Perspectives of Mental Health: Past & PresentCMHUnit 1TEKS 1,C; 4, C

Objectives:

• Identify societal perspectives related to mental health• Examine designated scope of

practice of professionals

Historical Treatments for the Mentally Ill

Historical Treatments for the Mentally Ill

• Bones found through archaeological evidence have shown that holes were drilled into skulls, called trepanation.•Done to let evil spirits out

Historical Treatments for the Mentally Ill

• Treatments for the mentally disturbed consisted of rituals, potions, and even exorcisms carried out by priests, magicians, and medicine men.

• Today, many drugs exist to assist with all types of psychological disorders.

Historical Milestones

Ancient GreecePeople thought the mentally ill had

been punished by the gods for doing something wrong and ceremonies were used as treatment for possession.

Historical Milestones: Ancient Greece

Socrates and Plato Known for the “Know thyself” advice

which suggests we can learn a lot about ourselves by examining our thoughts and feelings, or looking within which is called introspection.

Historical Milestones: Ancient Greece

Aristotle Greek philosopher Responsible for the laws of associationism, a learned condition between two ideas or events, which are still in use today.

Hippocrates (“father of medicine”) Collected data and conducted

experiments to show that disease was a natural process.

Proposed that mental disorders were brought about by abnormalities of the brain and an imbalance of four body fluids – blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.

He believed that an excess of black bile resulted in depression or melancholy.

Historical Milestones: Ancient Greece

Historical Milestones: Ancient Greece

Renaissance Brought about beliefs in witchcraft

and demonic possession and were thought to be the cause of insanity.

There were several popular treatments such as persecution, starvation, restraints, beatings, and even drowning.

Historical Milestones: Ancient Greece

Colonial People who

were mentally ill were often accused of being witches and of witchcraft.

Historical Treatments for the Mentally Ill1500’s Institutions were built to house the

mentally illThey had deplorable living conditions

with filthy rooms. The mentally ill were subjected to

public beatings as treatment.

Historical Treatments for the Mentally Ill: 1500’s

Saint Mary’s of Bethlehem Famous asylum

in London Nicknamed “Bedlam” due to its poor living conditions means a state of uproar, confusion, chaos and anarchy

Historical Treatments for the Mentally Ill

1600’s & 1700’s Led to the

beginning of modern psychiatry

Stated ideas about human behavior should be supported by science

Phillipe Pinel Introduced a new concept of exercise, fresh air, and clean

environment for the mentally ill

Historical Treatments for the Mentally Ill: 1840’s

Dorothy Dix An American school teacher Persuaded state officials to provide

funding for improved asylums, schools, and prisons

Historical Treatments for the Mentally Ill: 1883

Emil Kraeplin German psychiatrist Developed a system for diagnosing a

classifying mental illness Made distinctions between

schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis that remain valid today.

Pair Activity: The Past – A Timeline in History• Construct a timeline by conducting research on

the Internet • Find 8-10 significant milestones in the counseling

and mental health industry• Focus on the 20th (1901-2000) & 21st century

(2001 – 2099)• Milestones, evolution, history, contributions

Theoretical Perspectives on Mental Illness in the 20th Century

Theoretical Perspectives on Mental Illness in the 20th Century

• The twentieth century brought significant change to theories and perspectives of mental illness and its treatments.

Psychoanalytical Theory (1st theory of personality)

• All behavior is meaningful and is influenced by unconscious impulse and conflicts.• Our childhood experiences and

unconscious desires influences our behavior.•Memories, beliefs, urges, drives and instincts we are not always aware of

Sigmund Freud

• A Viennese physician• Considered the founder of

psychoanalysis• He believed that people were driven

by hidden impulses• It is his belief that the mind has three

basic structures, the id, ego, and superego.

