COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR IV (II Bimestre Abril Agosto 2011)
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Transcript of COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR IV (II Bimestre Abril Agosto 2011)
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COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR IV
ESCUELA:
NOMBRES:
Inglés
César Ochoa Cueva, M.S.Ed.
BIMESTRE: Segundo Bimestre
Abril Agosto 2011
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Modals of AdvisabilityUse modals to talk about actions and states that were
advisable in the past, but did not happen.
You should have done the laundry.
+ past participle
should haveought to havecould havemight have
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ContractionsUse contractions in informal writing and speaking.
Joe could have mowed the lawn.
He might have washed the car.
You should not have gone away.
Joe could’ve
He might’ve
You shouldn’t
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Negative StatementsUse should not have and ought not to have for
negative statements.
You shouldn’t have goneshouldn’t have gone away.
Amy ought not to haveought not to have left.
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QuestionsShould have is the most common form used in
questions.
Should Amy have stayed
at home?
Should Joe have done
the laundry?
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Short Answers
Use the modal and have to make short answers.
Should Amy have stayed
at home?
Should Joe have done
the laundry?
Yes, she should have.
No, he shouldn’t
have.
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Be (not) Past Participle (by + Object)
Sunny Video was burglarized.
A case is being reviewed by a judge.
The videos were not stolen.
Subject
Passive Voice = Be + Past Participle + (by + Object)
A nice song was sung by Richard Marx.
Form of the Passive Voice
Active Voice = Richard Marx sang a nice song. (simple past)
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The police arrested the criminal.
The criminal was arrested by the police.
Subject is doing the action.
Active voice
Subject is receiving the action.
Passive voice
Active sentences focus on the agent (person or thing doing the action). Passive sentences focus on the object (person or thing receiving the action).
Active vs. Passive
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The case is reviewed by a judge.
Passive Voice
A judge reviews the case.
Someone removed the videos. The videos were removed.
The jury didn’t find the defendant guilty.
The defendant wasn’t found guilty.
Active Voice
Active vs. Passive
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Use the passive voice when the agent of the action is unknown or not important.
Pictures and fingerprints are taken.
Jurors are selected.
Use of Passive Voice
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Use the passive voice when we want to avoid mentioning the agent.
Paulo committed a crime.
A crime was committed.
Active voicePaolo is
responsible.
Passive voiceWe don’t know
who is responsible.
Use of Passive Voice
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Use a by phrase when it is important to know who performs the action.
The video store was burglarized
by a former employeeby a former employee.
The information is surprising.
By Phrases
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Present Real Conditionals
If people get sickIf people get sick, , they sometimes try herbsthey sometimes try herbs..
If your body temperature is above 98.6If your body temperature is above 98.6ºº,, you have a feveryou have a fever..
Use present real conditionals for general truths. Usethe simple present in both clauses.
if clause result clause
if clause result clause
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Present Real Conditionals
If people get sick,
if clause result clause
they try herbal remedies.
Conditional sentences have an if clause (condition)and a result clause.
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Present Real Conditionals
If I’m feeling sick, I eat more garlic.
if clausesimple present or present progressive
result clausesimple present
Use real conditionals for habits and things thathappen again and again.
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When
If I have a sore throat, I take honey bee.
When I have a sore throat, I honey bee.
You can often use when instead of if.
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Use if with Modals
If you aren’t sleeping well, you can drink chamomile tea.
If you get a burn, you might use aloe gel.
You can use modals in the result clause.
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Use if with Imperatives
If you take herbs, tell your doctor.
If you have a headache, make a lavender compress.
You can use imperatives in the result clause.
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Clause Order
If you have motion sickness, eat ginger root.
if clause result clause
if clauseresult clause
Eat ginger root if you have motion sickness.
If you have motion sickness, eat ginger root.
A conditional sentence can begin with the if clause or the result clause.
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Use with Negatives
If I’m not sleeping well, I don’t drink coffee.
If I drink slippery elm tea, I don’t cough as much.
You can make either or both clauses negative.
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Indirect SpeechWhen the reporting verb is in the simple past, the verb tense in the indirect speech statement often changes.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Simple Present
Present Progressive
Simple Past Tense
Present Perfect
Simple PastSimple Past
Past ProgressivePast Progressive
Past PerfectPast Perfect
Past Perfect
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Indirect Speech
Modals often change in indirect speech.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
will
can
may
must
wouldwould
couldcould
mightmight
had tohad to
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Indirect SpeechThe following modals do not change in indirect speech: should, could, might, and ought to.
“You shouldn’t shouldn’t telltell this secret to anyone.”
She said I shouldn’t tellshouldn’t tell this secret to anyone.
“You ought to ought to telltell this to a friend.”
!! He said I ought to tellought to tell this to a friend.
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“I could have gottencould have gotten help from a tutor.”
He said he could have gottencould have gotten help from a tutor.He said if he had studied,had studied, he would have gottenwould have gotten an A.
“I thought I had chosenhad chosen the easy teacher.”“If I had studied,had studied, I would would have gottenhave gotten an A.”
He said he thought he had had chosenchosen the easy teacher.
Indirect SpeechThe following do not change in indirect speech: the past perfect, the present and past unreal conditional, and past modals.
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Indirect Yes / No Questions
Whether is more formal than if. We often use whether or not to report yes/no questions.
The new guy asked whether or not he could take a break. “Can I take a
break?”
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The new guy asked when the next office party was.He also asked how many copies he could make. “How many copies
can I make?”
Wh- QuestionsUse question words in indirect wh- questions.
“When is the next office party?”
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Word Order Use statement word order (subject + verb), not question word order, for indirect yes/no questions.
“Can you turn off the fax machine?”
He asked me if I could turn off the fax machine.
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Word OrderUse statement word order (subject + verb), not question word order, for indirect wh- questions about the predicate (usually the last part of the sentence).
“Why do the meetings last so long?”
He asked why the meetings lasted so long.
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He asked me do I have any new video games.any new video games.
if I had
AuxiliariesIn indirect questions, do not use the auxiliary do, does, or did.
“Do you have any new video games?”
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BibliographyAdvanced learner center.
(2000),MyEnglishTeacher.net. Retrieved June 13th , 2011, from http://www.myenglishteacher.net
Fuchs, M. & Bonner, M. , Focus on Grammar 4
Pearson Education , White Plains, NY 10606, 2006
Richards, J., New Interchange 2
Cambridge University Press, 1998
Richards, J., New Interchange 3
Cambridge University Press, 1998
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