Mr. McKinley

IB History of the Americas 2010-2011

Objectives Causes of the Revolution Role of the Porfiriato regime Revolution and its leaders (1910-1917) Construction of post-revolutionary state

(1920-38) Lazaro Cardenas and renewal of the

revolution (1939-40) Role of foreign powers Impact of the revolution on the arts, music,

education, literature

What is a revolution? A revolution is a change in power that

usually occurs in a short period of time. Revolutions result in changes in culture,

economy, politics, and social programs Aristotle defines revolution in two ways:

Complete change to a new constitutionModification of an existing constitution

Mexican Revolution was the first long lasting political revolution of the 20th century.

Names to Know Porfirio Diaz (Jose

de la Cruz Porfirio Diaz Mori)

Benito Juarez Francisco I. Madero Pancho Villa

(Doroteo Arango) Victor Huertas

Venustiano Carranza

Alvaro Obregon Lazaro Cardenas

del Rio Emiliano Zapata Pascual Orozco James Creelman

Terms to Know Porfiriato: Years in which Diaz ruled

Mexico Hacienderos: Land lord and owners Haciendas: Estates, plantations, mines,

or factories Soldaderas: Female soldiers who went

into combat in the revolution Morelos: a state in Mexico Caudillo: Military dictator

Mexican Revolution Causes Two Main Causes: Porfirio Diaz and the

plantation owners. Political: After being president for 20

years, Porfirio Diaz told an American journalist, James Creelman, that he was looking forward to retire and that he welcomed an opposition party.

Mexican Revolution Causes Economic: Entire villages disappeared

and the haciendas became huge. The hacienderos (plantation owners)

still wanted more power but couldn’t get the peasants to sell their land. So the plantation owners started to pressure, bribe, and blackmail the peasants off their land.

Mexican Revolution Causes Economic: Major industries were

controlled by foreign investment Poverty ensued throughout the country

97% owned no land Creole populations thrived while the

indigenous population suffered Social: 50% of all households unfit, 80%

of population were illiterate, 16% of population were homeless

Mexican Revolution Causes What options did a villager have in those

days?He could try to find other legal sources of

revenue (very limited)He could become fully dependent on the

haciendasHe could become a criminal

Role of the Porfiriato Regime Came to power in 1877 Ruled in caudillo (dictator) style Rigged most elections Tight grip on all governmental affairs Dispatched governors all over Mexico Enlarged the police force Foreign film investments allowed for

highways, railroads, telegraph lines, oil fields

Creelman Interview

In 1908, Diaz told James Creelman that he was prepared to retire in 1910.

Was Diaz serious or just trying to test his country?

Read the Interview

Fall of Diaz

Poor working conditions, inflation, inferior housing and low wages, and deficient social services caused fighting within the classes and the fight for freedom.

The revolution was the rise and fall of many great leaders including Diaz

Fall of Diaz

While Diaz did many things including transforming Mexico into a developing country, he also destroyed Mexico as well.

The powerful became wealthy and the dependence on foreign investments was unhealthy.

Ambition fueled political desires

Francisco Madero

Son of a wealthy landowner Politically inexperienced Desired to run for president Believed in democracy and wanted to

immediately establish it in Mexico Favored British power rather than US

Francisco Madero

Diaz falsely accused Madero and had him thrown in jail during the election in 1910

Madero fled to Texas and claimed that he was President Pro-Temp until another election

Penned a document that officially started the revolution.

The Plan of San Luis Potosi Madero assumed role as president Called for re-election (free election) Claimed to return land Claimed to establish a democracy

Mexican Liberal Party (PLM) Peasant risings became more frequent Members organized an urban revolt Requested agrarian reform, eight hour

work day, equal work for equal pay, access to education

Treaty of Ciudad Juarez

PLM combined with Diaz’s lack of confidence led to this treaty

Ultimately removed Diaz from power Kept existing institutions in place Francisco Leon de la Barra (Mexican

Ambassador to US) assumed interim presidency until another election could be held

General Victoriano Huerta ran the army

Supporters of Madero

Pancho Villa (North) Alvaro Obregon (North) Pasqual Orozco (North) Venustiano Carranza (North) Emiliano Zapata (South)

Emiliano Zapata

Before Madero’s election even took place he “rode into town”

Peasant hero to the revolution Known for the phrase “Land and

Freedom” (Land Redistribution) Covered Mexico’s southern area “It is better to die on your feet than to

live on your knees.”

