Code Mixing And Code Switching As Found In Situation Of ......Code mixing and code switching are...

The Episteme Journal of English Literature and Linguistics Vol 4 no 2 January 2018 1

Code Mixing And Code Switching As Found In Situation OfPoliteness In Banking Services

Herbert Mouren Sianipar, Sondang [email protected]

abstract

Code mixing and code switching are some parts of Sociolinguistics study. In sociolinguistics, codemixing and code switching focus on the changing of code when a conversation occurs. Thechanging must have a reason why it happens. Some reasons of code changing happen in oneconversation. The purpose of this research is to give another perspective in analyzingsociolinguistics especially in bilingualism and multilingualism, that focus on code mixing andcode switching and also to know how the changing of code can occurs on daily conversation inbanking services. As the theory used, the writer analyzed based on Hoffmann’s theory andWardaugh’s theory in code mixing and code changing. And in situation of politeness, the writerfocused on Brown and Levinson’s theory. The method of this research use qualitative descriptivemethod. In analyzing data, the writer used qualitative in getting the most dominant type of codemixing and code switching in banking services. Next, the writer described the analyzing data intonarration of the data, and figured out the reasons how the code changes. The data here are about 20transcriptions of conversations between customer service and teller to banking customers. Afteranalyzing the data, the writer concluded that there are four types of code mixing and codeswitching as found in the conversations. The types of code mixing as found in situation ofpoliteness in banking services are intra-sentential code mixing in request situation of politeness asfound about 24 data and involving a changing pronunciation code mixing about 2 data. The typesof Code Switching as found in situation of politeness in banking services are intersentential codeswitching about 11 data and establishing continuity the previous speaker about 1 data.Furthermore,the dominant type of code mixing as found in situation of politeness in bankingservices is intra-sentential code mixing in request situation of politeness as found about 63%. Thedominant type of code switching as found in situation of politeness in banking services is inter-sentential code switching in request situation of politenes as found about 29%. The most reasonof code changing occurred in situation of politeness in banking is talking about particular topic.

Keywords : code switching, code mixing , intersentential

1.Introduction

Language is known as a tool of communication used by human being to expresshis thought, emotion, and desire to others by using sounds, gestures and signals. Inrelation with language, human beings use language within the social context. Havingcommunication with the others, humans tend to use some languages in one conversation.The relationship between language and social aspects is known as sociolinguistics.Holmes (2008:1) stated that Sociolinguistics study the relationship between language andsociety. They are interested in explaining why we speak differently in different socialcontexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of languageand the ways it is used to convey social meaning. Examining the way people uselanguage in different social contexts provides a wealth of information about the waylanguage works, as well as about the social relationships in a community, and the waypeople convey and construct aspects of their social identity through their language.

From the definition above, language and social aspects cannot be separated,because in social life, humans use language for communication in order to get the


messages each others. Having a conversation between a customer service officer in abank and a customer, the writer observed that some languages occurred in one timedirectly. Whether it is by the customer and also an officer, the codes changeunconsciously.

In a bank services, customer service officer in a bank, there are conversationsoccurred in their daily activities. There are so many types of style in using language. Inbanking services, it is not far from any terms related to the services. In everyconversation, humans choose particular codes or variety of language to make theconversation easier to understand. When talking about bank, customer service officer usesthe language according to the related topic rather than the language used in dailyconversation.

In everyday usage, the term 'politeness' describes behavior which is somewhatformal and distancing, where the intention is not to intrude or impose. Being polite meansexpressing respect towards the person you are talking to and avoid offending them.Politeness will be used to refer to behavior which actively expresses positive concern forothers, as well as non-imposing distancing behavior. In other words, politeness may takethe form of an expression of good-will, as well as the more familiar non-intrusivebehavior which is labelled 'polite' in everyday usage.

There are many rules that must be kept as a customer service officer especially ina bank. The use of language is not far from any changing of code, and also politenesswhen having a dialog to the customers. In this thesis, the writer is interested to figure outthe changing of code itself, whether it is switching or mixing, that found in the situationof politeness in banking services.

These research objectives are to find out the types of code mixing and codeswitching in situation of politeness found in daily conversation in banking services?, tofind out the most dominant type of code mixing and code switching in situation ofpoliteness found in daily conversation in banking services And to figure out the reasonwhy code mixing and code switching occur as found in situation of politeness in dailyconversation in banking services

The findings of this research are beneficial theoretically and practically, asfollows:1. Theoretically, the research will be useful for:

1) The results of research are expected to give another perspective in learningSociolinguistics, especially in Code Mixing and Code Switching that conditionally thechanging of code can be found in banking services.2) The results of research are expected to give another perspective of analysis found inSituation of Politeness in our daily conversation.

2. Practically, for the teacher or lecturer, this research will be a guide in teachingLinguistics especially in Sociolinguistics. As a reader, this research can help thereaders who live in bilingual or multilingual community to keep polite whether thecode change. And for further writers, this can be useful as the development of readingtheories.

