9.0

2. BOD, mg/l 10

3. COD, mg/l 50

4. TSS, mg/l 10

5. NH4-N, mg/l 5

6. N-total, mg/l 10

7. Fecal Coliform,

MPN/100ml

<230

8. PO4-P , mg/l 2

Note: (i) These standards will be applicable for discharge in water resources as well as for land disposal. The standards for Fecal Coliform may not be applied for use of treated sewage

in industrial purposes.

*Achievements of Standards for existing STPs will be within 05 years from date of notification.


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