Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built...

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6/25/2013 1 Redefining Energy Efficiency Compound Semiconductors; GaN and SiC, Separating Fact from Fiction in both Research and Business Professor Umesh Mishra, Ph.D. 2 Compound semiconductors – separating Fact from Fiction Why do we need a new technology? What technologies are possible? What are the relative merits of SiC and GaN? Performance of GaN vs. SiC

Transcript of Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built...

Page 1: Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built on Si substrate 1.47V SiC Si 2.3V Tj=125C 1.4V GaN GaN‐on‐Si and SiC 600V Diodes

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Redefining Energy Efficiency

Compound Semiconductors; GaN and SiC, Separating Fact from Fictionin both Research and Business

Professor Umesh Mishra, Ph.D.

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Compound semiconductors – separating Fact from Fiction

Why do we need a new technology?

What technologies are possible?

What are the relative merits of SiC and GaN?

Performance of GaN vs. SiC

Page 2: Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built on Si substrate 1.47V SiC Si 2.3V Tj=125C 1.4V GaN GaN‐on‐Si and SiC 600V Diodes

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Coal

45.6%

Nat.Gas24.0%

Nuclear 19.3%

Hydro

6.4%

Wind/Solar 2.1%

Other Renewables

2.6%

US Net Electricity Generation By Source

Motor Drives 51.0%

IT 14.0%

Heating and Cooling 16.0%

Lighting 19.0%

US Net Electricity Consumption

New Solutions Needed to Meet Growing Energy Demands

So what is the issue with Silicon?

Source: EPRI, E‐Source and Exxon MobileSource: EIA (Energy Information Administration)

Conversionlosses

10%

4

Industry Power Density Roadmap

Silicon has provided us the pathway for power conversion solutions for several decades but has now reached its physical limits

GaN and SiC open new possibilities

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New material options to keep us on the power density roadmap

SiC ‐ established in the market as a high performance diode; released as JFETs and MOSFETs (target application space 1200V)

GaN on Si ‐ high performance solution with a roadmap to low cost for diodes and transistors

GaN on SiC ‐ higher cost  solution for applications demanding higher performance with reduced sensitivity to cost 

GaN on GaN ‐ early stage of development

Gallium Oxide ‐ very early stage

Diamond ‐ out there

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SFO:6 TWh

How can a new technology penetrate a market dominated by Silicon?

Have material properties far superior to that of Silicono Not just one product but providing a sustained roadmap to develop a new standard in 

power conversion

Provide a solution in an existing market that Si cannot provideo Compound semiconductor devices

Diodes (SiC and GaN)

Transistor (SiC and GaN)

Novel transistor packaging (Quiet Tab™)

Provide a cost advantage in an existing market o System solutions at cost parity or cheaper than Si‐based solution

Reduced components (diode‐free bridge operation)

Efficient high frequency operation 

small mechanical and electrical size

Create a new market

Page 4: Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built on Si substrate 1.47V SiC Si 2.3V Tj=125C 1.4V GaN GaN‐on‐Si and SiC 600V Diodes

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How can a new technology penetrate a market dominated by Silicon?

Have material properties far superior to that of Silicono Not just one product but sustained roadmap

Provide a solution in an existing market that Si cannot provideo Compound semiconductor devices

Diodes (SiC and GaN)

Transistor (SiC and GaN)

Novel transistor packaging (Quiet Tab ™)

Provide a cost advantage in an existing market o System solutions at cost parity or cheaper than Si‐based solution

Reduced components (diode‐free bridge operation)

Efficient high frequency operation 

small mechanical and electrical size

Create a new market

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Comparing Si, SiC & GaN Semiconductors

GaN and SiC offer:o High breakdown field

GaN offers:o High mobility

SiC offers:o High thermal performance

Si 4H‐SiC GaN

Eg (eV) 1.1 3.2 3.4

Ebk (105 V/cm) 3 21 21

vs (106cm/s) 6 9 12

μ (cm2/Vs) 1000 500* 2000

k (W/mºC) 150 450 130

(Ebkvs/π)2 1 110 140

μEbk2 1 25 98

* Inversion layer: <100; drift 1000

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Why is GaN so remarkable?