In this analysis, the writer will focus in 8 kinds of situations of politeness (Brownand Levinson: 1987). It is also limited on customer services and teller services in bankingoperation services. And the writer will enlist the code mixing and code switching as


found in conversation while the customer service and teller officers have customers indaily activity in bank.Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is the scientific study of the functioning of language in societyincluding its varieties in situations among its speaker. Sociolinguistics is aninterdisciplinary science, which derives from two basic elements, sociology andlinguistics. Linguistics is the study of language, especially its basic elements (such asphonemes, morphemes, words, sentences and meaning) and the interrelationshipsbetween the elements (structures) including the nature and formation of the fourmentioned elements.

The second, sociology, basically studies social organization and the functionslanguage plays in these groups. Hudson (1996, in Sinulingga: 2015) says thatsociolinguistics could simply be defined as the study in relation to society. Therefore,sociolinguistics is the study or analysis of language in relation with its speakers as amember or given society, the social aspects of speech, especially the speech variationavailable in the language related to social factors effecting speech.

The Definition of SociolinguisticsIn this research, the writer starts from sociolinguistic view that Sociolinguistics is

the study of social and language aspects. Wardhaugh (2006:13) stated that“Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationship between language andsociety with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and of howlanguages function in communication”. In the other words, sociolinguistics is not out oflanguage and its social context in way of communication.

Holmes (2008: 1) explained that sociolinguistics is derived from two words suchas socio and linguistics. Socio is social or something that related with society, societygroup, and the function of society. While linguistics is the study of language especiallythe element of language of language such as phoneme, morpheme, word, and sentences.Sociolinguistics encompasses abroad range of concerns including bilingualism, pidginand Creole language, and the other ways that language use as influenced by contactamong people of different language communities. In the other words, sociolinguistics hasbecome an increasingly important and popular study as certain cultures around the worldexpand their communication base.

There are three reasons that sociolinguistics is intended to discuss; to examine thelanguage in relation with social and cultural context, to examine the relationship betweenfactors, characteristics and varieties between social and cultural factors, and the last, toexamine the social function and the use of language in society. In addition,sociolinguistics cannot be separated from language and social community.

Bilingualism and MultilingualismIn sociolinguistics, there is a sub study that is called by Bilingualism and

Multilingualism. It concerns on how human knows and applies more than one language insocial life. Nababan (1984:27) said that bilingualism is the habit to use two languages ininteraction with another. A person who is bilingual absolutely must have good skill inthose alternated languages. Moreover, a bilingual should have the ability to sense anddefine the situation in which he should do the switch from one language into another


languages and then to do fluently for various kind of purposes, in various situations. Onthe other hand, a bilingual person can also have a good ability in separating the use ofboth languages.

In Indonesia, most of people are practically bilingual. In the cities and town,people speak Indonesian and vernacular languages. But for some populations, thecompetence of using language is higher, by using three languages in one interactionspontaneously.

Code Switching and Code Mixing

Some scholars use the terms "code-mixing" and "code-switching"interchangeably, especially in studies of syntax, morphology, and other formal aspects oflanguage. Others assume more specific definitions of code-mixing, but these specificdefinitions may be different in different subfields of linguistics, educationtheory, communications etc.

Code-mixing is similar to the use or creation of pidgins; but while a pidgin iscreated across groups that do not share a common language, code-mixing may occurwithin a multilingual setting where speakers share more than one language.

Some linguists use the terms code-mixing and code-switching more or lessinterchangeably. Especially in formal studies of syntax, morphology, etc., both terms areused to refer to utterances that draw from elements of two or more grammatical systems.These studies are often interested in the alignment of elements from distinct systems, oron constraints that limit switching.

While many linguists have worked to describe the difference between code-switching and borrowing of words or phrases, the term code-mixing may be used toencompass both types of language behavior.

While the term code-switching emphasizes a multilingual speaker's movementfrom one grammatical system to another, the term code-mixing suggests a hybrid form,drawing from distinct grammars. In other words, code-mixing emphasizes the formalaspects of language structures or linguistic competence, while code-switching emphasizes linguistic performance.A Brief Description of Code Mixing and Code Switching

There are some definitions of Code Mixing and Code Switching according tomany linguists. Blom and Gumperz (1972 in Saville-Troike, 1986:64) classify codeswitching into two dimensions. There are two types of code switching based on thedistinction which applies to the style shifting. The first type is situational code switching.Wardhaugh (2006:103) states that situational code switching occurs when the languagesused change according to the situation in which the conversant find them: they speak onelanguage in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved.

When a change topic requires a change in language used, we have metaphoricalcode switching. Saville-Troike (1986:62) define metaphorical code switching as a codeswitching occurring within a single situation but adding some meaning to suchcomponents. The example of situational code switching is that in some universities aritual shift occurs at the end of a successful dissertation defense, when professors addressthe (former) student as Doctor and invite first names in return. While, the example ofmetaphorical code switching is when a German girl shifts from du to Sie with a boy to


indicate the relationship has cooled, or when a wife calls her husband Mr. (Smith) toindicate her displeasure.The second classification is based on the scope of switching or the nature of the juncturewhich language takes place (Saville-Troike, 1986:65). The basic distinction in this scopeis usually between intersentential switching, or change which occurs between sentencesor speech acts, and intrasentential switching, or change which occurs within a singlesentence.

Code mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change oftopic. Code mixing often occurs within one sentence, one element is spoken in languageA and the rest in language B. In addition, Nababan (1984) said that code mixing is foundmainly in informal interactions. In formal situation, the speaker tends to mix it becausethere is no exact idiom in that language, so it is necessary to use words or idioms fromother language.

