CELL’S ANATOMY CELL’S ANATOMY. ANIMAL VS. PLANT n/cells/insideacell

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CELL’S ANATOMY CELL’S ANATOMY

Transcript of CELL’S ANATOMY CELL’S ANATOMY. ANIMAL VS. PLANT n/cells/insideacell

Page 1: CELL’S ANATOMY CELL’S ANATOMY. ANIMAL VS. PLANT  n/cells/insideacell

CELL’S ANATOMYCELL’S ANATOMY

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ANIMAL VS. PLANTANIMAL VS. PLANT

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/

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THE CELL MEMBRANETHE CELL MEMBRANE

• The Fluid Mosaic model – molecules can move The Fluid Mosaic model – molecules can move about allowing the membrane to adjust/change.about allowing the membrane to adjust/change.

• *All membranes are alike, but some are *All membranes are alike, but some are singlesingle and some are and some are doubledouble..http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/

content/begin/cells/membranes/

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THE CELL MEMBRANETHE CELL MEMBRANE

• Separates cell from its Separates cell from its external environment.external environment.

• It regulates what enters It regulates what enters and leaves the cell.and leaves the cell.

• It mainly consists of: It mainly consists of: 1)phospholipid bi-layer 1)phospholipid bi-layer

2)embedded proteins 2)embedded proteins

3)Glycoprotiens3)Glycoprotiens

4) Cholesterol4) Cholesterol

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1. THE PHOSPHOLIPID BI-LAYER1. THE PHOSPHOLIPID BI-LAYER

• Structure: Structure: – 2 layers of 2 layers of

phospholipidphospholipid moleculesmolecules

• Function:Function:– Keeps cell intactKeeps cell intact– HydrophilicHydrophilic heads heads

and and HydrophobicHydrophobic tails regulate what tails regulate what enters and leaves enters and leaves the cells. the cells.

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2. PROTEINS2. PROTEINS

• Structure:Structure:– embedded embedded

randomly b/w the randomly b/w the phospholipidsphospholipids

• Function:Function:– Transport larger Transport larger

items through the items through the membranemembrane

– Allow hydrophilic Allow hydrophilic particles through. particles through.

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3. GLYCOPROTEINS3. GLYCOPROTEINS

• Structure:Structure:– Proteins with attached sugar molecules.Proteins with attached sugar molecules.

• Function:Function:– Attachment sites for molecules needing Attachment sites for molecules needing

to enter, or for messenger molecules to enter, or for messenger molecules such as hormones. such as hormones.

– These are very specific to each person These are very specific to each person and play a role in recognizing our own and play a role in recognizing our own cells (organ transplants).cells (organ transplants).

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4. CHOLESTEROL4. CHOLESTEROL

• It is an essential structural It is an essential structural component of cell membranes, component of cell membranes, where it is required to establish where it is required to establish proper membrane permeability and proper membrane permeability and fluidityfluidity

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NUCLEUSNUCLEUS

• Structure:Structure:– Contains DNAContains DNA– Envelope is a double Envelope is a double

membrane with pores.membrane with pores.

• Function:Function:– Regulates cell Regulates cell

functions, esp. PRO functions, esp. PRO SynthesisSynthesis

– Pores allow mRNA and Pores allow mRNA and ribosomes to pass in ribosomes to pass in and out and out

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NUCLEOLUSNUCLEOLUS

• Structure:Structure:– Made of DNA, Made of DNA,

granules and fibers.granules and fibers.

• Function:Function:– Where ribosomes Where ribosomes

are made (makes are made (makes rRNA).rRNA).

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• Structure:Structure:– Series of Series of

interconnected tubules interconnected tubules made of a single made of a single membrane.membrane.

– Can run from the Can run from the nuclear envelope to the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane.cell membrane.

• Function:Function:– Transport cell products Transport cell products

through the cytoplasm.through the cytoplasm.– Provide surface area for Provide surface area for

chemical reactions.chemical reactions.– Can produce lysosomes Can produce lysosomes

and vesicles.and vesicles.

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TWO TYPES OF E.R.TWO TYPES OF E.R.

• SMOOTHSMOOTHS: Has no ribosomesS: Has no ribosomesF: Makes lipids F: Makes lipids

(phospholipids and (phospholipids and steriods)steriods)

• ROUGHROUGHS: Has ribosomesS: Has ribosomesF: Makes protein, for F: Makes protein, for

exportexport Often connected to Often connected to

Golgi for packaging Golgi for packaging into vesiclesinto vesicles

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MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIA• Structure:Structure:

– 2 membranes: smooth 2 membranes: smooth outer, inner folded into outer, inner folded into cristae.cristae.

– Filled with a liquid Filled with a liquid called matrix.called matrix.

• Function:Function:– Site of “Cellular Site of “Cellular

Respiration”.Respiration”.– Converts food energy Converts food energy

(glucose) into ATP.(glucose) into ATP.– Folded cristae provide Folded cristae provide

maximum surface area maximum surface area for these chemical rxns.for these chemical rxns.

