Ch. 10 – Cell Division and Growth Cell Growth usually involves an organism making MORE cells. The...
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Transcript of Ch. 10 – Cell Division and Growth Cell Growth usually involves an organism making MORE cells. The...
Ch. 10 – Cell Division and Growth
Cell Growth usually involves an organism making MORE cells.
The size a cell reaches is limited by the cell’s surface area to volume ratio. As the cell grows, its surface area doesn’t grow as quickly as its volume does (therefore, its surface area to volume ratio DECREASES as it grows in size).
Cell Size
Surface Area (length x width x 6)
Volume (length x width x height)
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in Cells
Section 10-1
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If a cell gets too big, the surface area of its membrane cannot bring oxygen and nutrients fast enough to meet the needs of its volume.
The cell will divide when it gets too big through a process called mitosis.
Cell growth can also be limited by nutrient availability and space. Cell division can be regulated by proteins called kinases.
Uncontrolled cell growth can result in cancer.
M phase
G2 phase
S phase
G1 phase
Figure 10–4 The Cell CycleSection 10-2
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Holds sister chromatids together in the middle.
Two identical, “sister” chromatids.
Chromosome structure before cell division.
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2Figure 10–5 Mitosis
and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
Centrioles
Chromatin
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforming
Telophase
Anaphase
Individual chromosomes
Metaphase
Centriole
Spindle
CentrioleChromosomes
(paired chromatids)
Prophase
Centromere
Spindle forming
Section 10-2
Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Go to Section:
includes
is divided into is divided into
Section 10-2
Cell Cycle
M phase (Mitosis)
Interphase
G1 phase S phase ProphaseG2 phase Metaphase TelophaseAnaphase
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Link to animation review of meiosis
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter3/animation__how_meiosis_works.htmlLink to animation of mitosis/meiosis comparison
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter3/animation__comparison_of_meiosis_and_mitosis__quiz_1_.html
link to mitosis animation
Sea Star regeneration
Fruit Tree Grafting
Budding in Hydra
There are 2 types of Reproduction:Asexual Sexual________
One parent contributesGenetic info. to offspring
Two parents contributegenetic info. to offspring
Offspring are identical to each other an parent
Offspring are similar to each other an parent
Mitosis is used to make offspring cells
Meiosis is used by each parent to make sex cells called gametes which fuse into a cell that grows into offspring.
Ex: animals, plants
Ex: plants, some animlas, protists, bacteria
MEIOSIS
Meiosis is a special type of cell division used to make sex cells called gametes.
Meiosis is used to give sex cells half the species' normal chromosome number.
Background Information on Chromosomes- Humans have 46 chromosomes in each body cell.- These 46 chromosomes are organized into 23 pairs. These are known as homologous pairs.- In each pair humans have, one of the chromosomes was donated from mom's egg and one from dad's sperm.
Pairs of chromosomes contain information for the same types of traits.
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes will be separated and only one will be passed to each sex cell that is made.
Meiosis I
Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
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Meiosis I
Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Go to Section:
Meiosis I
Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Go to Section:
Meiosis I
Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-15 Meiosis
Go to Section:
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
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Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
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Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Go to Section:
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Go to Section:
Meiosis II
Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.
Section 11-4
Figure 11-17 Meiosis II
Go to Section:
Meiosis Vocabulary
Synapsis - A process where homologous chromosomes pair up with each other during prophase I
Tetrad - A structure formed from "paired up" homologous chromosomes. XX
Diploid - A term used to describe the normal species chromosome number (for organisms with their chromosomes in pairs). The human diploid number is 46.
Haploid (n)- A term used to describe a cell with one copy of each type of chromosome.
There are 2 ways that meiosis introduces variety into sex cells:
1. Independent Assortment – a process where the homologous pairs of chromosomes can line up on either side of the metaphase plate.For example:
XXXXXXXX
X = mom donatedX = dad donated
XXXXXXXX
Section 11-4
Crossing-Over
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2. Crossing Over: A process where homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange chromosome parts during meiosis I.
Meiosis is different in females and males:
Males Females