Plan of Ayala

Read it! Identify the overall goals of the plan.

It is also saved on www.fairhopehs.com under the file manager tab. There is a file labeled IB History.

Pancho Villa

Born Dorotea Arango (name of bandit) No real ideology Modern day Robin Hood Joined the revolution with Madero but

fell out with others Wanted to bring down Diaz and help the

peasants have a better life

Madero Rise and Fall

Takes power in 1912 At odds with Zapata and other

revolutionaries over land reform Zapata writes Plan of Ayala about their

land dispute Pascual Orozco rebelled because of

land reform as well Madero had to call in the services of

Huerta to defend his presidency

Final Fall of Madero

U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson stationed 100,000 troops along the border

Wilson threaten Madero with intervention if his government failed to protect U.S. lives and property

General Huerta, Felix Diaz and others were staging an overthrow

Wilson was secretly negotiating with Huerta and his associates

Final Fall of Madero

Huerta asked Wilson what he should do with Madero

Wilson said do “whatever was best for Mexico”

Huerta had him shot after staging a fake battle

President William Howard Taft thought Wilson had gone too far

General Victoriano Huerta At a meeting at the U.S. embassy,

Huerta was named President and Felix Diaz would succeed him

Restored Diaz’s dictatorship Felix Diaz soon was sent on a

diplomatic mission

Villa during Huerta’s Reign Villa assumed power of Huerta’s

opposition, the Constitutionalists In Chihuahua he:

Employed soldiersReduced meat pricesDistributed money and clothingOpened fifty new schoolsExpropriated landCattle was sold for ammunition

Zapata during Huerta’s Reign Estates were promptly distributed

among the peasants but would remain under control of state until the end of the revolution

Revenues from estates would fund revolution and widows/orphans

Southern states had more hunger and more peasants in need

General Huerta meets opposition President Woodrow Wilson took office

just eleven days after Madero was murdered

Wilson felt Huerta was a drunkard Arms began to flow to Carranza (paid for

with cattle) from U.S. and Wilson

Huerta’s Downfall February 1914, Huerta regime

imprisoned some unarmed U.S. sailors from the cruiser Dolphin at the port of Tampico

Pres. Wilson then stopped arms shipments to Huerta from Germany to the port of Veracruz

The holding of Veracruz caused a lot of anti-American sentiment

Carranza ordered the U.S. to leave

Venustiano Carranza

March 26, 1913 announced his Plan of Guadalupe which called for the overthrow of the dictator (Huerta) and a new election

Entitled first chief of the Constitutionalist Army

Villa placed himself under Carranza’s command

Alvaro Obregon also joined his side

Carranza

Promised to dissolve great estates and return land to Indians

Signed an agreement to provide a better deal for labor unions and industrial workers

Promised a minimum-wage law Appealed for women’s support

Venustiano Carranza

First president of post-Diaz 1917-1920 Ideologies: Favored political reform but

no social reform Aims: Opposed U.S. intervention and

wanted a new constitution Methods: Constitution Convention

U.S. and Mexican Relations 1916 relations deteriorated sharply Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico Wilson set General John Pershing to

pursue Villa into Mexico Carranza demanded immediate

withdrawal of U.S. troops In 1917 influenced by a troubled

international scene, Wilson liquidated the Mexican venture entirely

Constitution of 1917

1916 Carranza called for an election to frame a new constitution

Neglected to elect women or anyone that did not support his Plan of Guadalupe

No real agrarian reforms or worker reforms

Be sure to read Articles 3, 24, 27, 34, 35, 123, 130

Carranza’s Presidency

First legally elected President since Madero

Alvaro Obregon (secretary of war) Only a small amount of land distributed Hacienda owners still exist Working class suffered Ignored the promise of free education Kept Mexico neutral in WWI

Carranza’s Presidency

Women were able to legalize divorce, alimony rights, own and manage property

Law and Family Relations (1917) child custody, file lawsuits, sign contracts

Zapata and his followers continued to fight Carranza’s control until Zappata was killed in 1919

