Common Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

8/4/2019 Common Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

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M. Tayseer (2008)

International Academy for Health ScienceInternational Academy for Health Science

Al Ahsaa Male AcademyAl Ahsaa Male Academy

Common Laboratory and DiagnosticCommon Laboratory and Diagnostic

Tests and ProceduresTests and Procedures

Prepared By:Prepared By:Nursing DepartmentNursing Department


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CultureCulture: is growing the organisms presented: is growing the organisms presented

in the specimen for several days in orderin the specimen for several days in orderto:to:

Isolate and identify any pathogens.Isolate and identify any pathogens.

Determine of which drug is most effectiveDetermine of which drug is most effective

against a particular pathogen.against a particular pathogen.


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Throat CultureThroat Culture

Is collecting specimen (sample) from throatIs collecting specimen (sample) from throat

and growing it.and growing it.

Notes:Notes:

Avoid touching the tongue, cheeks, orAvoid touching the tongue, cheeks, or

teeth.teeth.

Start from the side then to the back.Start from the side then to the back.


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Sputum SpecimenSputum Specimen

Collect the specimen in the early morningCollect the specimen in the early morningbefore the patient eats or brushes his teeth.before the patient eats or brushes his teeth.

Collect the specimen for three consecutiveCollect the specimen for three consecutivedays.days.

Patient in sitting position and encouragePatient in sitting position and encouragecoughing.coughing.


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Stool SpecimenStool Specimen

Stool specimens are collected for manyStool specimens are collected for many

examinations such as:examinations such as:

Parasites test (e.g.: amebas or worms).Parasites test (e.g.: amebas or worms).

Hem Occult (Blood) test.Hem Occult (Blood) test.


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Urine SpecimenUrine Specimen

Urine is assessed for itsUrine is assessed for its physical appearancephysical appearance::

ColorColor::

--Fresh urine is transparent light yellow inFresh urine is transparent light yellow incolor.color.

--Blood in urine (Hematuria).Blood in urine (Hematuria).

OdorOdor::

--Fresh urine has a characteristic odor.Fresh urine has a characteristic odor.


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Midstream Urine AnalysisMidstream Urine Analysis

Obtaining the specimen which isObtaining the specimen which isnot contaminated from externalnot contaminated from external

sources.sources.


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2424 Hours Urine SpecimenHours Urine Specimen

This specimen shows the total amountsThis specimen shows the total amounts

of wastes the kidneys are eliminatingof wastes the kidneys are eliminating

and the amount of each.and the amount of each.

Collection start with empty bladder andCollection start with empty bladder andfinish post voiding after 24 hours.finish post voiding after 24 hours.


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Pregnancy Urine TestPregnancy Urine Test

Detecting the hormone HumanDetecting the hormone HumanChorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

presence in the urine within thepresence in the urine within the

1515thth day of pregnancy.day of pregnancy.


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Blood CultureBlood Culture

IndicationsIndications::

Identifying diseaseIdentifying disease-- causativecausative

organism.organism.

Unknown cause fever.Unknown cause fever.


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Equipments::

-- 20 cc Syringes with 3 free needles.20 cc Syringes with 3 free needles.

-- Two blood culture bottles.Two blood culture bottles.

-- Betadine swab.Betadine swab.-- Sterile Gloves.Sterile Gloves.

-- Tourniquet.Tourniquet.


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Procedure:Procedure:

Sterile blood sampling procedure.


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Diagnostic Imaging TestsDiagnostic Imaging Tests

Radiography (XRadiography (X--ray).ray).

XX--rays: can penetrate the body to form anrays: can penetrate the body to form an

image on film or a digital screen.image on film or a digital screen. Soft tissues appearSoft tissues appear darkdark

on Xon X--ray.ray.

Bones appearBones appear lightlightoror whitewhite

on Xon X--ray.ray.


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Computerized Axial TomographyComputerized Axial Tomography

(CT)(CT)

Image is so sharp, focused, and threeImage is so sharp, focused, and three

dimensional.dimensional.

Nuclear Medicine.Nuclear Medicine.

Radiopharmaceuticals are introduced toRadiopharmaceuticals are introduced to

the patientthe patients body then it becomes thes body then it becomes the

source of radiation.source of radiation.


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Ultrasound:Ultrasound:

It involves the use of high frequency soundIt involves the use of high frequency sound

waves.waves. Doppler ultrasound: evaluates the blood as itDoppler ultrasound: evaluates the blood as it

flows through a blood vessels.flows through a blood vessels.


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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

It uses radio waves and strong magnetic field.It uses radio waves and strong magnetic field.

Its more accurate than CT and XIts more accurate than CT and X--ray.ray.


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ContrastMedium StudiesContrastMedium Studies

Contrast is a radiopaque substance.Contrast is a radiopaque substance.

Types:Types:

1)1) Iodine base contrast media.Iodine base contrast media.-- Angiography (Arterial Investigation).Angiography (Arterial Investigation).

-- Venography (Venous Investigation).Venography (Venous Investigation).

-- IVU (Intravenous Urography).IVU (Intravenous Urography).


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2)2) Barium studies.Barium studies.

-- Barium enema (large bowel investigation).Barium enema (large bowel investigation).

-- Barium swallow (esophageal investigation).Barium swallow (esophageal investigation).-- Barium meal (stomach investigation).Barium meal (stomach investigation).

-- Barium follow through (stomach and smallBarium follow through (stomach and small

bowel investigation).bowel investigation).


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Problems with contrast medium studies.Problems with contrast medium studies.

Allergy reaction.Allergy reaction.

Mild: hot flush, vomiting.Mild: hot flush, vomiting. Moderate: uriticaria, Bronchospasm.Moderate: uriticaria, Bronchospasm.

Severe: respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest.Severe: respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest.

Toxicity.Toxicity.

NephrotoxicityNephrotoxicity ------------ check creatinine before.check creatinine before.


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Barium StudiesBarium Studies

Pre procedural nursing implications.Pre procedural nursing implications.

Patient should NPO after midnight dayPatient should NPO after midnight day

before.before.

For lower GI tract investigation patientFor lower GI tract investigation patientss

large intestine must be free of stool.large intestine must be free of stool.

Health education.Health education.


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Barium StudiesBarium Studies

Post procedural nursing implications.Post procedural nursing implications.

Patient may complain of constipation.Patient may complain of constipation.

Observe for abdominal or rectalObserve for abdominal or rectal

discomfort.discomfort.

Resume diet and medication as ordered.Resume diet and medication as ordered.


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EndoscopyEndoscopy

Its using long, thin and lighted tube forIts using long, thin and lighted tube for

viewing the surface of a canal orviewing the surface of a canal or

hollow organ in the body.hollow organ in the body.


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EndoscopyEndoscopy

Pre procedural nursing implications.Pre procedural nursing implications.

Require formal signed consent form.Require formal signed consent form.

Patient should NPO after midnight dayPatient should NPO after midnight daybefore.before.

For lower GI tract investigation patientFor lower GI tract investigation patientss

large intestine must be free of stool.large intestine must be free of stool.Health education.Health education.


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EndoscopyEndoscopy

Post procedural nursing implications.Post procedural nursing implications.

Patient may complain of constipation.Patient may complain of constipation.

Observe for esophageal or colonObserve for esophageal or colonperforation.perforation.

Resume diet and oral medication when theResume diet and oral medication when the

patient fully alert and gag reflex returned.patient fully alert and gag reflex returned.

Common Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

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