Comparison Comparison ofof Penetrants Penetrants

PenmaxPenmax®® vs. vs.

Other ProductsOther Products

What are The Variables?What are The Variables?

Salt Concentration of water & soil. Salt Concentration of water & soil. pH of the water & soil.pH of the water & soil.

NutrientsNutrients

Ecology of the soil.Ecology of the soil.

Non-Ionic Non-Ionic Ionic PenetrantsIonic Penetrants

Little or no pH effect.Little or no pH effect. Little or no interaction Little or no interaction

with hard water.with hard water. How the soil ecology How the soil ecology

affected depends on affected depends on the product applied. the product applied.

pH control may pH control may cause changes in cause changes in the penetrant. the penetrant.

An insoluble scum An insoluble scum may form with hard may form with hard water. water.

The soil ecology The soil ecology changes depends changes depends on the product on the product applied.applied.

Water Penetration Water Penetration

2.9 1.9

12

8

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Me

as

ure

d in

Fe

et

Water Water+Penmax

PenmaxTM Micro-Sprinklers Irrigation Trials on Almonds

Diameter

Depth

PenmaxPenmax®® Banks Water Banks Water

Over 80% more water can be stored in the Over 80% more water can be stored in the soil profile.soil profile.

This allows the root system to expand This allows the root system to expand which helps to support the active transport which helps to support the active transport system of the plants.system of the plants.

The larger root volume allows the plants to The larger root volume allows the plants to mine necessary nutrients from a larger mine necessary nutrients from a larger volume of soil.volume of soil.

PenmaxPenmax®® treated water treated water continues to penetrate continues to penetrate

into the soil.into the soil.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

12 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs 96 hrs 120 hrs

Water Penetration Depth in inchesPenmax is Applied

in the first 6 hours of a 12 hour irrigation cycle

sandy loam

heavy clay

Sodium Adsorption RatioSodium Adsorption Ratio

2MgCa

NaSAR

SAR Reduction SAR Reduction

Because the sodium ion is more Because the sodium ion is more soluble than either the calcium or soluble than either the calcium or magnesium ions, a huge change magnesium ions, a huge change in the Sodium Absorption Ratio in the Sodium Absorption Ratio can be observed with can be observed with PENMAXPENMAX®®..

SAR Reduction Three weeksSAR Reduction Three weeks

24.4

3.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

Before After Penmax

SAR

86% Reduction of SAR with Penmax

Some Penetrants Can Adversely Some Penetrants Can Adversely Affect Soil Organisms Growth Rates Affect Soil Organisms Growth Rates

Many penetrants alter soil organism Many penetrants alter soil organism populations.populations.

If the growth rate of one organism is If the growth rate of one organism is slowed relative to others, the imbalance slowed relative to others, the imbalance may cause problems in the soil. may cause problems in the soil.

Some penetrants retard all soil organism Some penetrants retard all soil organism growth. growth.

How long can this condition persist? How long can this condition persist?

PENMAXPENMAX®® Provides Improved and Provides Improved and Balanced Soil Microbial GrowthBalanced Soil Microbial Growth

PenmaxPenmax®®

For over 40 years For over 40 years PenmaxPenmax®® has been has been repeatedly tested and monitored, and has repeatedly tested and monitored, and has proven to be the most reliable penetrant proven to be the most reliable penetrant available on the market.available on the market.

PenmaxPenmax®® has been used successfully has been used successfully throughout the US and the World under throughout the US and the World under widely varying soils, climates and weather widely varying soils, climates and weather conditions. conditions.

PENMAXPENMAX®®

Banks Water. Banks Water. Helps to Carry Away Excess Salts.Helps to Carry Away Excess Salts. Facilitates Balanced Microbial Growth.Facilitates Balanced Microbial Growth. Has been Used Safely and Reliably Has been Used Safely and Reliably

for Over 40 Years.for Over 40 Years.