Carranza’s Fall

1920 Carranza’s term was up but he could not be reelected

He tried to elect a puppet but was unsuccessful

He fled to Veracruz with 5 million pesos from the national treasury

He was killed shortly after (1920)

Carranza passes the torch Obregon had temporarily retired but in

1919 he declared his candidacy for president

Carranza announced his support of Ignacio Bonillas

Obregon supporters made Bonillas look bad

Obregon’s Presidency

Established what other revolutionaries could not

He was a mechanic and farmer Began distributing land immediately He encouraged labor to organize (and

when necessary, strike) Made solid achievements in education

and indigenous cultural heritage

Obregon’s Changes

Made the walls of public buildings available for the painting of murals

Muralist Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siquieros

Believed that school was the most important instrument to unify a nation

Trained 4000 teachers, opened colleges Published paperback copies of classic

literature for schools

Obregon’s Changes Signed agreements to repay foreign

debt Returned the National Railways to

private owners Continued positive communication with

U.S. Re-elected in 1928 but murdered before

attaining office Responsible for instituting Constitution

1917

Article 27 1920 Carranza attempted to enforce

Article 27 20% of all oil imports came from Mexico Obregon increased taxes to pay off debt

but major U.S. producers stopped shipping Mexican oil

1923 Obregon offered the Bucareli Accord which Calles rejected

Plutarco Elias Calles

In 1920 Calles aligned himself with Obregon to overthrow Carranza

Took presidency in 1924 Continued to be de facto ruler from

1928-1935, a period known as the Maximato

During the Maximato Presidents Emilio Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Abelardo Rodriguez (puppets)

Plutarco Elias Calles

Created Bank of Mexico National Road Commission National Electricity Code 1925 Ford Motor Company Agreement Land distribution increased until 1930 1929 Great Depression affected

economics and spurned peasant revolts

Calles, Catholics and Cristero Noted for his oppression of Catholics Bishops started a peaceful resistance in

response to Calles Law. Catholics stopped going to mass, movies, schools

Cristero War, a civil war between Catholic rebels and the government

August 3, 1926 Catholics shut themselves in the Our Lady of Guadalupe church until they ran out of ammunition

Cristero War continued

1926 Calles Law ordered the registration of priests and closing of religious primary schools

In 1927 ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow initiated a series of breakfasts with President Calles to settle this issue and Article 27

Cristero War and U.S.

About five percent of Mexico’s population fled to U.S.

Most made their way to Los Angeles and San Diego

Obregon and Calles

Instability lead them to establish an amendment to extend the presidency term to six years and allow for re-election after one term out of office

Obregon was supposed to serve another term until assassinated

Calles Problems

1930 grain production halted Supported labor unions Did little for women’s rights Neglected to loan money to ejidos but

only to haciedados

General Lazaro Cardenas Campaigned vigorously 1933 elected President Spent 50% on education Honest regime Six year plan to strengthen eijdos, build

modern schools, land distribution of villages, efforts to raise agricultural productivity

Cardenas continued

Cut his own salary in half Made himself available to peasants and

workers Closing down of illegal gambling houses Villages received schools, medical care,

roads Peasants received their land from the

government (caused dependency)

Cardenas continued

Land distribution injured the traditional hacienda system

Increased the wage system, if warranted Nacional Financiera, (federal bank) Oil nationalization stimulated industry

and independence Mining industry remained in foreign

interests

Cardenas continued

Women granted suffrage not granted until 1953

Encouraged the study and interests of indigenous peoples

Solved many of the social problems of the revolution but his hard work was lost by his successor (Avila Camacho)

Vasconcelos

Obregon’s secretary of education Continued supporting the arts after

leaving office Offered the walls of public buildings for

the painting of murals that glorified natives of the past and present

Reestablished the power and value of native arts

Muralists

“The Big Three” were Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jose Clemente Orozco.

Responsible for the Renaissance of murals throughout the city

Siqueros

Influenced and glorified the revolution Sought realism Mixed classic style with “modern

machines” Witnessed peasant life while fighting in

Constitutional Army

Rivera

Studied art in Italy and Renaissance frescos

First mural “Creation” was painted while he guarded himself with a pistol

Helped establish union of artists

Orozco

Involved in the renaissance of mural painting

Avoided bloody (real) aspects of the revolution