Hoffman (1991:112) shows many types of code switching and code mixing basedon the juncture or the scope of switching where languages take place. Those are intrasentential switching, inter-sentential switching, emblematic switching, intra-lexical codemixing, establishing continuity with the previous speaker, and involving a change ofpronunciation.The Types of Code Switching

In Code Switching, there are some types that human used to speak. According toHoffman (1991:112) there are many types of code switching and code mixing based onthe juncture or the scope of switching where languages take place. Those areintrasentential switching, inter-sentential switching, emblematic switching, intra-lexicalcode mixing, establishing continuity with the previous speaker, and involving a change ofpronunciation. Each type will be described below:1. Inter-sentential switching

This kind of code switching occurs between clause or sentence boundary, whereeach clause or sentence is in one language or other, as when an adult Spanish-Englishbilingual says: “Tenia zapatos blancos, un poco, they were off-white, you know.”(Hoffman, 1991:112)2. Emblematic switching

In this kind of code switching, tags, exclamation and certain set phrases in onelanguage are inserted into an utterance otherwise in another, as when a Panjabi/Englishsays: “It’s a nice day,hana?” (hai n? isn’t it).Another example is when an adult SpanishAmerican English says: “...Oh! Ay! It was embarrassing! It was very nice, though, but Iwas embarrassed!” (Hoffman, 1991:112)3. Establishing continuity with the previous speaker

This kind of code switching occurs to continue the utterance of the previousspeaker, as when one Indonesian speaker speaks in English and then the other speakertries to respond in English also. Yet, that speaker can also switch again to bahasaIndonesia.For instance:Speaker 1 : I can’t get leave him ‘coz I love him so much…Speaker 2 : Correct! You got the point! Kata ‘banget’ itulah letak

permasalahanmu sekarang ini.


The Types of Code Mixing1. Intra-sentential switching / code mixing

This kind of code mixing occurs within a phrase, a clause or a sentence boundary,as when a French-English bilingual says: “I started going like this. Y luego decla (andthen he said), look at the smoke coming out my fingers.” Another example is fromWardaugh (2006) “Estabatraining para pelar”: “He was training to fight.”2. Intra-lexical code mixing

This kind of code mixing which occurs within a word boundary, such as inshoppã (English shopwith the Panjabi plural ending) or kuenjoy (English enjoywith theSwahili prefix ku, meaning ‘to’).3. Involving a change of pronunciation

This kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesianpeople say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure. Forinstance, the word ‘strawberry’ is said to be ‘stroberi’ by Indonesian people.

The Reasons of Code Switching and Code Mixing occurred in conversationWhen code switching or code mixing occurs, the motivation or reasons of the

speaker is an important consideration in the process. According to Hoffman (1991:116),thereare a number of reasons for bilingual or multilingual person to switch or mix theirlanguages. Those are:1. Talking About a Particular Topic

People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language ratherthan in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to express his/heremotional feelings in a language that is not his/her everyday language. The case can befound in Singapore, in which English language is used to discuss trade or a businessmatter, Mandarin for international “Chinese” language, Malay as the language of theregion, and Tamil as the language of one of the important ethnic groups in the republic.2. Quoting Somebody Else

A speaker switches code to quote a famous expression, proverb, or saying ofsome well-known figures. The switch involves just the words that the speaker is claimingthe quoted person said. The switch like a set of quotation marks. In Indonesian, those wellknown figures are mostly from some English-speaking countries.3. Being Emphatic About Something (Express Solidarity)

As usual, when someone who is talking using a language that is not his nativelanguage suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, he either intentionally orunintentionally, will switch from his second language to his first language. Or, on theother hand, he switches from his second language to his first language because he feelsmore convenient to be emphatic in his second language rather that in his first language.4. Interjection (Inserting Sentence Fillers or Sentence Connectors)

Interjection is words or expressions, which are inserted into a sentence to conveysurprise, strong emotion, or to gain attention. Interjection is a short exclamation like:Darn!, Hey!, Well!, Look!, etc. They have no grammatical value, but speaker uses themquite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. Language switching and languagemixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection orsentence connector. It may happen unintentionally.


5. Repetition Used for ClarificationWhen a bilingual or multilingual person wants to clarify his speech so that it will

be understood better by listener, he can sometimes use both of the languages (codes) thathe masters to say the same message. Frequently, a message in one code is repeated in theother code literally. A repetition is not only served to clarify what is said, but also toamplify or emphasize a message.For example:

English_Hindi (Gumperz, 1982:78)Father calling his small son while walking through a train compartment, “Keepstraight. Sidha jao” (keep straight).

