The Election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt IB History of the Americas.
Civil Rights Overview: IB History of the Americas
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Transcript of Civil Rights Overview: IB History of the Americas
Civil Rights OverviewUnderstandings and questions
Essential Questions/Understandings
• What were the long term causes of the Civil Rights Movement?
• How did the greater global context influence the movement?
• How can the movement be said to be strikingly different from 1945-65 and 1965-1989?
• Ministers and Militants: How do Martin Luther King and Malcolm X represent the “two trains” of the civil rights movement?
• How do Malcolm and King represent the complexity of approaches and understandings of civil rights in the United States?
• Was the civil rights movement inspired, led and pushed forward by great men or by grassroots?
• Historiography: How have perspectives on the Civil Rights Movements changed over time from the 1960s to the 1990s?
Martin Luther King, Jr., waving to the crowd at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington, D.C. (1963).
Civil Rights—basic overview
Activism, new legislation, and the Supreme Court advance equal rights for African Americans. (1945-65) But disagreements among civil rights groups lead to a violent period for the civil rights movement. (1965-89)
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Pre-Civil Rights MovementLong Term Causes and Influences I
Dallas Bus Station
Texas sign
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws
The Two Trains? W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington
Two African Americans, Two Diverse Backgrounds
Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois
Born a slave in southwestern Virginia, 1858
Believed in vocational education for blacks
Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Believed in gradual equality
Accused of being an “Uncle Tom”
Received much white support
Wrote Up From Slavery (1901)
Booker T. Washington
I think I have learned that the best way to lift one's self up is to help someone else.
Booker T. Washingto
n• Outlined his views on race relations in a speech at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta – “Atlanta Compromise”
• Felt that black people should work to gain economic security before equal rights
• Believed black people will “earn” equality
Booker T. Washington
• Developed programs for job training and vocational skills at Tuskegee Institute
• Asked whites to give job opportunities to black people
• Was popular with white leaders in the North and South
Booker T. Washington
• Was unpopular with many black leaders
• Associated with leaders of the Urban League which emphasized jobs and training for blacks
My experience is that people who call themselves "The Intellectuals" understand theories, but they do not understand things. I have long been convinced that, if these men could have gone into the South and taken up and become interested in some practical work which would have brought them in touch with people and things, the whole world would have looked very different to them. Bad as conditions might have seemed at first, when they saw that actual progress was being made, they would have taken a more hopeful view of the situation.
Well educated-First African American to receive Ph.D. from Harvard
Born in 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Wanted immediate equality between blacks and whites
Wanted classical higher education for blacks
Wrote The Souls of Black Folk (1903)
The Niagara Movement – led to NAACP
W.E.B. DuBoisThe problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line.
W.E.B. DuBois
• Views given in The Souls of Black Folks and The Crisis
• Strongly opposed Booker T. Washington’s tolerance of segregation
• Demanded immediate equality for blacks
W.E.B. DuBois
• Felt talented black students should get a classical education
• Felt it was wrong to expect citizens to “earn their rights”
• Founded the NAACP along with other black and white leaders
After the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world, — a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world. It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness, — an American, a Negro; two warring souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife, — this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self.
The ideological divide between Washington and Dubois is often seen as
foreshadowing for..
Washington v. DuBois
• In your own words, summarize the strategies employed by Washington and DuBois.
• Specifically list the Pros and Cons of both strategies.
• Who would you support? Who represents your style of reform/resistance? Should African Americans, or other disenfranchised groups agitate for equality?
Pre-Civil Rights MovementLong Term Causes and Influences II
Context
19th Century Abolitionists• Frederick Douglas was the editor of an
abolitionist newspaper.
Harriet Tubman • Helped slaves escape via the Underground
Railroad.
John Brown• He and his sons
killed 5 slave masters in Kansas. (1858)
• Tried to incite a slave revolt
• Date is key: just before the…
Two Centuries of Struggle
• Conceptions of Equality– Equal opportunity: same chances– Equal results: same rewards
• Early American Views of Equality
• The Constitution and Inequality– Equality is not in the original Constitution.– First mention of equality in the 14th
Amendment: “…equal protection of the laws”
Race, the Constitution, and Public Policy
• The Era of Slavery– Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
• Slaves had no rights.• Invalidated Missouri Compromise
– The Civil War– The Thirteenth Amendment
• Ratified after Union won the Civil War• Outlawed slavery
KEY AMENDMENTS
• 13th Amendment: • Abolished Slavery (1865)
• 14th Amendment: • Civil Rights Amendment, citizenship,
and equal protection under the law (1868)
• 15thAmendment:• African-American men given the right
to vote (1870).