o Basis of a $10B LED industry today

o GaN is the wide band gap solution for next generation RF wireless base stations and military RADAR ; chosen over dislocation free SiC MESFETS

Sapphire

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

3.0 4.0

A1N

GaN

InN

Ener

gy G

ap (

eV)

Lattice Constant (Å)

direct bandgap

indirect bandgap

SiC LED, Laser

RF, Power, High Voltage

(who would have thought?!!)

(who would have thought?!!)

o GaN is a direct bandgap material; It emits light from a dislocated material ! 

o The tight lattice and no shear stress to move the dislocations makes GaN almost insensitive to dislocations compared to SiC and other compound semiconductors 

R = 0

=90°

c – plane

NO shear stress exists for c‐GaN !

10

Total Loss of a switch= conduction loss + switching loss 

VBDVery High 

Breakdown Voltage

Low Leakage

VON

ION

Low RON = VON/IONIMAX

High Maximum Current

VDS

IDS

VOFF

Fast Switching Timesfor Low Switching Loss

ION (dynamic)

No Current collapse

The heart  of all power conversion unit is a “SWITCH”

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GaN –Switch gives the lowest conduction loss

Channel  with High ns. m  Low Ron  Low conduction loss      Wide band‐gap   High Critical Field, High Breakdown Voltage, High Temperature Stability

0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 6 0-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

En

erg

y (e

V)

D is ta n c e (n m )

Sp

ecif

ic O

n-R

esis

tan

ce (c

m2)

Breakdown Voltage

1.E-05

1.E-04

1.E-03

1.E-02

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

100 1000 10000

Si

SiC

GaN

Si LimitNCSU ‘97 ACCUFET

On ‘04 SJLDMOS

Yokogawa ‘06 DMOS

Toshiba ‘05 Semi‐SJMOS

Fuji ‘02 SJMOSCREE ‘03 BJT

Purdue ‘98 LDMOS

Kansai ‘00 SIAFET

SiC Limit

Matsushita ‘06 GIT

TransphormTarget

SolutionsAl0.22Ga0.78N/GaN

Limit

Transphorm 2010NIAIST ‘06 IEMOS

SiC MOSFETCREE ‘08 BJT

DC Figure of Merit only

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GaN enables high frequency operation with low switching loss

2x advantage over SiC

14x advantage over Si

5x advantage over Si Superjunction

IGBT Est.12 KHz: >50 Watts100 KHz: > 150 Watts

Tota

l Los

s (A

.U.)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08

Frequency (Hz)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1.0E+03 1.0E+04

Total Switch

ing L

oss (a.u.)

Frequency (Hz)

Si

SiC

GaN

100 KHz

Tota

l Los

s (A

.U.)

Con

duct

ion

+ S

wit

chin

g Lo

ss

Total Loss minimized for each switching frequency

Page 7: Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built on Si substrate 1.47V SiC Si 2.3V Tj=125C 1.4V GaN GaN‐on‐Si and SiC 600V Diodes

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13

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Id

Ron

VD (V)

RON(

), I D

(A)

Previous status: Mid 2008

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Id

Ron

VD (V)

RON(

), I D

(A)

Previous status: End 2008

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 200 400 600

Id

Ron

Vd (V)

RON(

)

2009

Transphorm Improvements in Dynamic Performance of GaN

Direct relation to performance in real world applications

Major benchmark for success in GaN power devices

Extracted from converter circuit

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How can a new technology penetrate a market dominated by Silicon?

