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M. Tayseer (2008)
International Academy for Health ScienceInternational Academy for Health Science
Al Ahsaa Male AcademyAl Ahsaa Male Academy
Common Laboratory and DiagnosticCommon Laboratory and Diagnostic
Tests and ProceduresTests and Procedures
Prepared By:Prepared By:Nursing DepartmentNursing Department
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CultureCulture: is growing the organisms presented: is growing the organisms presented
in the specimen for several days in orderin the specimen for several days in orderto:to:
Isolate and identify any pathogens.Isolate and identify any pathogens.
Determine of which drug is most effectiveDetermine of which drug is most effective
against a particular pathogen.against a particular pathogen.
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Throat CultureThroat Culture
Is collecting specimen (sample) from throatIs collecting specimen (sample) from throat
and growing it.and growing it.
Notes:Notes:
Avoid touching the tongue, cheeks, orAvoid touching the tongue, cheeks, or
teeth.teeth.
Start from the side then to the back.Start from the side then to the back.
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Sputum SpecimenSputum Specimen
Collect the specimen in the early morningCollect the specimen in the early morningbefore the patient eats or brushes his teeth.before the patient eats or brushes his teeth.
Collect the specimen for three consecutiveCollect the specimen for three consecutivedays.days.
Patient in sitting position and encouragePatient in sitting position and encouragecoughing.coughing.
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Stool SpecimenStool Specimen
Stool specimens are collected for manyStool specimens are collected for many
examinations such as:examinations such as:
Parasites test (e.g.: amebas or worms).Parasites test (e.g.: amebas or worms).
Hem Occult (Blood) test.Hem Occult (Blood) test.
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Urine SpecimenUrine Specimen
Urine is assessed for itsUrine is assessed for its physical appearancephysical appearance::
ColorColor::
--Fresh urine is transparent light yellow inFresh urine is transparent light yellow incolor.color.
--Blood in urine (Hematuria).Blood in urine (Hematuria).
OdorOdor::
--Fresh urine has a characteristic odor.Fresh urine has a characteristic odor.
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Midstream Urine AnalysisMidstream Urine Analysis
Obtaining the specimen which isObtaining the specimen which isnot contaminated from externalnot contaminated from external
sources.sources.
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2424 Hours Urine SpecimenHours Urine Specimen
This specimen shows the total amountsThis specimen shows the total amounts
of wastes the kidneys are eliminatingof wastes the kidneys are eliminating
and the amount of each.and the amount of each.
Collection start with empty bladder andCollection start with empty bladder andfinish post voiding after 24 hours.finish post voiding after 24 hours.
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Pregnancy Urine TestPregnancy Urine Test
Detecting the hormone HumanDetecting the hormone HumanChorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
presence in the urine within thepresence in the urine within the
1515thth day of pregnancy.day of pregnancy.
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Blood CultureBlood Culture
IndicationsIndications::
Identifying diseaseIdentifying disease-- causativecausative
organism.organism.
Unknown cause fever.Unknown cause fever.
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Blood CultureBlood Culture
Equipments::
-- 20 cc Syringes with 3 free needles.20 cc Syringes with 3 free needles.
-- Two blood culture bottles.Two blood culture bottles.
-- Betadine swab.Betadine swab.-- Sterile Gloves.Sterile Gloves.
-- Tourniquet.Tourniquet.
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Blood CultureBlood Culture
Procedure:Procedure:
Sterile blood sampling procedure.
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Diagnostic Imaging TestsDiagnostic Imaging Tests
Radiography (XRadiography (X--ray).ray).
XX--rays: can penetrate the body to form anrays: can penetrate the body to form an
image on film or a digital screen.image on film or a digital screen. Soft tissues appearSoft tissues appear darkdark
on Xon X--ray.ray.
Bones appearBones appear lightlightoror whitewhite
on Xon X--ray.ray.