BLACK CODES
* Originated in 1865 in Mississippi and South Carolina.
* City ordinances prohibiting blacks from being equal. Not allowed to…* Carry weapons, testify against
whites, marry whites, serve on juries, start businesses, travel w/out permits, rent or lease farmland.
VOTING RESTRICTIONS
• 1) Literacy Test: Reading and writing test.
• 2) Poll Tax: Pay $ to vote.
• 3) Grandfather Clause: You could vote IF your Father or Grandfather had been eligible to vote before Jan.1, 1867• What was the goal of these
restrictions?
Would you have been able to vote?
The Alabama Literacy Test• Which body of Congress can try impeachments of the
President? • At what time of day on January 20th does the term of the
President end? • If the president does not sign a bill, how many days is he
allowed in which to return it to Congress for reconsideration?
• If a bill is passed by Congress and the President refuses to sign it and does not send it back to Congress in session within the specified period of time, is the bill defeated or does it become law?
• If the United States wishes to purchase land for an arsenal and have exclusive legislative authority over it, consent is required from whom?
• Which officer of the United States government is designated as President of the Senate?
• When is the president not allowed to exercise his power to pardon?
• Why is the power to grant patents given to Congress? • What is a tribunal? • If a person charged with treason denies his guilt, how many
people must testify against him before he can be convicted?
Race, the Constitution, and Public Policy
• The Era of Reconstruction and Resegregation– Jim Crow or segregational laws
• Relegated African Americans to separate facilities
– Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)• Upheld the constitutionality of “equal
but separate accommodations”
Jim Crow
• Jim Crow was NOT the name of an actual person.
• In 1832 Jim Crow became the stage name of a performance making fun of the stereotypical black person.
Context
Race, the Constitution, and Public Policy
• The Era of Civil Rights– Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
• Overturned Plessy• School segregation inherently
unconstitutional• Integrate schools “with all deliberate
speed”– Busing of students solution for two kinds
of segregation:• de jure, “by law”• de facto, “in reality”
Thurgood Marshall
NAACP fought in the courts
• Thurgood Marshall was hired by the NAACP to argue in the Supreme Court against school segregation. He won.
• He was later the 1st Black Supreme Court Justice.
Context
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Civil Rights
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
Taking on Segregation
The Triumphs of a Crusade
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
Section 1
Taking on SegregationActivism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advance equal rights for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s.
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The Segregation System
Plessy v. Ferguson• Civil Rights Act of 1875 act outlawed segregation• In 1883, all-white Supreme Court declares Act
unconstitutional• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: separate but equal
constitutional• Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races• Facilities for blacks always inferior to those for whites
Taking on Segregation1SECTION
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Continued . . .
Segregation Continues into the 20th Century• After Civil War, African Americans go north to
escape racism• North: housing in all-black areas, whites resent
job competition
1SECTION
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continued The Segregation System
A Developing Civil Rights Movement• WW II creates job opportunities for African
Americans• Need for fighting men makes armed forces end
discriminatory policies• FDR ends government, war industries discrimination• Returning black veterans fight for civil rights at home
Challenging Segregation in Court
The NAACP Legal Strategy• Professor Charles Hamilton Houston leads NAACP
legal campaign• Focuses on most glaring inequalities of segregated
public education• Places team of law students under Thurgood Marshall
- win 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court
1SECTION
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Brown v. Board of Education• Marshall’s greatest victory is Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka• In 1954 case, Court unanimously strikes down
school segregation
Reaction to the Brown Decision
Resistance to School Desegregation• Within 1 year, over 500 school districts
desegregate• Some districts, state officials, pro-white groups
actively resist• Court hands Brown II, orders desegregation at “all
deliberate speed”• Eisenhower refuses to enforce compliance;
considers it impossible
1SECTION
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Continued . . .