Have material properties far superior to that of Silicono Not just one product but sustained roadmap

Provide a solution in an existing market that Si cannot provideo Compound semiconductor devices

Diodes (SiC and GaN)

Transistor (SiC and GaN)

Novel transistor packaging (Quiet Tab ™)

Provide a cost advantage in an existing market o System solutions at cost parity or cheaper than Si‐based solution

Reduced components (diode‐free bridge operation)

Efficient high frequency operation 

small mechanical and electrical size

Create a new market

Page 8: Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built on Si substrate 1.47V SiC Si 2.3V Tj=125C 1.4V GaN GaN‐on‐Si and SiC 600V Diodes

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4A Diode Exampleo Both GaN and SiC diode have lower VF than silicon.

Less conduction loss

o Both GaN and SiC diode has zero minority charge: 0 vs. 62nC (Si)

Less spike & stable high temp operation

o GaN diode can be built on Si substrate

1.47V

SiC Si

2.3V

Tj=125C

1.4V

GaN

GaN‐on‐Si and SiC 600V Diodes Outperform Silicon

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SFO:6 TWh

How can a new technology penetrate a market dominated by Silicon?

Have material properties far superior to that of Silicono Not just one product but sustained roadmap

Provide a solution in an existing market that Si cannot provideo Compound semiconductor devices

Diodes (SiC and GaN)

Transistor (SiC and GaN)

Novel transistor packaging (Quiet Tab™)

Provide a cost advantage in an existing market o System solutions at cost parity or cheaper than Si‐based solution

Reduced components (diode‐free bridge operation)

Efficient high frequency operation 

small mechanical and electrical size

Create a new market

Page 9: Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built on Si substrate 1.47V SiC Si 2.3V Tj=125C 1.4V GaN GaN‐on‐Si and SiC 600V Diodes

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Advantage: Single chip normally off transistorDisadvantage: Low threshold voltage 

GaN Buffer

AlGaN

DielectricS D

GP‐GaN

GaN Buffer

AlGaN

DielectricS DG

Dielectric

P gate depletes the channel

Removing the P layer forms the channel

Advantage: Single chip normally off transistorDisadvantage: Device/ Dielectric not qualified

Junction‐gated HEMTs Channel etch‐through MOSFET 

Normally –off HEMTs designs

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HV GaNHEMTLV Si

FET

G

DNormally off

Normally on

Advantage: 

o Robust

o High performance 

o Compatible with Si drivers

Disadvantage

o Two‐chip solutionSubstrate (SiC or Si)

GaN Buffer

AlGaN Barrier

Source Insulator DrainGate

Device Cell Cross‐section

2DEG

Cascode Approach to achieve normally off

G

D

S

Effective CKT

Normally off

Cascode HEMT implementation

Page 10: Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built on Si substrate 1.47V SiC Si 2.3V Tj=125C 1.4V GaN GaN‐on‐Si and SiC 600V Diodes

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19

GaN HEMT

Si CoolMOS(Super junction MOSFET)

Gen‐1 GaN HEMT vs. Si Super Junction MOSFET

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VBD > 1100 V on Si and SiC substrates

Similar leakage with both GaN on SiC and GaN on Silicon

1 nA/mm at >1kV !

< 10% change in Ron under switching

0.1 mA

GaN HEMT on Si vs. GaN HEMT on SiC

GaN‐on‐SiC GaN‐on‐Si

Page 11: Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built on Si substrate 1.47V SiC Si 2.3V Tj=125C 1.4V GaN GaN‐on‐Si and SiC 600V Diodes

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SFO:6 TWh

How can a new technology penetrate a market dominated by Silicon?

Have material properties far superior to that of Silicono Not just one product but sustained roadmap

Provide a solution in an existing market that Si cannot provideo Compound semiconductor devices

Diodes (SiC and GaN)

Transistor (SiC and GaN)

Novel transistor packaging (Quiet Tab™)

Provide a cost advantage in an existing market o System solutions at cost parity or cheaper than Si‐based solution

Reduced components (diode‐free bridge operation)

Efficient high frequency operation 

small mechanical and electrical size

Create a new market

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Source connected to case for low side switch (A)

