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The American Civil War
Abraham Lincoln
• Early in his career, Abraham Lincoln was a lawyer, a member of the Illinois state legislature, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
• He supported the Republican Party and the party’s efforts to stop slavery
• He was nominated for a U.S. Senate seat, going against Democrat Stephen Douglas– Well known for the Kansas Nebraska Act
Lincoln-Douglas Debates• 1858, Douglas and Lincoln competed for a Senate seat• Lincoln tried to take advantage of his opponent’s fame,
and challenged Douglas to a series of debates throughout the state
• Thousands of people attended the seven debates• Lincoln focused on slavery and the future in the West
– Said Democrats wanted to spread slavery across the continent
– Lincoln, a Republican, felt slavery was wrong– Felt African Americans were “entitled to all the natural
rights” listed in the Declaration of Independence– He did not feel AA’s were political or social equals, but– “in the right to eat the bread…which his own hand earns, he
is my equal”
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
VS.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• Douglas used Lincoln’s stance on equality against Lincoln
• “Those of you who believe that the Negro is your equal…of course will vote for Mr. Lincoln”
• Douglas criticized Lincoln for believing the country could not remain half slave and half free
• Accused him of wanting to make all states free, which would lead to “warfare between the North and the South”
Lincoln-Douglas Results
• Douglas’ response to the Dred Scott decision helped him win the Seat.– He said the people of each area have the power to
vote for or against slavery. • Even though he lost, Lincoln gained national
attention and media coverage• This helped him to gain the Republican
nomination for President in the 1860 election
Election of 1860• Northern Democrats chose Senator Stephen Douglas• Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln
– He was against slavery, but said he would not try to abolish slavery wherever it existed, making him appeal to a large audience
• John Breckinridge and John Bell also campaigned. • The three other candidate split many of the votes among
themselves– Lincoln won 180/183 northern electoral votes– Breckinridge and Bell split the southern electoral votes– Douglas won only 12 electoral votes
• Lincoln won the presidency, even though he did not win a single southern state
• This was a reminder of the lack of political power in the South
• Also on page 573
Secession
• Many southern whites believed Lincoln would abolish slavery once in power– This would destroy the South’s economy and
lifestyle• Four days after Lincoln’s election, South
Carolina’s legislature called for a special convention to consider secession.
• After three days of discussion, all delegates voted to secede.
• Since secession was not directly discussed in the Constitution, some southern states believed they could get out of the Union just as they got in, by holding a state convention and voting.
• Lincoln disagreed, saying no state can lawfully get out of the Union, without revolution, which was against the law.
Confederate States of America
• By 2/1/1861, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded from the Union
• The seceding states formed The Confederate States of America, aka the Confederacy.
• Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected President of the CSA.
First Shots of the War
• Lincoln called for unity at his inaugural address• Confederate officials were already taking over federal
storehouses and forts• Fort Sumter, near Charleston, South Carolina was a Union
fort located in the South• Lincoln ordered the troops to be resupplied, but South
Carolina troops demanded the Union troops leave the fort. • Confederate guns opened fire, beginning the Civil War.• 34 hours of Confederate bombardment forced the North to
surrender
Border States
• The free Northern states were solidly for the Union• Slave states that did not join the confederacy had to
choose sides• N.C., Tennessee, Virginia, Arkansas
– Joined confederacy• Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri bordered the
North– The position of these states made them important to both
the North and the South– While some soldiers fought for both sides, the border states
eventually joined the Union
Union vs. Confederates
North Vs. South
• Northern Advantages– Larger Population = More soldiers– More factories and shipyards– Better Railroads = easier transportation– More money
• Confederate Advantages– Many skilled officers– Didn’t have to “win” anything, just not give up
Northern Strategy
• Union general Winfield Scott developed the Union’s two-part strategy, the “Anaconda Plan”– Destroy the south’s economy with a naval
blockade of seaports– Gain control of the Mississippi River to divide the
Confederacy and cut its communication lines• Felt this would result in the least bloodshed;
but would take time
Overviewof
the North’s
Civil WarStrategy
:
“Anaconda”
Plan
The “Anaconda” Plan
Southern Strategy
• Defend its territory and wear down the Union’s will to fight
• Take Washington D.C.• Cotton Diplomacy- the belief that the British
gov’t would support the South because of their reliance on cotton– British had large stockpiles of cotton and also
acquired it from India and Egypt
Main Leaders
• Ulysses S. Grant – Union General• George McClellan – Union General
• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson – Confederate General– “There is Jackson standing like a stone wall”
• Robert E. Lee – Confederate General
Main Battles/Events
• Ft. Sumter-First Shots of the Civil War; located in Charlestown, South Carolina
• First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)• Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)• Battle of Antietam: Bloodiest single day of the
civil war; 23,000 casualties. First battle fought on northern soil.