6. Intention of Clarifying the Speech Content for InterlocutorWhen bilingual or multilingual person talks to another bilingual/multilingual,

there will be lots of code switching and code mixing occurs. It means to make the contentof his speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the listener. A message in one codeis repeated in the other code in somewhat modified form.7. Expressing Group Identity

Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity. Theway of communication of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviouslydifferent from the other groups. In other words, the way of communication of onecommunity is different from the people who are out of the community.8. To Soften or Strengthen Request or Command

Code mixing and code switching can also strengthen a command since thespeaker can feel more powerful than the listener because he can use a language thateverybody cannot.9. Because of Real Lexical Need

The most common reason for bilingual/multilingual person to switch or mix theirlanguages is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languages.10. To Exclude Other People When a Comment is Intended for only a LimitedAudience

Sometimes people want to communicate only to certain people or communitythey belong to. To avoid the other community or interference objected to theircommunication by people, they may try to exclude those people by using the languagethat no everybody knows.A Brief Description of Situation of Politeness

When some people talk to another, the way of speaking always keep frompoliteness to make the conversation more interesting in regarding the conversant.Politeness (Brown, P., & Levinson, S.: 1987) is how language expresses the socialdistance between speakers and their different role relationship. Besides that, politenesscan we means as how face work that is the attempt to establish, maintain, and save faceduring conversation, is carried out in a speech Community.

It is very needed the situations to show politeness. They are:1. Greeting

According to Oxford English Dictionary, greeting is the First word used onseeing somebody or in writing to somebody. The way to greet someone is different in oneculture to the other. What greeting is appropriate depends on circumstances, on the timeof the intercultural and how well they know each other. For example: good morning,


good afternoon and good evening, can be used in informal and formal situations. Here is adialog when meeting someone in the afternoon:

A : Good afternoon Rini?B : Good afternoon.A : How are you today?B : Fine. Thanks.A friendly greeting mostly used Hi and Hello. These words are usually intended

to a friend or somebody whom we know closely or intimately. When two Children meet,they are more likely to say Hi or Hello than good morning, good afternoon and goodevening, etc.For example:

A : Hi Tina…B : Hii.......A : How’ve you been?B : Fine, thanks.

One can use more formal way such as:A : How do you do?B : Oh, I’m Andre. How do you do?A : I’m Sule.This greeting is usually used when we just meet with someone for the first time,

or when speaking to someone who we don’t know well.2. Self introducing

Self introducing can be expressed directly or indirectly. We express directly,when we meet someone we don’t know each other and there is the other people who canbe as a mediator to introduce us. For examples:A : Excuse me, I dont think we’ve met before. I’m Gayus.B : How do you do? I’m Nunung.A : Nice to meet you.

The conversation above is usually done in informal way. The answer “How doyou do” is a common greeting when people meet for the first time. Indirectly, selfintroducing is held by other people as mediator. For example:A : John, this friend, Hendra.B : How do you do?C : Very glad to meet you.B : So am I.3. Thanking

Thanking is to express gratitude to other people, if we want to thank them. ForEnglish people, thanking is a very common act. They always say thank you to someonefor something he / she does. There are some ways to express thanks, for example: thanks,many thanks, thank you very much, thanks a lot, thank you, so many thanks. Besides theeveryday ‘thanks’, there are also a few ways of expressing thanks to over the expressionof gratitude, for examples :- I’m very grateful to you- I’m most grateful to you- I shall be grateful / thankful to you all my life. (this is the way of thinking for havingsaved one from murder)


The expression of acknowledgements can be acknowledged in various ways, forexample:A : I’m very grateful to you for Tour help.B : Don’t mention it / you’re welcome.A : I really must thank you for having much trouble to find my dog.B : It’s not trouble at all.A : It’s really very good of you to lend me your dictionary.B : Not at all. It’s a pleasure, thanks all right.

4. OfferingOffering is an expression of willingness to do something. The act of offering can be

expressed in a few ways. For example: if you want to offer someone about something todo or to have, you can say:A : Would you like to have a dinner with me?B : Yes, I would like to / I’d love to.A : Would you like something to eat now?B : Yes, please. I would like fried rice without much garlic, please.5. Invitation

Invitation is a request to come or go somewhere or do something. The invitationcan be expressed when we go to our friend’s house to come to party of anniversary. Forexample:A : Hi, I’d like to invite you to come to a birthday party tomorrow.B : Where?A : In my house, at seven o’clock.B : Ok, I’ll come to your house tomorrow.6. Apologizing

Apologizing is say one sorry or makes an apology. Someone expresses hisapology when he feels sorry for doing something wrong or hurts one’s feeling. Forexample:A : I’m sorry, because I don’t come to your birthday party yesterday.B : It’s ok, why don’t you come?A : Yesterday, I visit my mother in village.7. Leave Taking

Leave taking is someone say good bye. Usually, leave taking will be done whentwo or more people are going to end meeting like visit her friend home. For example:A : It is night, I go home now.B : All right. Be careful.A : Thank you, good bye......8. Request

Request is expression or act of someone of politely asking for something. Theexample of request is:A : Would it be ok if you drive me to the airport?B : Ok, what time?A : On Saturday afternoon.B : Ok, see you in Saturday.A : Thanks before. See you.


Banking ServicesA bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and

creates credit. Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectlythrough capital markets. Due to their importance in the financial stability of a country,banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most nations have institutionalized a systemknown as fractional reserve banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only aportion of their current liabilities (http:wikipedia.org/bank/2017).

A bank teller (http:wikipedia.org/teller/2017.html), often abbreviated to simplyteller, is an employee of a bank who deals directly with customers. In some places, thisemployee is known as a cashier or customer representative. Most teller jobs requireexperience with handling cash and a high school diploma. Most banks provide on-the-jobtraining. Tellers are considered a "front line" in the banking business because they are thefirst people that a customer sees at the bank.