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Diagnostic Imaging TestsDiagnostic Imaging Tests
Computerized Axial TomographyComputerized Axial Tomography
(CT)(CT)
Image is so sharp, focused, and threeImage is so sharp, focused, and three
dimensional.dimensional.
Nuclear Medicine.Nuclear Medicine.
Radiopharmaceuticals are introduced toRadiopharmaceuticals are introduced to
the patientthe patients body then it becomes thes body then it becomes the
source of radiation.source of radiation.
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Diagnostic Imaging TestsDiagnostic Imaging Tests
Ultrasound:Ultrasound:
It involves the use of high frequency soundIt involves the use of high frequency sound
waves.waves. Doppler ultrasound: evaluates the blood as itDoppler ultrasound: evaluates the blood as it
flows through a blood vessels.flows through a blood vessels.
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Diagnostic Imaging TestsDiagnostic Imaging Tests
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
It uses radio waves and strong magnetic field.It uses radio waves and strong magnetic field.
Its more accurate than CT and XIts more accurate than CT and X--ray.ray.
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ContrastMedium StudiesContrastMedium Studies
Contrast is a radiopaque substance.Contrast is a radiopaque substance.
Types:Types:
1)1) Iodine base contrast media.Iodine base contrast media.-- Angiography (Arterial Investigation).Angiography (Arterial Investigation).
-- Venography (Venous Investigation).Venography (Venous Investigation).
-- IVU (Intravenous Urography).IVU (Intravenous Urography).
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ContrastMedium StudiesContrastMedium Studies
2)2) Barium studies.Barium studies.
-- Barium enema (large bowel investigation).Barium enema (large bowel investigation).
-- Barium swallow (esophageal investigation).Barium swallow (esophageal investigation).-- Barium meal (stomach investigation).Barium meal (stomach investigation).
-- Barium follow through (stomach and smallBarium follow through (stomach and small
bowel investigation).bowel investigation).
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ContrastMedium StudiesContrastMedium Studies
Problems with contrast medium studies.Problems with contrast medium studies.
Allergy reaction.Allergy reaction.
Mild: hot flush, vomiting.Mild: hot flush, vomiting. Moderate: uriticaria, Bronchospasm.Moderate: uriticaria, Bronchospasm.
Severe: respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest.Severe: respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest.
Toxicity.Toxicity.
NephrotoxicityNephrotoxicity ------------ check creatinine before.check creatinine before.
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Barium StudiesBarium Studies
Pre procedural nursing implications.Pre procedural nursing implications.
Patient should NPO after midnight dayPatient should NPO after midnight day
before.before.
For lower GI tract investigation patientFor lower GI tract investigation patientss
large intestine must be free of stool.large intestine must be free of stool.
Health education.Health education.
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Barium StudiesBarium Studies
Post procedural nursing implications.Post procedural nursing implications.
Patient may complain of constipation.Patient may complain of constipation.
Observe for abdominal or rectalObserve for abdominal or rectal
discomfort.discomfort.
Resume diet and medication as ordered.Resume diet and medication as ordered.
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EndoscopyEndoscopy
Its using long, thin and lighted tube forIts using long, thin and lighted tube for
viewing the surface of a canal orviewing the surface of a canal or
hollow organ in the body.hollow organ in the body.
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EndoscopyEndoscopy
Pre procedural nursing implications.Pre procedural nursing implications.
Require formal signed consent form.Require formal signed consent form.
Patient should NPO after midnight dayPatient should NPO after midnight daybefore.before.
For lower GI tract investigation patientFor lower GI tract investigation patientss
large intestine must be free of stool.large intestine must be free of stool.Health education.Health education.
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EndoscopyEndoscopy
Post procedural nursing implications.Post procedural nursing implications.
Patient may complain of constipation.Patient may complain of constipation.
Observe for esophageal or colonObserve for esophageal or colonperforation.perforation.
Resume diet and oral medication when theResume diet and oral medication when the
patient fully alert and gag reflex returned.patient fully alert and gag reflex returned.
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