Drain connected to case for high side switch (B)o Package body (large capacitor) is always at a DC potential; no switching

o Reduced charging capacitance: lowering charging loss and CM EMI

o GSD has better I‐O isolation than GDS pin out

VCC

L

RL

Q1

V

V

DSG

D

SG

DSG

AC ground

GD

S

Ground

Drain connected to case

Sourceconnected to case

(B)

(A)

High side switch

Low side switch

Quiet Tab™ package made possible by lateral GaN devices

Page 12: Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built on Si substrate 1.47V SiC Si 2.3V Tj=125C 1.4V GaN GaN‐on‐Si and SiC 600V Diodes

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SFO:6 TWh

How can a new technology penetrate a market dominated by Silicon?

Have material properties far superior to that of Silicono Not just one product but sustained roadmap

Provide a solution in an existing market that Si cannot provideo Compound semiconductor devices

Diodes (SiC and GaN)

Transistor (SiC and GaN)

Novel transistor packaging (Quiet Tab™)

Provide a cost advantage in an existing market o System solutions at cost parity or cheaper than Si‐based solution

Reduced components (diode‐free bridge operation)

Efficient high frequency operation 

small mechanical and electrical size

Create a new market

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LLC DC converter’s improved performance with GaN at 500 kHz

Courtesy: Work done by CPES at Virginia Tech.

• 500kHz for compact power supply design.• Peak efficiency gain by GaN is ~ 1%.• Low‐load efficiency gain (2‐3%)

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Si

System Perform

ance 

Device Cost

GaN

SiC

Performance / Price Comparison

26

SiC

System Perform

ance 

System Cost

Si

Other GaN

Transphorm uniquely enables superior performance at lower cost

GaN SystemAdvantage™

Page 14: Compound GaN and SiC, - Transphorm Basis of a $10B LED industry today ... o GaN diode can be built on Si substrate 1.47V SiC Si 2.3V Tj=125C 1.4V GaN GaN‐on‐Si and SiC 600V Diodes

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High frequency design (100kHz‐300kHz) enables compact filter (Lower cost)

Diode‐free Bridge (Lower cost and loss)

ModuleInverter

3‐Phase GaN module & high frequency inverter (motor drive or PV)

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Output power 4.5kw (Single Phase 200V)

Input voltage 60‐400V

Maximum Power Efficiency > 98% (vs. >96.5% with Silicon)

Volume about 10L <18L (existing Silicon based)

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Output Power[W]

Eff

icie

ncy

[%]

開発品       

現製品

Improved EfficiencyIn Major region

Si-PV

GaN-PVGaNPrototype

Silicon

Significant loss reduction

Yaskawa PV converter GaN prototype

40% volume reduction

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So where does this position GaN and SiC?

The view of the future depends upon your point of view

30

Market perspective

What Yole Developement showed in 2011 as future view

High‐endsolutions

Middle‐endsolutions

Low‐endsolutions

200 V 600 V 1200 V

SuperJunctionMOSFET

SuperJunctionMOSFET

SuperJunctionMOSFET

SuperJunctionMOSFET

SiCGaN

GaN Silicon

Silicon Silicon

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Market perspective

A Super Junction supplier’s view of future

High‐endsolutions

Middle‐endsolutions

Low‐endsolutions

200 V 600 V 1200 V

Super Junction MOSFET

SuperJunctionMOSFET

Super JunctionMOSFET

Super Junction MOSFET

SiC

GaN

GaN Silicon

SiliconSilicon

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Market perspective

A SiC supplier’s view of future

High‐endsolutions

Middle‐endsolutions

Low‐endsolutions

200 V 600 V 1200 V

SuperJunctionMOSFET

SuperJunctionMOSFET

SiC

GaN

Silicon

Silicon Silicon

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Market perspective

Now that 600 V GaN on Silicon is Qualified, a GaN solution supplier’s view for future

High‐endsolutions

Middle‐endsolutions

Low‐endsolutions

200 V 600 V 1200 V

SuperJunctionMOSFET

SiCGaN

GaN GaNSuperJunctionMOSFET

GaNSilicon