Customer service (http:wikipedia.org/customer service/2017.html) is animportant officer, but broad concept in the banking industry. In essence, banks areservice-based businesses, so most of their activities involve elements of service. Whilethey do sell banking and financial products, there is often little tangible product variationamong their offerings. Customer service managers generally deal directly with serviceissues, but several other common banking jobs involve service.


Research Framework :

CODE MIXING AND CODE SWITCHING AS FOUND INSITUATION OF POLITENESS IN BANKING SERVICES

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

BILINGUAL/MULTILINGUAL

DATA IN SITUATIONPOLITENESS

BAHASA INDONESIA(SL)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE(TL)

CODE MIXING TYPES CODE SWITCHING TYPES

Intra-setential

CodeMixing

Involving aChanging

Pronunciationn

Intra-LexicalCode

Mixing

Inter-setential

SwitchingEmblematicSwitching

EstablishingContinuity

Reason of CodeChanging

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of Code Mixing and CodeSwitching as found in situation of politeness in bankingservices (Sianipar: 2017)


2. Research DesignIn conducting a research, it is important for a researcher to determine the research

method that he or she would like to use. A method is a kind of systematical work plan inorder to make the research work become easier, so that it can achieve its main purpose.This study will be conducted by using descriptive qualitative study. Descriptivequalitative study is the theory to analyze the use of language. This method is also calledas a naturalistic research because the research does in natural setting. Sugiono (2009:15)states that descriptive qualitative research is a research method that is used to search theobjects in natural setting which is the researcher is the key instrument, getting samplingby purposive and snowball, data is analyzed qualitatively and the result of the researchgenerally about language and meaning. So, in this research the data will be analyzedqualitatively in order to identify the kinds of code mixing and code switching as found inbanking services, to analyze the probable reason of using the code mixing and codeswitching and to find out the most dominant of code mixing and code switching.


Figure 2: Qualitative Research Design

The data will be taken from banking services. The data will be transcribed fromthe daily conversation of customer service and teller while serving the customers. Thereason of the writer in taking the data from the banking services because in the formalsituation code mixing and code switching often happen, but in fact, the writer finds someof conversations have language changing whether it is in terminology or clauses.

Instrument is the tools will be used by the researcher in conducting the research.In this study, the writer’s instrument in collecting the data are the transcriptions of theconversation between Customer Service and Teller to banking customers.

Sugiyono (2009: 309) stated that the technique of collecting data is the main stepin research, because the main goal of the research is to get the data. Based on the way ortechnique in collecting data, the technique of data collection is divided into 5 parts, thereare observation, interview, questionnaire, documentation and the combination of thesefour parts. In this research, the technique of collecting the data is conducted to getinformation in which is needed to achieve the purpose of research study. The data will becollected from the dialogue when the customer service and teller working. Documentarytechnique means reading, studying, and analyzing all the study to collect requiredinformation. In this study, the data will be collected from the dialogues and then try totranscribe the conversation.Procedures of Collecting the Data

Procedures are the steps that the writer used in collecting the data. In this study,the procedures of collecting the data are as the following:

1. The writer records the conversation between customer service or teller and thebanking customer.

2. The writer transcribes the dialogues.3. Analyze code mixing and code switching found in the transcription and get the

dominant type.

Step 1: Broad notion of discipline and paradigmin research (Area of investigation)

Sociolinguistics

Step 2: Approach Descriptive

Step 3: Literature Review Issues or problems

Step 4: Data type Qualitative

Step 5: Data collection instruments/methods Document technique

Step 6: The Data Daily conversation in bankingservices

Step 7: Analyze the data Based on Hoffman theory ofcode mixing and code switching

Step 8: Conclusion Interpretation


4. Figure out the reason of the code changing.

Techniques for Analyzing the DataAccording to Nasution (1988, in Sugiyono, 2009:336) stated that data analysis in

qualitative research is an ongoing activity that occurs throughout the investigative processrather that after process. Miles and Huberman (1984) stated that the data analysis isdescriptive analysis by using some steps. The steps are data reduction, data display andfinally the data will be verified (conclusion/verification).

1. Data reduction should not be separated from analysis, but as a part of it. Thisreduction of the data is analysis that helps to sharpen, sort, focus, discard andorganize the data in a way that allows for “final” conclusion to be drawn andverified. Data reduction is used to summarize, to choose the main things, to focusinto the main things, to look for the theme and the pattern, and to throw away thethings that are not needed. In this research, the data reduction is after analyzingthe dialogue and the writer has 5 days in collecting data.

2. Data DisplayData display is the second major activity which the researcher should go through,and it means taking the reduced data and displaying it in an organized,compressed way so that conclusion can be more easily drawn. The most frequentform of display data for qualitative research data in the past has been narrativetext. It is also can be done in the form of matrix, chart, and the interconnection ofcategories, flowchart and the others. In this research, the researcher has shownthe data into table that consists of some columns and gives identification of CodeSwitching and Code mixing by marking it, and also gives description why thedialogue called Code Switching and Code Mixing or the others.

