(click to start). GEO for World Deserts Chapter 1 proposal.
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Transcript of (click to start). GEO for World Deserts Chapter 1 proposal.
(click to start)
GEO for World DesertsGEO for World Deserts
Chapter 1 proposalChapter 1 proposal
Global atmospheric circulation Global atmospheric circulation and the distribution of desertsand the distribution of deserts
Ocean upwellings and westerly Ocean upwellings and westerly coastal desertscoastal deserts
California current
Coriolis deflection
upwelling
Tidal flow
upwelling
tidalmixing
Rain-shadow desertsRain-shadow deserts
Pleistocene glaciations and Pleistocene glaciations and desert biodiversitydesert biodiversity
Deserts and
Pleistocene Relicts
Fragility of World DesertsFragility of World DesertsIn spite of their apparent barrenness, the deserts of the world harbor unique and rare biotas with impressive biological adaptations. The fragmented evolutionary history of the deserts of the world has been the driving force of their biological rarity, of adaptation to local conditions, of specialization to isolated environments. As a result of evolution in isolation from each other, the world’s deserts have high levels of endemism and harbour rare and unique life forms, a fact that makes them ecologically fragile and highly vulnerable to biological extinction.
Cycles, anomalies, and Cycles, anomalies, and teleconnectionsteleconnections
The nurse-plant cycle
periods of extraordinary rainfall
-4-3-2-10123
SO
I
-4
-2
0
2
4
An
om
aly
(°C
)
1985 1990 1995 2000
a
b
r = 0.53
-300
-100
100
300
-3 -2 -1 1 2
SOI
rain
fall
anom
aly
(m
m)
El Niño conditions
La Niña conditions
May 1998
September 2003
time
trackers
averagers
time
time
moi
stur
e
environmental pulses
Deserts and agricultureDeserts and agricultureBecause desert ephemerals grow fast and produce abundant seed in just a few weeks, it comes as no surprise that the earliest archaeological records of agriculture come from dryland regions and that the first domesticated crops evolved from desert annuals. Indeed, the first records of cultivated wheat and barley (two desert ephemerals) come from the Fertile Crescent of the Middle-East some 7–9 thousand years ago.
Deserts and agricultureDeserts and agricultureSimilarly, in the American Continent the first agricultural records come from the Tehuacán Valley in southern Mexico, a hot rain-shadow tropical desert where corn, amaranth and squash (all annual, drought-tolerant, fast growers) were first domesticated some 6 thousand years ago.
To a large extent, deserts have been the cradle of agriculture.
Deserts and water useDeserts and water use
Eficiencia ecológica del uso del agua en cuencasEficiencia ecológica del uso del agua en cuencasde riego del norte de Méxicode riego del norte de México
Cultivo de maíz: 2.5 m3/kg grano cosechado
Cultivo de alfalfa: 1.6 m3/kg forraje cosechado
Carne de vacuno: 31 m3/kg de carne
Conversión de eficiencia ecológica a eficiencia energética del Conversión de eficiencia ecológica a eficiencia energética del uso del aguauso del agua
a.- Elevar 1 L de agua una altura de 1 metro consume 9.8 Joule.
b.- Por lo tanto, elevar 1 m3 de agua desde un acuífero de 100 metros de profundidad, consume aprox. 1 MJoule.
c.- Un MJoule es igual a 0.28 kW-h, y es igual a la energía calórica contenida en 0.046 L de gasolina.
d.- Considerando la fricción en las tuberías y la ineficiencia energética de los motores y las bombas, se necesitan aprox. 0.1 L de gasolina para elevar 1 m3 de agua desde 100 metros de profundidad, o se deben gastar 0.28 kW-h.
Eficiencia energética del uso del agua en cuencasEficiencia energética del uso del agua en cuencasde riego del norte de Méxicode riego del norte de México
Cultivo de maíz: 7.4 106 Joule/kg cosechado(aprox. 0.34 L gasolina/kg maíz)
Cultivo de alfalfa: 4.6 106 Joule/kg cosechado(aprox. 0.21 L gasolina/kg alfalfa)
Carne de vacuno: 91.9 106 Joule/kg de carne(aprox. 4.21 L gasolina/kg carne)
Los lLos líímites de la desalinización del agua de marmites de la desalinización del agua de mar
Presión osmótica del agua de mar: 2.75 MPa
Trabajo teórico para desalinizar 1 m3: 2.75 MJ
Trabajo real para desalinizar 1 m3: 27 MJ = 7.5 kW-h
Coastal ecosystems as water users
Chapter 1: Ecology and evolution of the Chapter 1: Ecology and evolution of the world’s desertsworld’s deserts
a. Global distribution of deserts
The desert biome, general climatic and geographic conditions
Latitudinal desert belts
The effect of coastal upwellings on desert evolution
Rain-shadows and tropical arid zones
Chapter 1: Ecology and evolution of the Chapter 1: Ecology and evolution of the world’s desertsworld’s deserts
b. Evolution, history and biogeography
Glacial periods and the evolution of desert biota
The expansion of deserts during the Holocene
Mountain sky-islands and Pleistocene relicts
The evolution and development of pastoralism
Chapter 1: Ecology and evolution of the Chapter 1: Ecology and evolution of the world’s desertsworld’s deserts
c. Biological adaptation to aridity
Cycles of abundance and scarcity
Life-forms and adaptations of plants and animals to aridity
Species interactions: pollinators, seed dispersers, facilitation
Deserts and agriculture
Chapter 1: Ecology and evolution of the Chapter 1: Ecology and evolution of the world’s desertsworld’s deserts
d. Global environmental dynamics and desert ecosystems
Ocean/atmospheric/land coupling phenomena
Long-term cycles; El Niño anomalies
Desert dust in the global atmosphere and its consequences
Desertification, albedo changes, and global change