Complete 5-1A: From One Cell to Many Cells · PDF fileProcess when the contents of a...
Transcript of Complete 5-1A: From One Cell to Many Cells · PDF fileProcess when the contents of a...
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� Complete 5-1A: From One Cell to Many Cells
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� Divided into three stages � Interphase � Mitosis � Cytokinesis
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� Longest stage of the cell cycle � Carries out its functions
� Example: stomach cells are making enzymes needed to digest food
� 3 phases 1. G1 -Growth and Preparation 2. S- Replication 3. G2-Continued Growth and Preparation
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� G1 – Growth and Preparation � Cell increases in size � Makes the proteins and molecules
needed for the cell to function
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� S- Replication � DNA copies itself � Cell temporarily has two sets of DNA � To replicate itself the DNA molecule
unwinds and the steps of the ladder break apart.
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� G2-Continued Growth and Preparation � Cell continues to grow and prepare for
mitosis. � DNA is in a loosely coiled form � Organelles such as mitochondria and
chloroplasts will be duplicated
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� Second Stage of the cell cycle � Usually the shortest stage � Process when the contents of a cell’s nucleus
divide. � Division results in two daughter cells identical
to the parent cell.
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� Early Prophase � Chromosomes pair up into X shaped structures.
Protein fibers known as spindle fibers begin to form.
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� Late Prophase � Protein fibers complete forming � Attach to the chromosomes at a point called the
centromere � Nuclear membrane breaks down
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� Metaphase � Chromosomes are pulled to the middle (equator) of
the cell.
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� Anaphase � Protein fibers contract and pull the chromatids to
opposite poles of the cell.
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� Telophase � One complete set of
chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell
� Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes.
� Now there are two nuclei in one cell
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� Final stage of the cell cycle � Cell membrane pinches together to divide the
cell’s cytoplasm and organelles.
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� Checkpoints in the cell cycle monitor cell activities and instructs the cell whether or not to divide.
� Cells will not divide if: � There are not enough nutrients to support cell
growth. � DNA within the nucleus has not been replicated � DNA is damaged.
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� If a mutation occurs in a gene producing the instructions for a checkpoint protein, cell cycle control will be lost.
� A damaged cell may divide uncontrollably which is called cancer.
� Cancer cells also have large, abnormal nuclei
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� Complete questions p. 151 #1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11
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� Only one parent is required to produce offspring.
� Offspring look identical to the parent � Can you name some organisms which reproduce
through asexual reproduction?
•Bread Mould •Trees •Potatoes •Tulip bulbs
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� Binary Fission � A single parent cell reproduces itself and
divides into two equal parts � Example: Amoeba and Bacteria
E Coli Bacteria
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� Budding � Occurs when part of the
cell pushes outward to form a growth or bud.
� Pinches off from the parent cell to form a new organism identical to the parent. � Example: yeast, hydra,
sponges
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� Fragmentation � Some animals can reproduce asexually
from fragments � Example: Starfish, Japanese Knotweed
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� Vegetative Reproduction � Occurs when special cells, usually in the
stems and roots divide repeatedly to form structures that will develop into a new plant.
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� Spore Formation � A spore is a reproductive cell
that grows into a new individual by mitosis. Ex: Bread Mould
� Spores are lightweight and rely on wind and water to carry the spores away from the parent. � Why is it important to carry the
spores away from the parent?
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Advantages Disadvantages
p. 161
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� Complete questions � p. 165 �# 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13
� P. 166-167 �#3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, 16, 17,19,