3. Conclusion Drawing/ VerificationAn early conclusion that is mentioned here is temporary and will change if thereare no strong evidences that support the next steps is data collection. Theconclusion in qualitative research is hoped as a new finding that there is nobefore. In this research the conclusion will be mentioned after all the data arefinished to be analyzed. The conclusion will be based on the data result. It can beproven by counting all the data and will be related it into the problems. To findthe dominant types of Code Switching and Code Mixing, the writer will count allthe data and show the total number of them, the highest total number of CodeSwitching and Code Mixing called as the dominant types of Code Switching andCode Mixing. Then, to find the percentage of the data result in each type ofmaxim, the writer chooses the following formula:

X=

Where:X: The percentage of the itemF: frequencyN: the total number of the itemNext, the other problems will be answered in conclusion.


In this research, the writer took the data from the transcription of someconversation between Customer service officer to banking customers and Teller tobanking customers. As being explained in the previous chapter, Code Mixing is classifiedinto three types namely Intra-sentential Mixing, Intra-lexical Mixing and Involving achange of Pronunciation. In Intra-sentential Mixing, the code changing occurs within aphrase, a clause or a sentence, such as in a conversation quoted, “Pak, bisa print buku?(Sir, can my passbook printed?) Code changing is in a clause, that it can be said inIndonesian as the first language cetak. While in Intra-lexical, code changing occurswithin a word boundary and usually in the form of prefix, plural ending and etc.Involving a Change of Pronuncitionoccur at the phonological level, as when Indonesianpeople say an English word but modify it into Indonesian phonological structure, forexample cas. It means to say for charge.

Besides, Code Switching also classified into three types, such as Intra-sententialSwitching, Inter-lexical Switching and Tag Switching. In Intra-sentential Switching, theelement is a word or phrase which is categorized as the content of words which isattached between sentences or boundary, such as rekening dormant. Then, the element ofInter-sentential-Switching is clause or sentence boundary. In this case, an entire clause orsentence is in one language but speaker switches to another language for a subsequentclause or sentence. In this type, the switching should take place between at least twoclauses, which also can be mean two sentences, .In Tag Switching, the element here issimply an interjection, a tag or a sentence’ filter in the other language which serves asethnic identity maker.

The Data of Transcription between Customer Service and Teller to BankingCustomersTranscription on Banking Services Transcription in EnglishDialogue 1Cs : Pagi Bapak, ada yang bisa saya

bantu?C : Cetak buku, Lae!Cs : Mana KTP nya Pak?C : Gak bawa Lae, SIM aja ni.Cs : Oke Pak, tunggu sebentar ya

Pak.

Dialogue 1Cs : Morning Sir, what can I do for you?C : Take my passbook printed, LaeCs : Where is your ID card?C : I don’t bring it, Lae, this is my

Driving LicenseCs : Oke Sir, wait a moment

Dialogue 2C : Bapak, boleh ketemu

mantrinya?Cs : Ibu mau tanyakan apa? Bole

saya bantu?C : Saya mau konfirmasi pinjaman

saya, udah 3 hari saya di OTS,kenapa belum pencairan ya?

Cs : Silahkan langsung ketemu kelantai 2 ya Bu.

Dialogue 2C : Can I meet with account officer,

Sir?Cs : What do you want for ask? Can I

help you?C : I want to confirm about my loan, I

have been checked for three days,why it is not realized yet?

Cs : Please, go upstairs in the secondfloor, see him.


Dialogue 3Cs : Selamat pagi Ibu!C : Pagi Pak. Saya mau bayar

pinjaman.Cs : Bole saya lihat buku

tabungannya?C : Bayarnya kemarin manual pak,

pake slip aja.Cs : Ini pinjamannya paidoff bu, ini

kwitansi lunas.C : Oiyah, saya lupa. Saya ambil

buku tabungan aja ya Pak.Cs : Silahkan Bu, saya tunggu ya.

Dialogue 3Cs : Good morning Madam?C : Morning, Sir. I want to pay my

loanCs : Can I see your book, please?C : Last, I paid manually, voucher useCs : This loan has been paid off, it is

the settle voucherC : Alright, I forget it. I’ll take my

book later SirCs : Yes Mam, I am waiting

Dialogue 4Cs : Pagi Bu, ada yang bisa saya

bantu?C : Cetakkhon jo bukukhon.Cs : Baik Bu, silahkan duduk

sebentar.

Dialogue 4Cs : Morning Mam, can I help you?C : Have my book printed, pleaseCs : Yes Mam, have a seat please

Dialogue 5Cs : Selamat pagi Bapak! Silahkan

duduk! Ada yang bisa sayabantu?

C : Pak, tolong print buku saya.Cs : Baik Bapak, mari buku

tabungannya.

Dialogue 5Cs : Good morning Sir! Have a seat

please. What can I do for you?C : Have my book printed, pleaseCs : Oke Sir, give me your passbook

Dialogue 6C : Pak, bisa print rekening koran?Cs : Bapak, silahkan duduk. Cetak

rekening koran ya Pak, bole sayalihat bukunya?: Ini Pak.

Dialogue 6C : Sir, can you print adhoc report?Cs : Please sit down Sir. Adhoc report

printing, alright, can I see your book?: This is it, Sir

Data AnalysisAfter collecting the data, the writer tries to analyze based on the theories


Data Analysis of Code Mixing and Code switching as found in Situation ofPoliteness in banking services.

