Communication Trends and Applications

7/25/2019 Communication Trends and Applications

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N. Ganesan, Ph.D. , All rights reserved.

Chapter

Communication Trends andApplications


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Chapter Objectives

Describe the status of informationcommunication past and present

List the factors that led to the growth ofcomputer communications

Outline a few sample communicationapplications

Discuss the evolution of Wide AreaNetwork communications and its currentconvergence to digital technolog


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Module

!nformation Communication"ast and "resent


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Communication in the Past

#nown as Data Communications

$ %ostl concerned with alphanumeric

data

A highl speciali&ed topic

'ocus

$ %ainframes$ Analog telecommunication technolog

$ WANs


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Communications at

Present #nown as !nformation Communication

$ Data( image( audio and video

communications A necessar topic for !T professionals

'ocus$ %icrocomputers

$ Digital communication technolog

$ LANs( WANs etc)

!nternet

$ !nternet( !ntranet and *+tranet


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Data and Information

Communication

Data !nformation

!mage AudioComputerData ,ideo

-eal.time streaming


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Audio and Video

Transmission -e/uirements

$ %ore bandwidth is re/uired

$ -eal.time transmission ma also bere/uired

0olution

$ Compression$ 0treaming

Note1 0treaming includescompression as well


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Comparison of Data and

information Communication


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Data and Information

CommunicationsData Communications !nformationCommunications

Alphanumeric data Data( image( audioand video

%ainframe focused %icrocomputerfocused

Analog technolog Digital technolog0peciali&ed topic 2eneral topic

"rivate network based !nternet based

WANs LANs and WANs


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Key ords

%ainframe

Centrali&ed

Analog

Data

Telecommunicatio

n network

LANs

Distributed

Digital

!nformation

Computer

network 3!nternet4


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!ostin" #ervices

2odadd

565

%ediaTemple

7ahoo hosting service


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!ome$or%

Di8erence between !nternet(!ntranet( *+tranet

*+plore 2odadd and other hostingservices

Download( install and e+periment

with %icrosoft *ncoder and Audacit$ Convert between di8erent audio 9leformats


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&nd of Module


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Module

Opportunities andCerti9cation


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Opportunities in

Communications 0peciali&ed knowledge is re/uired for

specialist in the communication 9eld

$ *+ample1 Network *ngineer$ Certi9cation e+aminations are available for

attesting to the special skills

0ome knowledge of communications isre/uired of all in the computer 9eld


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Certi'cation

%icrosoft Certi9cation

$ %C0A 6 %C0*

C!0CO Certi9cation etc)

Network: Certi9cation

Di8erent vendors o8er certi9cations at

di8erent levels of e+pertise$ Contact their web sites for further information


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Certi'cation ebsites

%icrosoft$ http1;;www)microsoft)com;learning;mcp

;certi9cations)msp+

C!0CO

$ http1;;www)cisco)com;en;career>certi9cations>and

>learning>paths>home)html
http://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/certifications.mspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/certifications.mspxhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/learning_career_certifications_and_learning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/certifications.mspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/certifications.mspx


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Key ords

%icrosoft certi9cations$ %C0?

C!0CO certi9cation

Network:


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&nd of Module


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Module

!nformation Communication

2rowth 'actors


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InformationCommunications( )ro$th

*actors !nternet

'ast access technologies for the !nternet

ramp *mergence of microcomputers as a seriousbusiness and home computing tool and thefocus on connectivit

%ove from large mainframe basedinfrastructure to LAN based structures

Client.server computing architectures

*merging concept of terminal servers


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)ro$th *actors Continued

@ome networking

Digiti&ation of telecommunication lines

Wireless networking

%ultimedia on the !nternet

!nternet securit

,irtual "rivate Network

,oice over !" 3,o!"4


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!ome$or%

'ast access technologies$ D0L( Cable( T5( T=( OC5( OC

$ @ome 9ber connections

!B% business computers$ -eplacements for mainframes


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&nd of Module


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Module

*volution "hsical NetworkArchitecture


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&volution

"hsical architecture$ 'rom mainframes to LAN based

'unctional architecture$ Centrali&ed mainframe based architecture to

LAN based client.server architecture

$ !n the case of LAN based architecture( client.server evolved following the initial

introduction of the peer.to.peer networkarchitecture

$ Client.server architecture is now followed bterminal server architecture


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&arly Mainframe+based

Centrali,ed Architecture%ainframe

%odem0erver

*+ternal AnalogLines

'ront *nd "rocessor%ini.Computer

Term) Term)

ConcentratorTerm)


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Distributed -A. /asedArchitecture

