The Civil War & Slavery

Leading to the WarLeading to the War

January 1861 -- The South January 1861 -- The South SecedesSecedes..

When Abraham Lincoln, a known opponent of slavery, was elected president, the South When Abraham Lincoln, a known opponent of slavery, was elected president, the South Carolina legislature perceived a threat. Calling a state convention, the delegates voted Carolina legislature perceived a threat. Calling a state convention, the delegates voted to remove the state of South Carolina from the union known as the United States of to remove the state of South Carolina from the union known as the United States of America. The secession of South Carolina was followed by the secession of six more America. The secession of South Carolina was followed by the secession of six more states -- Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas -- and the threat of states -- Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas -- and the threat of secession by four more -- Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. These secession by four more -- Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. These eleven states eventually formed the Confederate States of America.eleven states eventually formed the Confederate States of America.

June 1861 -- West Virginia Is Born.June 1861 -- West Virginia Is Born. Residents of the western counties of Virginia did not wish to secede along with the rest Residents of the western counties of Virginia did not wish to secede along with the rest

of the state. This section of Virginia was admitted into the Union as the state of West of the state. This section of Virginia was admitted into the Union as the state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863.Virginia on June 20, 1863.

May 1862 -- "Stonewall" Jackson May 1862 -- "Stonewall" Jackson Defeats Union Forces.Defeats Union Forces.

Confederate General Thomas J. Confederate General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, commanding "Stonewall" Jackson, commanding forces in the Shenandoah Valley, forces in the Shenandoah Valley, attacked Union forces in late March, attacked Union forces in late March, forcing them to retreat across the forcing them to retreat across the Potomac. As a result, Union troops Potomac. As a result, Union troops were rushed to protect Washington, were rushed to protect Washington, D.C.D.C.

September 1862 -- Harper's Ferry.September 1862 -- Harper's Ferry. Union General McClellan defeated Union General McClellan defeated

Confederate General Lee at South Confederate General Lee at South Mountain and Crampton's Gap in Mountain and Crampton's Gap in September, but did not move quickly September, but did not move quickly enough to save Harper's Ferry, which enough to save Harper's Ferry, which fell to Confederate General Jackson on fell to Confederate General Jackson on September 15, along with a great September 15, along with a great number of men and a large body of number of men and a large body of supplies.supplies.

General Stonewall Jackson

May 1863 -- The Vicksburg Campaign.May 1863 -- The Vicksburg Campaign. On May 22, Grant began a siege of the city. After six weeks, Confederate General On May 22, Grant began a siege of the city. After six weeks, Confederate General

John Pemberton surrendered, giving up the city and 30,000 men. The capture of Port John Pemberton surrendered, giving up the city and 30,000 men. The capture of Port Hudson, Louisiana, shortly thereafter placed the entire Mississippi River in Union Hudson, Louisiana, shortly thereafter placed the entire Mississippi River in Union hands. The Confederacy was split in two.hands. The Confederacy was split in two.

November 1863 -- The Battle of Chattanooga.November 1863 -- The Battle of Chattanooga. On November 23-25, Union forces pushed Confederate troops away from On November 23-25, Union forces pushed Confederate troops away from

Chattanooga. The victory set the stage for General Sherman's Atlanta Campaign.Chattanooga. The victory set the stage for General Sherman's Atlanta Campaign.

General Grant

Army Depot

1864 Abraham Lincoln Is Re-elected May 1864 -- Grant's Wilderness

Campaign. General Grant, promoted to commander

of the Union armies, planned to engage Lee's forces in Virginia until they were destroyed. North and South met and fought in an inconclusive three-day battle in the Wilderness. Lee inflicted more casualties on the Union forces than his own army incurred, but unlike Grant, he had no replacements.

November 1864 -- General William T. Sherman's March to the Sea.

General Sherman continued his march through Georgia to the sea. In the course of the march, he cut himself off from his source of supplies, planning for his troops to live off the land. His men cut a path 300 miles in length and 60 miles wide as they passed through Georgia, destroying factories, bridges, railroads, and public buildings.

End of a Tragic War

January 1865 -- The Fall of the Confederacy.

February 1865 -- A Chance for Reconciliation Is Lost.

April 1865 -- The Assassination of President Lincoln.

April-May 1865 -- Final Surrenders among Remaining Confederate Troops.

How America was Divided

Slavery During the Civil War

Captivity uses thick iron chainSpirit of slave with fear will drain;Slavery like gravity will ingrainSelf-delusive, false freedom in our brain,Invisible leash, we consider sane.