Data Code Mixing Code SwitchingSituatio

n ofPolitene

ss

Dialogue

Number

Indonesian(SL)

English(TL)

ISCM

ILCM

ICPCM

InterSCS

EmCS

ECPCS

Dialogue 1

C: Cetakbuku, Lae!

C: Takemypassbookprinted,Lae

Request

C: Gakbawa Lae,SIM aja ni

C: I don’tbring it,Lae, this ismyDrivingLicense

-

Dialogue 2

C: Sayamaukonfirmasipinjamansaya, udah3 hari sayadi OTS,kenapabelumpencairanya?

C: I wantto confirmabout myloan, Ihave beencheckedfor threedays, whyit is notrealizedyet?

-

Dialogue 3

Cs: Inipinjamannya paidoffbu, inikwitansilunas.

Cs: Thisloan hasbeen paidoff, it isthe settlevoucher

-

Dialogue 4

C:Cetakkhonjobukukhon.

C: Havemy bookprinted,please

Request

Dialogue 5

C: Pak,tolong printbuku saya.

C: Please,printed mypass booksir

Request

Dialogue 6

C: Pak, bisaprint

C: Sir, canyou print

Request


rekeningkoran?

adhocreport?

Dialogue 7

C: KartuATM sayasudahexpiredPak, gakbisa sayapakai lagi.

C: Mybankcardhas beenexpiredSir, itcannot beusedanymore

-

C: Print-kan jugabukunyaPak.

C: Printmy passbook ,please

Request

Dialogue 1The writer analyzed the dialogue based on Hoffmann theory of code mixing and

code switching. In the dialogue there is inter sentential code mixing by using word Laethe using of lae in Batak Toba culture shows there is a kinship between men by gender,absolutely its man knows the conversant is also a Bataknese. According to Hoffmann, thereason of code changing here is quoting somebody else because it expresses of sayingsome well-known figures.Dialogue 2

The writer analyzed the dialogue based on Hoffmann theory of code mixing andcode switching. In the dialogue there is inter-sentential code mixing. The reason of codechanging here is talking about a particular topic. The code shows banking term and morecomfortable using this term to convey in banking services.Dialogue 3


The writer analyzed the dialogue based on Hoffmann theory of code mixing andcode switching. In the dialogue there is inter-sentential code mixing. The reason of codechanging here is to express group identity. The way of communication in this dialoguestress that the conversant are Bataknese. Unfortunately, they know each other well.Dialogue 5


The writer analyzed the dialogue based on Hoffmann theory of code mixing andcode switching. In the dialogue there is inter-sentential code mixing. The reason of code


changing here is talking about a particular topic. The code shows banking term and morecomfortable using this term to convey in banking services.Dialogue 7

The writer analyzed the dialogue based on Hoffmann theory of code mixing andcode switching. In the dialogue there is inter-sentential code mixing. The reason of codechanging here is talking about a particular topic. the code shows banking term and morecomfortable using this term to convey in banking services.

The Percentage of Code Mixing and Code SwitchingHere is the percentage of Code Mixing and Code Switching based on Hoffmann theory:

Data Code Mixing Code SwitchingDialogu

eNumbe

r

Indonesian(SL)

English(TL)

IS CM ILCM

ICPCM

InterSCS

EmCS

ECPS

Dialogue 1

C: Cetakbuku, Lae!

C: Take mypassbookprinted, Lae

C: Gakbawa Lae,SIM aja ni

C: I don’tbring it, Lae,this is myDrivingLicense

Dialogue 2

C: Sayamaukonfirmasipinjamansaya, udah3 hari sayadi OTS,kenapabelumpencairanya?

C: I want toconfirmabout myloan, I havebeen checkedfor threedays, why itis notrealized yet?

Dialogue 3

Cs: Inipinjamannya paidoffbu, inikwitansilunas.

Cs: This loanhas been paidoff, it is thesettlevoucher

Dialogue 4

C:Cetakkhonjobukukhon.

C: Have mybook printed,please

Dialog C: Pak, C: Please,


ue 5 tolong printbuku saya.

printed mypass book sir

Dialogue 6

C: Pak, bisaprintrekeningkoran?

C: Sir, canyou printadhoc report?

Dialogue 7

C: KartuATM sayasudahexpiredPak, gakbisa sayapakai lagi.

C: Mybankcard hasbeen expiredSir, it cannotbe usedanymore

C: Print-kan jugabukunyaPak.

C: Print mypass book ,please

DATA AMOUNT 24 0 2 11 0 1PERCENTAGE 63% 0% 5% 29% 0% 3%

From this table, the analysis of Code Mixing and Code Switching based onHoffmann theory found that dialogue 1 until dialogue 20 categorized in the types of codemixing and code switching. There are 24 data categorized in Intra-sentential Code Mixingand 2 data as Involving a Changing Pronunciation Code Mixing, and then 11 data asInter-sentential Code Switching and 1 data as Establish Continuity with the PreviousSpeaker. As the percentage of the data overall, there are 63% in Intra-sentential CodeMixing, 0% Intra-lexical Code Mixing, 5% Involving a Changing Pronunciation, and29% Inter-sentential Code Switching, 0% Emblematic Code Switching and 3%Establishing continuity the Previous Speaker.FindingsAfter analyzing the data, the writer found that:

1. In dialogue 1, based on Hoffmann theory, there is Intra-sentential Code Mixing inRequest situation of politeness.

2. In dialogue 2, based on Hoffmann theory, there is a data as Intra-sentential CodeMixing in Request situation of politeness.