continued Reaction to the Brown Decision
Crisis in Little Rock• Since 1948, Arkansas integrating state university,
private groups--resisting• Gov. Orval Faubus has National Guard turn away
black students• Elizabeth Eckford faces abusive crowd when she
tries to enter school• Eisenhower has 101st Airborne Division supervise
school attendance• African-American students harassed by whites at
school all year• 1957 Civil Rights Act—federal government power
over schools, voting
1SECTION
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycotting Segregation• 1955 NAACP officer Rosa Parks arrested for not
giving up seat on bus• Montgomery Improvement Association formed,
organizes bus boycott• Elect 26-year-old Baptist pastor Martin Luther
King, Jr. leader
1SECTION
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Walking for Justice• African Americans file lawsuit, boycott buses,
use carpools, walk• Get support from black community, outside groups,
sympathetic whites• 1956, Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation
Martin Luther King and the SCLC
Changing the World with Soul Force• King calls his brand of nonviolent resistance
“soul force”- civil disobedience, massive demonstrations
• King remains nonviolent in face of violence after Brown decision
1SECTION
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From the Grassroots Up• King, others found Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC)• By 1960, African-American students think pace
of change too slow• Join Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC)
The Movement Spreads
Demonstrating for Freedom• SNCC adopts nonviolence, but calls for more
confrontational strategy• Influenced by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
to use sit-ins:- refuse to leave segregated lunch counter until served
• First sit-in at Greensboro, NC Woolworth’s shown nationwide on TV
• In spite of abuse, arrests, movement grows, spreads to North
• Late 1960, lunch counters desegregated in 48 cities in 11 states
1SECTION
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Image
Sit ins
This was in Greensboro, North Carolina
Support of MLK and leaders, but organized by college students…
Sit-in Tactics• Dress in you Sunday best.
• Be respectful to employees and police.
• Do not resist arrest.
• Do not fight back.
• Remember, journalists are everywhere!
• All clearly inspired by…
Students were ready to take your place if you had
a class to attend.
Not only were there sit-ins. .
• Swim ins (beaches, pools)
• Kneel ins (churches)
• Drive ins (at motels)
• Study-ins (universities)
Section 2
The Triumphs of a CrusadeCivil rights activists break through racial barriers. Their activism prompts landmark legislation.
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Riding for Freedom
CORE’s Freedom Rides• 1961, CORE tests Court decision banning
interstate bus segregation • Freedom riders—blacks, whites sit, use station
facilities together• Riders brutally beaten by Alabama mobs; one bus
firebombed
The Triumphs of a Crusade2SECTION
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Continued . . .
New Volunteers• Bus companies refuse to continue carrying
CORE freedom riders• SNCC volunteers replace CORE riders; are
violently stopped• Robert Kennedy pressures bus company to
continue transporting riders
continued Riding for Freedom
Arrival of Federal Marshals• Alabama officials don’t give promised protection;
mob attacks riders• Newspapers throughout nation denounce beatings• JFK sends 400 U.S. marshals to protect riders • Attorney general, Interstate Commerce
Commission act:- ban segregation in all interstate travel facilities
2SECTION
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Standing Firm
Integrating Ole Miss• 1962, federal court rules James Meredith may
enroll at U of MS• Governor Ross Barnett refuses to let Meredith
register• JFK orders federal marshals to escort Meredith
to registrar’s office• Barnett makes radio appeal; thousands of white
demonstrators riot• Federal officials accompany Meredith to
classes, protect his parents
2SECTION
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Continued . . .
continued Standing Firm
Heading into Birmingham• April 1963, SCLC demonstrate to desegregate
Birmingham• King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail”• TV news show police attacking child marchers—
fire hoses, dogs, clubs• Continued protests, economic boycott, bad press
end segregation
2SECTION
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Kennedy Takes a Stand• June, JFK sends troops to force Gov. Wallace to
desegregate U of AL
Image
Marching to Washington
The Dream of Equality• August 1963, over 250,000 people converge
on Washington• Speakers demand immediate passage of civil
rights bill• King gives “I Have a Dream” speech
2SECTION
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More Violence• September, 4 Birmingham girls killed when
bomb thrown into church• LBJ signs Civil Rights Act of 1964
- prohibits discrimination because of race, religion, gender
Fighting for Voting Rights
Freedom Summer• Freedom Summer—CORE, SNCC project to
register blacks to vote in MS• Volunteers beaten, killed; businesses, homes,
churches burned
2SECTION
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A New Political Party• Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party formed to
get seat in MS party• Fannie Lou Hamer—voice of MFDP at National
Convention—wins support• LBJ fears losing Southern white vote, pressures
leaders to compromise• MFDP and SNCC supporters feel betrayed
Continued . . .
continued Fighting for Voting Rights
The Selma Campaign• 1965, voting rights demonstrator killed in Selma, AL• King leads 600 protest marchers; TV shows police
violently stop them• Second march, with federal protection, swells to
25,000 people
2SECTION
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Voting Rights Act of 1965• Congress finally passes Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Stops literacy tests, allows federal officials to enroll
voters• Increases black voter enrollment
Chart
Action and civil courage, 1963-65
Voter Registration
• CORE volunteers came to Mississippi to register Blacks to vote.
