C L E A N E N E R G Y PAT H

C H E A P R E N E WA B L E S

W H Y P R I C E S W I L L FA L L

R E N E WA B L E S R A C E

B U S I N E S S A S U S U A L

THE ROAD TO CLEANENERGY THROUGH INNOVATION

THE WORLD IS USING MORE ENERGY THAN EVER BEFORE. BUT MOST OF IT STILL COMES FROM FOSSIL FUELS. WE NEED TO CHANGE COURSE—AND FAST. CAN NEW TECHNOLOGIES PUT US ON

TRACK FOR A CLEAN ENERGY FUTURE?

China currently has a quarter of the world's renewable electricity capacity

Hydroelectricity is a renewable sourceof energy, but not one that can be scaledup sustainably. Flooding valleys for large

hydroelectric dams destroys wildlifehabitats and displaces people.

NO HYDRO?

NuclearOtherWindSolarHydroGasOilCoal

15,000

12,000

9,000

6,000

3,000

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

LESS THAN 10% OF OUR ENERGY COMES FROM RENEWABLESWorld primary energy consumption, million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe)

Clean energy scenarioEmissions peak before 2020

Business as usual scenarioEmissions keep rising until 2100

Average global temperature increase in 2081-2100compared to 1986-2005

A BRIGHT FUTUREWind and solar energy have seen triple-digit

growth over the last five years

Solar and wind will become super-affordable over the next decade

1. MORE EFFICIENT PLANTS

TOO HOT TO HANDLEA future where temperatures are nearly 5°C

higher is not a future we want

NuclearOtherWindSolar

HydroGas

OilCoal

-6.9%+38%

+146%

+14%+8.6%+6.2%+5.7%

+664%

Gigawatts (GW) of renewable electricity in 2015

By country

ChinaU.S.

Germany

JapanIndia

Italy

Spain

496

202

9765

8351 49

Note: Solar energy includes electricity from photovoltaic (PV) panels and electricity and, where relevant, heat from concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. Individually-rounded values may not sum 100%.

Sources: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2016, IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, IRENA The Power to Change 2016, REN21 Renewables Global Status Report 2016, UN World Population Prospects 2015, Jacobson and Delucchi 2011.

A N U N S U S TA I N A B L E PAT H

THE ROAD TO CLEANENERGY THROUGH INNOVATION

ENERGY USETonnes of oil equivalent (toe) per person

1965

2015

1.1 +59%1.8

ENERGY-RELATED EMISSIONSTonnes of CO2 per person

1965

2015

3.4 +33%4.6

THE WORLD'S POPULATION HAS GROWN OVER THE LAST 50 YEARS. BUT SO HAS THE ENERGY USED PER PERSON, LEADING TO HIGHER CO2 EMISSIONS.

THE PROBLEM ISN'T THAT WE'RE RUNNING OUT OF FOSSIL FUELS. THE WORLD HAS OVER 50 YEARS OF OIL AND GAS AND 100 YEARS OF COAL LEFT. BUT WE

CANNOT AFFORD TO BURN THEM.

A T U R N I N G P O I N T

T H E R O A D A H E A D

I N T O T H E D I S TA N C E

A S U S TA I N A B L E F U T U R E

Photovoltaic (PV)

Concentrating solar

Onshore wind

Offshore wind

12

9

65

18

15

13

7

Average global cost per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity, US cents

2015 2025

Bigger wind turbines will capture more energy from the same amount of wind

2. DATA-DRIVEN INNOVATIONS

Digital technology will mean more efficient, more reliable renewable energy storage

3. ECONOMIES OF SCALE

Doing business will become ever cheaper and easier as markets for renewable

technologies grow

Digital wind farms: Use data from sensors to position turbines precisely and create more efficient blades

Average rotor diameter, US onshore wind turbines

199820142025

48 metres99 metres

119 metres

Fall in module costs with every doubling ofenergy capacity

Smart grids: Can handle the fluctuat-ing power from wind and solar plants and could be integrated with electric vehicles

Predictive maintenance: Continuous monitoring of energy plants so that they can be fixed before they break down

18-22%Solar PV

12%Wind

1,064Hydro

433Wind

232Solar

120Other

By source

1,819 GWGlobal

THE BIZARRE TECHNOLOGIES BEING ROAD-TESTED TODAY THAT COULD ONE DAY MEET OUR ENERGY NEEDS

B I O D I E S E L F R O M A LG A E

Algae are up to 50% oil and can produce 15 times more fuel per acre than oil palm. Biodiesel

from giant algae-filled ponds could one day power jet aircraft.

G I G A N T I C BAT T E R I E S

Nuclear plants provide a constant stream of backup power. But power demand fluctuates

over the day, so surplus energy is generated at off-peak times. Enormous batteries could soon store this energy and release it when needed.

H I G H -A LT I T U D E T U R B I N E S

Winds in the jet stream, 8-16km up, are on average eight times as powerful as surface

winds. What if we could capture that energy? Over 50 commercial projects are currently

working on it.

H A LO P H Y T E B I O F U E LS

Today's biofuels compete with food crops for land and fresh water. But salt-loving plants

called halophytes don't have this problem—they can grow in deserts irrigated

with seawater—making them a promising option for future biofuels.

E C O PA R KS

Energy and industrial plants can be coupled with each other as an ecosystem to minimize

energy, material waste and environmental footprints. For example, surplus steam from a

power plant can be transferred to another plant, or used to heat homes.

COULD WE EVER POWER THE WORLD ON CLEAN ENERGY? YES—AND WE

COULD DO IT BY 2030.

POWERING THE WORLD ON CLEAN ENERGY ALONE WOULD TAKE JUST 1% OF THE WORLD'S LAND AREA.

5.8Wind

4.6Solar

0.5Hydro

0.7Other

11.5TWGLOBAL POWER

DEMAND IN 2030

2 . 6 -4 . 8 ° C

0 . 3 ° -1 . 7 ° C

!

!

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(terawatts)