4. In dialogue 4, based on Hoffmann theory, there is a data as Inter-sententialSwitching in Request situation of politeness.



7. In dialogue 7, based on Hoffmann theory, there is a data as Intra-sentential CodeMixing.


8. In dialogue 8, based on Hoffmann theory, there is a data as Intra-sentential CodeMixing in Apologizing situation of politeness.

9. In dialogue 9, based on Hoffmann theory, there are 2 data as Inter-sententialSwitching in Request situation of politeness and 1 data as Establishing Continuitythe Previous Speaker Code Swicthing

10. In dialogue 10, based on Hoffmann theory, there are 3 data as Intra-sententialCode Mixing in Request situation of politeness and 2 data as Inter-sententialSwitching.

11. In dialogue 11, based on Hoffmann theory, there is Intra-sentential Code Mixing.12. In dialogue 12, based on Hoffmann theory, there are 6 data as Intra-sentential

Code Mixing in Request situation of politeness and 2 data as Inter-sententialSwitching.

13. In dialogue 13, based on Hoffmann theory, there is 1 data as Involving aChanging Pronunciation Code Mixing in Request situation of politeness.





18. In dialogue 18, based on Hoffmann theory, there are 3 data as Inter-sententialSwitching in Request and Thanking situation of politeness.


20. In dialogue 20, based on Hoffmann theory, there is a data as Involving aChanging Pronunciation Code Mixing in Request situation of politeness.

InterpretationAfter analyzing and interpreting the data, the writer has found some discoveries

of types of Code Mixing and Code Switching as found in situation of politeness inbanking services. The data serve Intra-sentential Code Mixing as the dominant type ofCode Mixing and Code Switching because talking about a particular topic. The codeshows banking term and more comfortable using this term to convey in banking services.

Hoffman’s theory shows many types of code switching and code mixing based onthe juncture or the scope of switching where languages take place. Those areintrasentential switching, inter-sentential switching, emblematic switching, intra-lexicalcode mixing, establishing continuity with the previous speaker, and involving a change ofpronunciation.Discussion

After analyzing and interpreting the data, the writer has found some discoveriesof types of Code Mixing and Code Switching as found in situation of politeness inbanking services. The data serve Intra-sentential Code Mixing as the dominant type ofCode Mixing and Code Switching because talking about a particular topic. The codeshows ban

king term and more comfortable using this term to convey in banking services.


The Result of the Research :

CODE MIXING AND CODE SWITCHING AS FOUND INSITUATION OF POLITENESS IN BANKING SERVICES

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

BILINGUAL/MULTILINGUAL

DATA IN SITUATIONPOLITNESS

BAHASA INDONESIA(SL)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE(TL)

CODE MIXING TYPES CODE SWITCHING TYPES

Intra-setential

CodeMixing

63%

Involving aChanging

Pronunciation5%

Intra-LexicalCode

Mixing0%

Inter-setential

Switching29%

EmblematicSwitching

0%

EstablishingContinuity

3%

Reason of Code ChangingTalking Particular Topic


4. ConclusionFrom the research, the writer concludes some points, such as:

1. The types of code mixing as found in situation of politeness in banking servicesare Intra-sentential Code Mixing in Request Situation of Politeness as foundabout 24 data and Involving a Changing Pronunciation Code Mixing about 2data. The types of Code Switching as found in situation of politeness in bankingservices are Intersentential Code Switching about 11 data and Establishingcontinuity the Previous Speaker about 1 data.

2. The dominant type of code mixing as found in situation of politeness in bankingservices is Intra-sentential Code Mixing in Request Situation of Politeness asfound about 63%. The dominant type of code switching as found in situation ofpoliteness in banking services is Inter-sentential Code Switching in RequestSituation of Politeness as found about 29%.

3. The most reason of code changing occurred in situation of politeness in bankingis Talking about particular topic.

In accordance to findings and conclusions, the writer suggests some points, as follow:1. To the reader, this research can be a reference to encourage knowledge about

Sociolinguistics, especially in learning Code Mixing and Code Switching.2. To the teacher and lecturer, this can be a guide to teach about Sociolinguistics.3. And for the researcher, have a further analysis related to this topic, that will be

better than this research.

REFERENCES

Appel, R and Muysken, P. 2000. Language contact and bilingualism. Amsterdam:Amsterdam University Press.

Bloomfield, L. 1953. Language . London: Compton Printing.Coupland, N. 2007. Style language variation. USA, New York: Cambridge

University Press.

Holmes, Janet. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic. London and New York:Longman

Meyerhoff, M. 2006. Introducing sociolinguistics. USA and Canada: Routledge.Muysken, P. 2000. Bilingual speech: A typology of code mixing. Cambridge:

Cambridge Unversity Press.Moleong, L. J. 2011. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja

Rosdakarya.Tagliamonte, S. A. 2006. Analysing sociolinguistic variation. United Kingdom:

Cambridge University Press.Wardhaugh, R. 2006. An introduction to sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell

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