These volunteers risked arrest, violence and death every day.
The Fight• This man spent
5 days in jail for “carrying a placard.”
• Sign says “Voter registration worker”
"Your work is just beginning. If you go back home and sit down and take what these white men in Mississippi are doing to us. ...if you take it and don't do something about it. ...then *%# damn your souls."
Voter Registration• If Blacks
registered to vote, the local banks could call the loan on their farm.
Thousands marched to the Courthouse in Montgomery to protest rough treatment given voting rights demonstrators. The Alabama Capitol is in the background. March 18,1965
High Schoolers jailed for marching
Bloody Sunday• In Selma,
pro-vote marchers face Alabama cops.
Selma to Montgomery,
Alabama
Tending the wounded
Marchers cross bridge
Many were arrested.
Police set up a rope barricade.
Marchers stayed there for days.
We're gonna stand here 'till it falls,‘Till it falls,‘Till it falls,We're gonna stand here 'till it fallsIn Selma, Alabama.
The Supreme Court ruled that protesters had 1st Amendment
right to march.
Sacrifice for Suffrage
Crime Scene
• This woman was killed by the KKK while on her way to join voter activists in Mississippi
Selma to Montgomery Part 2
Part 2
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Section 3
Challenges and Changes in the MovementDisagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism create a violent period in the fight for civil rights.
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African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Northern Segregation• De facto segregation exists by practice, custom;
problem in North• De jure segregation is segregation required by law• WW II black migration to Northern cities results in
“white flight”• 1960s, most urban blacks live in slums; landlords
ignore ordinances• Black unemployment twice as high as white• Many blacks angry at treatment received from white
police officers
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
3SECTION
Continued . . .
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continued African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Urban Violence Erupts• Mid-1960s, numerous clashes between white
authority, black civilians- many result in riots
• Many whites baffled by African-American rage• Blacks want, need equal opportunity in jobs,
housing, education• Money for War on Poverty, Great Society
redirected to Vietnam War
3SECTION
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3SECTION
African-American Solidarity• Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate
blacks separate from whites- believe whites source of black problems
• Malcolm X—controversial Muslim leader, speaker; gets much publicity
• Frightens whites, moderate blacks; resented by other Black Muslims
New Leaders Voice Discontent
Continued . . .
Ballots or Bullets?• Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s
attitude toward whites • Splits with Black Muslims; is killed in 1965 while
giving speech
Image
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continued New Leaders Voice Discontent
Black Power• CORE, SNCC become more militant; SCLC
pursues traditional tactics• Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for
Black Power: - African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites
3SECTION
Black Panthers• Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black
self-sufficiency• Preach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent
confrontations with police• Provide social services in ghettos, win popular
support
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1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights
King’s Death• King objects to Black Power movement,
preaching of violence• Seems to sense own death in Memphis speech
to striking workers• Is shot, dies the following day, April 4, 1968
3SECTION
Reactions to King’s Death• King’s death leads to worst urban rioting in U.S.
history- over 100 cities affected
• Robert Kennedy assassinated two months later
Image
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Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Causes of Violence• Kerner Commission names racism as main
cause of urban violence
3SECTION
Civil Rights Gains• Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibits discrimination
in housing• More black students finish high school, college;
get better jobs• Greater pride in racial identity leads to Black
Studies programs• More African-American participation in movies,
television• Increased voter registration results in more black
elected officialsContinued . . .
Chart
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continued Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Unfinished Work• Forced busing, higher taxes, militancy, riots
reduce white support• White flight reverses much progress toward
school integration• Unemployment, poverty higher than for whites• Affirmative action—extra effort to hire, enroll
discriminated groups• 1960s, colleges, companies doing government
business adopt policy• Late 1970s, some criticize policy as reverse
discrimination
3SECTION