Sigmund Freud: • ID – unconscious part

of the brain • Developed after birth• Demands immediate gratification

• EGO – part of our conscious/unconscious mind• Reality principle• Seeks long-term gratification

• SUPER EGO • Developed around age 4•Moral compass/ conscience

Sigmund Freud:

• Freud Theory: Id, Ego, & Super Ego

Carl Gustav Jung

• Swiss psychiatrist• Introduced the concept of the

collective unconscious which is described as a store of ideas and images of the experiences shared by all humans called archetypes.

Carl Gustav Jung• His first achievement

was to differentiate two classes of people according to attitude types: extraverted (outward-looking) and introverted (inward-looking).

• Later he differentiated four functions of the mind—thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition—one or more of which predominate in any given person.

Behavioral Theory

• Behavior is learned and can be reinforced or modified.• One’s personality is a result of the

interaction between an individual and their environment• Focused on observable and

measurable behavior rather than mental or emotional behaviors.

Behavioral Theory: B. F. Skinner

• Psychologist• Introduced the principles of

reinforcement, that behavior is learned from environmental experiences.• Concept of operant conditioning using rewards/punishments to increase/decrease a behavior

Behavioral Theory: Ivan Pavlov

• Considered by many as the father of behaviorism• Associated with classical conditioning•Pavlov Dog• Places a neutral stimulus with an

unconditional stimulus to trigger an involuntary response

Behavioral Theory: John B. Watson

• Considered to be the founder of behaviorism • Defined psychology as the scientific

study of behavior.

John B. Watson• Coined the term "Behaviorism" in 1913.• He derived much of his thinking from Pavlov's

animal studies (classical conditioning).Aspects of Watson's theory: 

• He opposed mentalistic concepts • He used contiguity to explain learning • He considered emotion to be just another example of classical conditioning • He rejected the notion of individual differences • He thought complex behaviors came about through combinations of identifiable reflexes • He was a chief proponent of "nurture" and believed that all human differences were the result of learning • He believed that practice strengthens learning 

Humanistic Theory

• Existential Perspective – stresses self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the ability to make choices.• Individuals have free will and we can

actively develop ourselves to our highest potential and reach self-actualization.

Carl Rogers

• In the 1950’s through 1960’s, Carl Rogers believed that “self-actualization” was the way to live a genuine life and that treatment must be client-centered.• Self-actualization is the need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being.

• Used Maslow’s ideas and stated self-actualization is a constant growth process that is nurtured in a growth-promoting climate.

Carl Rogers – Self-Actualization

• To help someone reach self-actualization, there are two conditions that need to be met:Growth is nurtured when an individual is being genuine open/revealing about themselves

Growth is nurtured through acceptance and acceptance from others.

Abraham Maslow

• Introduced a Hierarchy of Needs that stated basic needs must be met before higher level needs can be realized.

• He was a psychologist who originally presented his Hierarchy of Needs as a theory in a paper in 1943 titled A Theory of Human Motivation.

• Unlike other psychologists, Maslow focused on studying “exemplary people” instead of people with mental illness.

• In his research, he spent much of his time studying the healthiest one percent of college students.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Gestalt Therapy• Founded by Fredrick Perls• Based on the idea that

perceptions are more than the sums of their parts.

• It focuses on the here and now.

• He claims what someone is feeling or perceiving, or what is happening at the time, is more important than what should be or could be.

Cognitive Theory

• Focuses on the function of thoughts in determining behavior.

• It is based on information processing for the brain and that faulty processing or thinking locks a person into dark, inflexible ways of thinking and behaving.

Strategic Theory

• Reality for each person is created through communication with others and is a type of communication therapy.

• This theory emphasizes that the choice, use and order of words influences one’s perceptions of their own experiences.

Theories:

• Neuropsychology individuals are chemically treated to behave in particular ways due to genetic makeup.• Psychopharmacolo

gy is the use of drugs to help maintain more “normal” neurology.

Individual Activity: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs• Create/draw a pyramid• Find/draw pics that reflect each need• Label and define each level of need• List needs that belong to the level• On the back of your paper/pyramid,

provide examples on how each need can be met