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CELLULAR RESPIRATIONCELLULAR RESPIRATION

CC66HH1212O6 O6 + + 6O6O22 6H6H22OO + + 6CO6CO22 RAW MATERIALS PRODUCTS

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CHLOROPLASTCHLOROPLAST

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CHLOROPLASTCHLOROPLAST• Structure:Structure:

– Green (b/c they contain chlorophyll)Green (b/c they contain chlorophyll)– Found only in plant cells and a few protistsFound only in plant cells and a few protists– Double membrane on outside and a series of stacked internal Double membrane on outside and a series of stacked internal

membranes called “Grana”membranes called “Grana”– Filled with a fluid called “Stroma”Filled with a fluid called “Stroma”

• Function:Function:– Site of Photosynthesis (Converts light E into glucose)Site of Photosynthesis (Converts light E into glucose)– Chlorophyll traps the sunlightChlorophyll traps the sunlight– Membranes provide a large surface area for the reactionsMembranes provide a large surface area for the reactions

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PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

6CO6CO2 2 + + 6H6H22OO + + LightLight CC66HH1212OO66 + + OO22 RAW

MATERIALS PRODUCTS

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GOLGI APPARATUSGOLGI APPARATUS• Structure:

– Flattened stacks of membrane.

– Small vesicles form (are pinched off) at the end of the folds.

• Function:– Receive, modify and transport

proteins of polypeptides made by the ER.

– Membranes provide surface area for chemical rxns.

– Various polypeptides are combined here to make 1 large protein molecule.

– These are stored in vesicles and are released when needed.

Eg. Adrenalin

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RIBOSOMESRIBOSOMES

• Structure:Structure:– Dense-looking granulesDense-looking granules– 2 spheres2 spheres– Made of rRNA and proteinMade of rRNA and protein– Found on E.R. floating free Found on E.R. floating free

in cytosolin cytosol

• Function:Function:– Site of “Protein Synthesis”Site of “Protein Synthesis”– mRNA is held b/w 2 mRNA is held b/w 2

spheres. Proteins are spheres. Proteins are coded for and built using coded for and built using amino acids.amino acids.

– Proteins are then either Proteins are then either used by or exported from used by or exported from the cell.the cell.

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AN EARLY LOOK AT PRO-AN EARLY LOOK AT PRO-SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS

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VACUOLESVACUOLES

• Structure: Structure: – Single membrane bags, Single membrane bags,

filled with water and filled with water and dissolved molecules.dissolved molecules.

– Mainly in plant cellsMainly in plant cells

• Function:Function:– STORAGESTORAGE– Starch molecules or Starch molecules or

hold water to create hold water to create TURGOR pressure to TURGOR pressure to support the plant.support the plant.

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VESICLESVESICLES

• Structure: Structure: – In plant and animal cells.In plant and animal cells.– Round, temporary sac Round, temporary sac

made by the Golgi.made by the Golgi.

• Function:Function:– Store hormones and Store hormones and

transport materials transport materials through cell…through cell…messengers.messengers.

– Bring in food Bring in food (ENDOCYTOSIS) and (ENDOCYTOSIS) and digest it. Then excrete digest it. Then excrete waste (EXOCYTOSIS).waste (EXOCYTOSIS).

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LYSOSOMESLYSOSOMES(A.K.A. “suicide” or “death” sacs!)

• Structure: – Single membrane sac. Full of Hydrolytic Enzymes (take

things apart).

• Function: -Found only in animal cells– In a 1-celled organism: Join with food vacuole and

enzymes digest the food.– In certain White Blood Cells: Destroy bacteria taken in.– In most cells: break down old organelles or destroy dead

cells or unwanted tissue for ‘recycling’. – Eg. Tadpole tail

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CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETON

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CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETON• Structure:

– A support network of fine protein fibres.

– Comprised of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

– If outside membrane they form cilia and flagella.

• Function:– Gives animal cells their

shape.– Anchors organelles– May relay messages

between the cell membrane and interior of the cell.

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CILIA AND FLAGELLACILIA AND FLAGELLA

• Cilia – Short and Cilia – Short and very numerous. very numerous.

Eg. ParameciumEg. Paramecium

• Flagella – Long and Flagella – Long and few in numberfew in number

Eg. EuglenaEg. Euglena

• Function: Function: LocomotionLocomotion

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CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM

• Structure: Structure: – Everything b/w the Everything b/w the

nuclear envelope and the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane.cell membrane.

– Comprised of the Comprised of the organelles and a liquid organelles and a liquid called “CYTOSOL”.called “CYTOSOL”.

• Function:Function:– Allows mov’t within the Allows mov’t within the

cellcell– Cytosol hold all the ions Cytosol hold all the ions

and molecules made by and molecules made by or needed by the or needed by the organelles.organelles.

– Eg. Enzymes, amino Eg. Enzymes, amino acids, ATP, glucoseacids, ATP, glucose

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CELL WALLCELL WALL

• Structure: Structure: – Made of a Made of a

polysaccharide called polysaccharide called cellulose.cellulose.

– Tough, fibrous boxTough, fibrous box– On plant and On plant and

prokaryotic cells only.prokaryotic cells only.

• Function:Function:– Gives plant cell support Gives plant cell support

and shape.and shape.– Permits “Turgor” Permits “Turgor”

pressure to be created.pressure to be created.