'iber Optic Backbone3'DD!4 or 0witched Network

Connectivit

%ainframe;%inicomputer

0stems

LAN

LAN

WAN 3!nternet42atewa

3TC";!"4

%odem2atewa

*+ternal Digital;Analog Lines


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Current Trend inDistributed Architecture

0ource1C!0CO


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Major Components of theDistributed Architecture

Clients

0ervers

Network interface cards Cables 3copper and 9ber4

0witches

-outers !nternet ramps

!nternet


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Key ords

%ainframe based

Centrali&ed

Distributed

'iber ring

'iber switches


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&nd of Module


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!ome$or%

*+plore some of the Catalstswitches at Cisco


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Module

*volution of the Network'unctional Architecture


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.et$or% Architectural&volution

%ainframe

LAN$ "eer.to."eer$ Client 0erver

'ile server

Application server

Terminal server


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Peer+to+Peer .et$or%in"

!nitial architecture of the LAN priorto client.server architecture

*ach client operates on e/ualfooting in sharing resources


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P0P #harin"

Basic sharing is supported$ 'iles

$ "rinters

$ !nternet connection

Large scale sharing of databases

and other business applicationsare not included in "" sharing


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Client+#erver &volution

Client.server architecture is alwasidenti9ed b the presence of a server

The evolution of client.server can betraced to three sub.architectures thatare based on the functional feature ofthe server$ 'ile server

$ Application server

$Terminal server


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Previe$ of *ile #erver

Computin"Back.end data storage)

'ront.end computing

0erver

Clients

All the processing of the application is done at the client)


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Previe$ of Application

#erverComputin"ck.end data storage and local retrieval of data)

'ront.end interface and data manipulation tools)

0erver

Clients

Application processing is shared between the client andthe server)


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A Previe$ of Terminal

#erver Computin""owerfulTerminal

0erver

Thin Clients

'ront end processing limited to terminal operations

*+tensive back.end datastorage( retrieval and

"rocessing


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*actors 1sed in theComparison of Architectures

"oint of e+ecution of applications

Network trac

0ecurit

@ardware;0oftware re/uirements

Total Cost of Ownership 3TCO4


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Path of &volution

Centralized

Mainframe

Peer-to Peer

DistributedNetwor

A!!li"ation

#erver

$erminal

#erver

%ore power to the user

Better management of shared da-educed cost of ownership

%ile #erver


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!ome$or%

Browse for wiring closet( -.EFpatch cables( wiring rack( punch

block etc)


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&nd of Module


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Module

Digiti&ation ofTelecommunication Lines


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Di"iti,ation Of Telecom

.et$or% !nitial telecom network was based on

analog technolog

$ Copper wire$ *lectronic transmission

$ Coa+ial cables and twisted pair cables

Current telecom$ Copper wires and 9bers

$ *lectronic and optical transmission

$ 'iber cables and twisted pair cables


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Di"ital A. CarrierTechnolo"ies

D0L

!0DN

T5( T= etc)

OC5( OC= etc)


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A. CommunicationTechnolo"ies

'DD! and CDD!

'rame -ela

Asnchronous Transfer %ode 3AT%4


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Voice Transmission

"ast is based on analog technolog

Currentl( it is moving to digital

technolog$ ,o!"


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Access #peeds

'astest speed of an analog modem isaround FG# bps

Newer and mostl digital access

technologies such as D0L can operate atfaster speeds

$ Download speed is usuall in %bps

$


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Typical D#- #peed


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#ome D#- Providers

Covad

$ http1;;www)covad)com;products;access;dsl)shtml

0BC$ http1;;wwwI)sbc)com;D0L;

D0L *+treme
http://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtmlhttp://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtmlhttp://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtmlhttp://www02.sbc.com/DSL/http://www02.sbc.com/DSL/http://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtmlhttp://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtmlhttp://www.covad.com/products/access/dsl.shtml


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Testin" the Access #peed

The current bandwidth of aconnection can be tested b

accessing websites that test theconnection speed$ www)dslreports)com

$ www)wire)com
http://www.dslreports.com/http://www.2wire.com/http://www.2wire.com/http://www.dslreports.com/


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Access #ecurity

www)grc)com
http://www.grc.com/http://www.grc.com/


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#ummary of Access

Technolo"ies for theInternet

Cable%odem

Dire

ct

0

atellit

eAc

cess

+D0L

!0DN


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&nd of Module


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Module

!nternet Architectures


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Architectures

!nternet

!ntranet$ An !nternet restricted to the

companJs own perimeter

*+tranet

$ !ntranet e+tended to include outsideorgani&ations dealing with theorgani&ation


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Intranet De'ned

!nternal CompanBackbone3TC";!"4

%ini or %ainframComputer sstem

Departmental

Computer0stem

DepartmentalLAN

!nternet

'irewall


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!nternet

&2tranet De'ned

CompanJs!ntranet

Business

Associates

Other businesses

dealing withcompan A)

,irtual "rivate Network3,"N4


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A .ote on VP.