• Battle of Hampton Roads (Monitor vs. Merrimack/Virginia)
Main Battles/Events
• Battle of Shiloh• Vicksburg• Gettysburg: Turning point of the war• Sherman’s March to the Sea: Used scorched
earth policy.• Appomattox Courthouse: General Lee
surrendered to General Grant, ending the Civil War.
Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln supported freeing the Slaves if it would help the North win the war– He was hesitant because he feared it might weaken
support for the war– Constitution did not give the President the right to
end slavery; some saw slaves as property of the Southerners
• After the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln called for all slaves in Confederate controlled areas to be freed
• News of this encouraged southern slaves to escape when Union troops were nearby
• Some opposed the Proclamation, as they simply wanted to restore the Union, not to end slavery
Emancipation in 1863
TheEmancipati
onProclamatio
n
Weapons• Most soldiers were issued smoothbore muskets
that were difficult to load and could be fired at an accurate range of only about 100 yards, only three times in one minute. Rifled muskets were much more accurate and deadly with a range of up to 500 yards.
Destruction from Artillery• In the Civil War, some Cannons were rifled for
better accuracy and more power.• Rifled cannons could accurately lob shells for
almost 2000 yards; that is almost one mile!. • Smoothbore cannons were not as accurate and
could be lobbed 500 yards.
The Confederate Seal
MOTTO “With God As Our Vindicator”
Inflation in the South
McClellan: I Can Do It All!
Major Battles of the Civil War:
Manassas, Virginia Bull Run
The Confederate Generals
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
George Pickett
“Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest
Robert E. Lee
Lincoln’s Generals
Irwin McDowell
Winfield Scott
George McClellan,Again!
George McClellan
Ambrose Burnside
Joseph Hooker
George MeadeUlysses S. Grant
Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other
Wars
Manassas Junction, Va.
• This was the first major land battle of the Civil War
• Around Union 28,500 troops are going to battle 32,000 Confederate troops for control of an important rail road junction in Northern Virginia.
• Many people from both sides thought this battle would determine the outcome of the war.
Bull Run, Manassas, Virginia
• The first battle was an important Confederate victory. Manassas shows that the war was going to be very long and difficult for both sides.
Results• Confederate Victory• This battle convinced both sides that the
war would be a long and costly affair.• Manassas National Battlefield Park: Home
Page
Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas)
July, 1861
The Battle of the Ironclads,
March, 1862The Monitor
vs.the Merrimac
Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the
War”
23,000 casualties
September 17, 1862
The Bloodiest Day of the Civil War" The Battle of Antietam
Confederate Losses Union Losses
Killed-1,512 Killed--2,108
Wounded--7,816 Wounded--9,549
Captured/Missing--1,844 Captured/Missing--753
Antietam: Sharpsburg, Maryland
• Bloody battle in Maryland resulted in a tie and Robert E. Lee’s army has to retreat back into Virginia. Lee attacked the north because he needed a victory on northern soil.
Vicksburg, Mississippi
• This important battle gave the Union Army control of trade and he Mississippi River, which cut the Confederacy in half and allowed General Grant to control trade and communication on the river.
Vicksburg-Dec. 1862-July 1863
• Constant bombardment• Porter kept up a continual bombardment
and cannonade for forty days, during which time he fired 7,000 mortar shells, and the gunboats 4,500 shells. Grant drew his lines closer and closer. He kept up a bombardment day and night
• Mule meat was a rare meal
• Banks of the Mississippi• Grant surrounds the city• Starves the people• Last stronghold of the
South on the river
Chancellorsville, Virginia
• Stonewall Jackson loses his life after achieving one of the greatest military maneuvers of the Civil War at Chancellorsville, in Virginia.
ChancellorsvilleMay 63
Hooker in commandof Union Troops
• Hooker had 125,000-lost 17,000; Lee had 58,000, lost 13,000
• Confederate success• Hooker flank was
taken• JACKSON IS KILLED by
his own troops
The War in
the West, 1863:
Vicksburg
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania• Gettysburg was an important Northern victory.
The confederate Army was cut down by almost 25%.
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Gettysburg Casualties
Sherman’s
“Marchto theSea”
throughGeorgia,
1864
1864
• Sept-Dec. 1864- March through Georgia• General Sherman takes Atlanta Burns it-then marches to
Savannah-a present to Lincoln on Christmas.• Troops live off land-denuded a strip of land 60 miles wide 120
miles long• Military objective-conquer territory; Economic objective-destroy resources Psychological objective-break the will of the people as the
Union marches through the Confederacy
The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865
Union Prison Campat Andersonville, GA
Original Andersonville Plan
Planned to hold 10,000 men.
Had over 32,000 at one time.
Distributing “Rations”
Union “Survivors”
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
WANTED~~!!
The Execution