Triangular Slave Trade or Middle Passage

In history, the trade linking Europe, Africa, and the New World. The transatlantic system of trade in which goods, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America. It was given this name due to the shape that the three legs of the journey made

Map of Triangular Slave Trade

Survival Rate for Middle Passage

Conditions on the slaves ships were terrible, and the average mortality rate was 13%.

Most of the slaves died during the beginning of the Middle Passage mostly due to malnutrition.

Floor plan of Slave trade boat.

First Slaves To America

The Dutch in 1619 were the first to bring slaves to America.

There were brought to Jamestown Virginia. There were traded for food. There were only about 19-20 slaves.

Trans-Import 1450-1900 Region NumberofAccountedSlaves Percent Brazil 4,000,000 35.4 Spanish Empire 2,500,000 22.1 British West Indies 2,000,000 17.7 French West Indies 1,600,000 14.1 British N. America & U.S. 500,000 4.4 Dutch West Indies 500,000 4.4 Danish West Indies 28,0000 0.2 Europe (and Islands) 200,000 1.8 Total 11,328,000 100

The growth of slavery

From 1808-1860 the slave population doubled from 1.2 million to 4 million.

After 1808 most slaves in America were born here.

There were used mostly for hard labor on plantations, and some were indentured servents.

Some slaves worked in the houses for the slave owner and had an easier life, however still no freedom.

Slave Rebellions Year Rebellion Black Participants White deaths 1712 New York City conspiracy 30-40 9 1739 Stono rebellion 75-80 25 1800Gabriel Prosser's conspiracy 40[4] 0 1811 Louisiana revolt 180-500 2 1822Denmark Vesey's conspiracy 49[5] 0 1831 Nat Turner's rebellion 70 57 1835-38 Black Seminole rebellion 935-1265 400 1835-38 Black Seminole rebellion 385-465 N/A

Underground Rail Road

The Underground Railroad was not a real railroad. It was a network of houses and other buildings used to help slaves escape to freedom in the Northern states or Canada. The Underground Railroad operated for many years before and during the Civil War.

According to one estimate, the South lost 100,000 slaves between 1810 and 1850.

Underground Railroad Map

Interesting Ways they Escaped

Some examples of clever and creative ways slaves found to escape:

When abolitionist John Fairfield needed to sneak 28 slaves over the roads near Cincinnati, he hired a hearse and disguised the group as a funeral procession.

Henry "Box" Brown, a slave, had himself shipped from Richmond, VA to Philadelphia, PA in a wooden box.

Ellen and William Craft made a dangerous journey from the South to the North by train, steamship, and coach, dressed up as an invalid white master and his slave.

How you found a station…

Some stations had white bricks on top of their chimney. One station put a flag on top of a statue when it was safe. Others put a lantern outside the house. In one station of the Underground Railroad, there were trap doors that

led to the attic that was in the side of the wall.

Harriet Tubman

She was one of the most famous run away slaves.

Born into slavery in Maryland, she escaped in 1849 but returned at least 15 times to lead more than 300 black Americans to relative freedom in the north

Just some Underground Railroad Terms

Baggage: escaping slaves Bundles of wood: fugitives to be expected Freedom Train: The Underground Railroad Gospel Train: The Underground Railroad Heaven or Promised Land: Canada (usually found in “spirituals”) Load of Potatoes: In a wagon, escaping slaves hidden under farm produce Moses: Harriet Tubman, a “conductor” who aided escaping slaves and was a former slave Parcels: fugitives to be expected Preachers: leaders, speakers of the Underground Railroad River Jordan: The Mississippi River or the Ohio River Shepherds: people escorting slaves

Station Master: the keeper of the safe-house or “station”

Stations

The places of safety and temporary refuge where slaves hid along the escape route. Safe-houses. They could be churches, barns, or houses. Station names were referred to in code, such as:

Pennsylvania - #10 Ohio - #20 Cleveland – Hope Sandusky – Sunrise Detroit – Midnight

Websites

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/railroad/

http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/underground/

http://www.undergroundrailroad.com/

Lesson Plan Sites:

http://www.thesolutionsite.com/lpnew_bin/UI_Metadata/public/6801

http://www.lessonplanspage.com/SSSignificantCivilWarLeaders8.htm

http://www.k111.k12.il.us/king/underground_lesson_plan.htm

http://www.nku.edu/~undergroundrr/lessonplans/files/1/HarrietTubman.doc

http://www.readwritethink.org/lessons/lesson_view.asp?id=1017

Hope you enjoyed the information!

We covered some major events of the civil war.

Information about slavery.

Information of the Underground Railroad.