Created b tunneling into thepublic network

Tunneling is done largel bencrpting the computer data


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Virtual Private .et$or%

3VP.4

!nternet

CompanJs!ntranet

"oint.to."oint

Tunneling "rotocol3""T"4'ire Wall


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&nd of Module


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Module

!nternet Access


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Access

Analog Access

Digital Access

-emote e+ecution

Telecommuting


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Analo" Internet Access

2ain access to the

resources on the WWW)

0oftware1Web Browser

%icro %odem

0erial "ort

!nternet

Access provider

!0"


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Di"ital Internet Access

2ain access to the

resources on the WWW)

0oftware1Web Browser

%icroD0L

%odem

Network"ort

!nternet

Access provider

!0"

C C


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Computer to Computer

Access

"ublic

0witchedNetwork 3"0N4

2ain access to a companJsmainframe to run


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Telecommutin"

"0N%ain Oce

0atelliteOce

@ome

Terminal 0ervices

Terminal 0ervices

Terminal 0erver


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Telecommutin" Options

*mploer supported$ "revious e+ample falls into this categor

where the emploer provides access to theoce computer from home

$ *+ample1 Terminal services


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#ome Communication#oft$are

@per Terminal

Telnet

'T"

"rocomm "lus

-emote Desktop


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!ome$or%

Dlink home network router

Linkss home network router


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5emote Operation

2otompc

logmein


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&nd of Module


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Module

Networks


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Computer .et$or%s

0imple$ A single LAN

!ntermediate$ Departmental *nterprise

$ Campus LANs and organi&ational LANs

Advanced$ WANs such as an !nternet based ,irtual

"rivate Networks 3,"Ns4


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Typical ired -A.

Client 5 Client Client =

0erver1

Network O0(Applications(

Data etc)

0erver Operatin0stem

Client O0

WindowsIII;II=(Linu+

Windows ";,istaM Linu+

0witch


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Typical ireless -A.

Client 5 Client Client =

0erver1Network O0(Applications(

Data etc)

Client O0

WindowsIII;II0erver(Linu+

Windows ";,istaM Linu+

Wireless N!C

Wireless Access"oint


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#ome -A. Applications

0hare business applications

0hare data

0hare printers( modems etc)

0hare the !nternet and !nternet resources 0end electronic.mail

*ngage in audio;video streaming andconferencing

Act as the infrastructure for the )net or **architecture


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&nd of Module


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Module

Network 0ecurit


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.et$or% #ecurity

Network securit is an importantissue given the fact that man

computers are connected to the!nternet using broadbandconnections


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)eneral #ecurity Threats

,iruses

Denial of service attack

O0 vulnerabilities

*.mail vulnerabilities

%acro e+ecution vulnerabilities

*ct)


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)eneral #ecurity Measures

Anti.virus

Anti.spware

Anti.spam software

'irewalls$ Both software 9rewalls and hardware

9rewalls can be installed


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#ecure Communications

Crptograph$ *ncrption

,irtual "rivate Network 3,"N4 !"0ec and other secure protocols

Digital signatures

&2amples of Protocols for


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&2amples of Protocols for#ecure VP.

""T"

!"0ec with encrption

!"0ec with LT"

00L with encrption

&2amples of Protocols for


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&2amples of Protocols forTrusted VP.

%"L0 with constrained distributionof routing information through B2"

3laer = ,"Ns4Transport of laer frames over

%"L0 3laer ,"Ns4

30ource1http1;;www)vpnc)org;vpn.standards)html4
http://www.vpnc.org/vpn-standards.htmlhttp://www.vpnc.org/vpn-standards.htmlhttp://www.vpnc.org/vpn-standards.htmlhttp://www.vpnc.org/vpn-standards.html


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&ncryption

"#!

-0A

%DF "2"

00@

@TT"0 D*0

A*0


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&nd of Module


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Module

Wide Area Networks

A. Th & l D


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A.( The &arly Days

Telecommunication needs$ Centered on analog technolog

Data communication needs$ Centered around digital technolog

Digital to analog interface

$ 'or long distance computercommunications

-on" distance


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-on"+distanceCommunications

Digital Digital

%odulation

"lain Old Telephone 0ervice 3"OT04

Analog

!nterface

I iti l A.


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Initial A.s

Overcome the limitations of generalpurpose analog telephone lines

Better conditioned lines such as leasedlines were used on the network segment

Driven b a collection of computers toroute the data trac from its source to

its destination Arpanet was the 9rst WAN that was

created

A #ummary of the /asic


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A #ummary of the /asicComponents of the A.

