Code Switching Code Switching and Code Mixingand Code Mixing

Nina SetyaningsihNina Setyaningsih

J. A. Fishman J. A. Fishman who speaks (or write) who speaks (or write) what language (or what language what language (or what language variety), to whom and when, and to variety), to whom and when, and to what end? what end?

People interact with each other and People interact with each other and any particular languages or codes will any particular languages or codes will be used on the basis of who they are be used on the basis of who they are communicating with in a certain communicating with in a certain situation and what objective or purpose situation and what objective or purpose they expect by speaking in such certain they expect by speaking in such certain languages or codes.languages or codes.

BilingualismBilingualism

It is the practice of using two It is the practice of using two languages interchangeably languages interchangeably

It is closely related to the cultural It is closely related to the cultural aspects of the communityaspects of the community

Example: different speech levels used Example: different speech levels used by Javanese peopleby Javanese people

People have to speak different codes People have to speak different codes (i.e. languages) (i.e. languages) code code switching/mixing occurs switching/mixing occurs

The term “code”The term “code”

A neutral term that refer to A neutral term that refer to language, dialect, sosiolect, or language, dialect, sosiolect, or language variety (Sumarsono & language variety (Sumarsono & Partana, 2002). Partana, 2002).

Tanner (in Pride & Holmes eds., Tanner (in Pride & Holmes eds., 1972) 1972)

It includes language and intra-It includes language and intra-language distinctions called varieties language distinctions called varieties (speech levels, dialects, and style).(speech levels, dialects, and style).

Code Code

includes not only a language people includes not only a language people use, but also the varieties of the use, but also the varieties of the language, including dialect, speech language, including dialect, speech level, and style. In other words, code level, and style. In other words, code is a system that is used by at least is a system that is used by at least two people to communicate with two people to communicate with each other.each other.

Code switchingCode switching Crystal Crystal code, or language switching occurs code, or language switching occurs

when an individual who is bilingual alternates when an individual who is bilingual alternates between two languages during his/her speech between two languages during his/her speech with another bilingual person.with another bilingual person.

code switching entails that the language code switching entails that the language codes are used codes are used intersententiallyintersententially

code switching is the alternation of the use code switching is the alternation of the use of at least two languages or their varieties or of at least two languages or their varieties or styles in the same conversation in a bilingual styles in the same conversation in a bilingual community, and structurally it is inter-community, and structurally it is inter-sentential. It is also functional (done on sentential. It is also functional (done on purpose)purpose)

ExampleExample

A: A: Yanis, tu veux du "gado-gado"? Yanis, tu veux du "gado-gado"? (1) (Yanis, would (1) (Yanis, would you like gado-gado?)you like gado-gado?)

B: B: Mais oui, je veux aussi du "es dawet". Quand on Mais oui, je veux aussi du "es dawet". Quand on travaille dur, on a toujours faim. travaille dur, on a toujours faim. (2) (Yes, I’d like (2) (Yes, I’d like es dawet es dawet too. When we work hard, we are always too. When we work hard, we are always hungry.)hungry.)

A: A: Pak Mar, tolong pesen gado-gado kalih, es dawet Pak Mar, tolong pesen gado-gado kalih, es dawet kalihkalih. (3) (Pak Mar, please bring us two . (3) (Pak Mar, please bring us two gado-gadogado-gado and and es dawetes dawet.).)

C: C: Inggih, inggihInggih, inggih. (4) (Alright.). (4) (Alright.)

(Cited from (Cited from http://www.apfi-pppsi.com/alihkode.html)http://www.apfi-pppsi.com/alihkode.html)

Code mixingCode mixing the change of codes within a simple utterance the change of codes within a simple utterance

without any associated topic change without any associated topic change occurs when you incorporate small units occurs when you incorporate small units

(words or short phrases) from one language to (words or short phrases) from one language to another one. It is often unintentional and is another one. It is often unintentional and is often in word level.often in word level.

the language codes are used the language codes are used intrasententiallyintrasententially in code mixing there is a base code that is in code mixing there is a base code that is

used and has its own function and autonomy, used and has its own function and autonomy, whereas the other codes involved are not more whereas the other codes involved are not more than pieces without having function or than pieces without having function or autonomy as a code. autonomy as a code.

Example Example

Awas. Hati-hati! Dalam meng-Awas. Hati-hati! Dalam meng-cover cover berita itu terutama berita itu terutama headline, headline, kamu kamu harus harus correct, balance, correct, balance, jernih, lugas. jernih, lugas. Jangan memihak, jangan memvonisJangan memihak, jangan memvonis. . Hal ini penting, jangan terjadi Hal ini penting, jangan terjadi trial trial by the press. by the press.

(Cited from (Cited from http://www.apfi-pppsi.com/alihkode.html)http://www.apfi-pppsi.com/alihkode.html)

Grosjean’s List of Factors Influencing the Code Grosjean’s List of Factors Influencing the Code

ChoiceChoice

The kinds of code The kinds of code switchingswitching

Metaphorical Metaphorical topic change (formal to topic change (formal to informal, official to personal, serious to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity)humorous, and politeness to solidarity)

Situational Situational based on the situations based on the situations where the speakers find that they speak where the speakers find that they speak one language in one situation and one language in one situation and another in different one, no topic change another in different one, no topic change

Internal Internal ngoko-krama ngoko-krama or vice versaor vice versa External External Indonesian-English or vice Indonesian-English or vice

versaversa

In sum…In sum… When you change language intentionally When you change language intentionally

and you do it because of specific and you do it because of specific purposes (e.g. the presence of third purposes (e.g. the presence of third person that does not share the same person that does not share the same language, or the change of topic or language, or the change of topic or situation), in other word the switch is situation), in other word the switch is functionalfunctional, that means you code-switch. , that means you code-switch. When you insert a piece of word other When you insert a piece of word other than that of your language, and you have than that of your language, and you have no specific purposeno specific purpose or intention when or intention when doing that, that means you code-mix.doing that, that means you code-mix.