Leased lines

Computers;-outing algorithms

-outing devices

P t #t t f A.


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Present #tatus of A.s

!nformation is carried in digiti&edform

Digital communication lines$ Over copper wire

$ Over 9ber.optics

Digital merger$Telecommunications

$ Computer communications

A. P t d * t


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A.s( Present and *uture

'ull digital

Technologies

$ 'rame -ela$ AT%

"oint.to.point digital

communication will become thenorm


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ATM operating at several

hundred Mbps

&mer"in" A.

Digital-amp

BusinessComputer0stem

AT% 0witches

@igh speed digital lines1OC=( OCEH etc)

#ummary(Possible


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#ummary(PossibleConver"ent Technolo"y

Networks$ Local

$ *nterprise$ Wide area

$ 2lobal

AT%

Point-to-point ATM connectionmay becomepossible?


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ATM Possibility

0erver

Client 5 Client

F %bps

!0"5II %bps

!nternet Backbone

5 2bps

=II %bps


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-i%ely #cenario

*thernet on the desktop

"ossibl( AT% on the backbone


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&thernet Challen"e

5I 2bps

5 2bps32igabit4

5II %bps3'ast4

5I %bps

5 %bps

3"ast4

Client

5I %bps;

5II %bps;5 2bps;5I 2bps0erver

!0"

Client 5

@ub


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Current &thernet #peeds

52 bps used widel

5I2 bps is graduall gaining

grounds 5II2 bps is on the hori&on


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.et 5esult

At the local level 3LAN4 *thernetwill remain the technolog of

choice for the foreseeable future At the WAN level( AT% will

dominate over other WAN

technologies

The Di"ital *uture( *usion


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The Di"ital *uture( *usion

Digital fusion$ Computing

$Telecommunications


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Possible #cenario

!" based universal digitalcommunication over the !nternet

with !" addresses as the point ofidenti9cation$ Data( voice and video communication

will be done over the !nternet

&2plore !i"h+speed


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&2plore !i"h speedInternet

5I 2pbs solutions


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&nd of Module


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Module

0ample Applications

li i


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#ome Application Areas

Networking$ ,arious server applications such as

database server application(messaging server application etc)

Web hosting and *.commerce

,oice over !" 3,o!"4 Network 0ecurit


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&nd of Module


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Module

,oice over !" 3,o!"41

*8ect of *volution

V i O IP 3V IP4


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Voice Over IP 3VoIP4

,o!" is the digital replacement forthe traditional analog phone line

,o!" is based on the !nternet$ !t is packet switched as opposed to

the traditional phone service that is

circuit switched

V i O IP ) th


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Voice Over IP )ro$th

2rowth of ,o!" is fuelled b the economof using the !nternet and the technologicaladvantage of the digital technolog

!t signi9es the inevitable use of digitaltechnolog and the !nternet to carr voice

,o!" is poised to grow and probabl

become the de facto public voice carriertechnolog

V IP Ch ll


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VoIP Challen"es

Latenc inherent to the !"vEprotocol

Availabilit of bandwidth

V IP 5 di


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VoIP 5emedies

Newer protocol such as !"vG isdesigned to address latenc

'aster !nternet backbones such asthose using Optical Carrier 3OC4lines and AT% transport

technologies are being introducedto increase the bandwidth of thecommunication lines

- T D l t


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-on" Term Developments

!ndications are that residentialconnections in the long term would

evolve into !nternet connectionsreplacing the phone connection

/usiness and 5esidential &nd


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Points

!nstead of identifing an end pointin a business or a residence with a

phone number( it is plausible thatthe end point could be identi9edwith a number similar to an !"

address

VoIP Application( /roadband


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ppPhone

Broadband phone ma be toutedas the 9rst real sign of

convergence between computerand telephone networks

,o!" application in the form of

broadband phone will alsocontribute to the growth ofcommunication on the !nternet

/ db d Ph


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/roadband Phone


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"Appliances

!nternet appliances are devices thatcan be used without e+plicitprogramming

The software code necessar will bestored in 9rmware in the appliances

'unctionalities of the appliances

could well be chosen with the use ofbuttons that ma resemble thebuttons on a telephone dial pad

I t t A li


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Internet Appliances

A broad range of !nternet appliances willthen become available for residentialuse with the broadband phone featuringprominentl as perhaps the most used!nternet appliance

Other !nternet appliances ma include

-adios( !nteractive T,( *volving "alm"ilots etc)


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&nd of Module

End of Chapter


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&.D O* MOD1-&&.D O* MOD1-&

&.D O* C!APT&5&.D O* C!APT&5

Communication Trends and Applications

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Transcript of Communication Trends and Applications