Civil Rights 1960-68

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Early Civil Rights Legislation

Civil

Rights

Act of

1960

Created the United States Civil

Rights Commission

Investigated and reported voterdiscrimination

Gave the Attorney General the power

to require federal courts to issue

orders to prevent any interferencewith a persons right to vote

Created federal voting referees who

helped correct conditions to prevent

voter discrimination

Civil

Rights

Act of1957

President Eisenhower signed into law thefollowing Civil Rights laws.

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GOALS:

End Jim Crow

Promote integration

Increase voting rights

Bring about a truedemocracy

Give Civil Rights toBlack people that theyshould of receivedafter the Civil War.

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Members of the Civil Rights Movement used a

variety of methods to get results. These includedpracticing non-violence and passive resistance(sit-ins, boycotts, freedom rides, etc.) as

encouraged by Dr. King.

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Ruby Bridges In 1960, at the age of 6, Ruby Bridges became the first black

elementary school child to attend a white school.

Due to White opposition of integration, Ruby needed to beescorted to school by federal marshals.

After Ruby entered the school, many of the teachers refused toteach and many of the White students went home.

Ruby went to school everyday.

The Problem We Al l L ive With, By Norman Rockwell

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Voter Registration

Starting in 1961, SNCCand CORE organized

voter registration

campaigns in the

predominantly AfricanAmerican counties of

Mississippi, Alabama,

and Georgia.

[NAACP photograph showing people waiting

in line for voter registration, at Antioch

Baptist Church]

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Voter Registration

SNCC concentrated on voter registrationbecause leaders believed that voting was a way

to empower African Americans so that they could

change racist policies in the South.

SNCC members worked to teach African

Americans necessary skills, such as reading,

writing, and the correct answers to the voter

registration application.

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A New Voice for Students

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC),began in 1960 at a meeting in Raleigh, North Carolina.

SNCC soon became an independent civil rightsorganization. Its members sought immediate change,

as opposed to the gradual change advocated by mostolder organizations.

One of SNCCs most influential leaders was RobertMoses, a Harvard graduate student and mathematics

teacher. Moses led with a quiet, humble style whichearned him the admiration of his followers.

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1960, Greensboro,NC sit in at a

Woolworths lunch

counter

Blacks were not

allowed to sit a the

counter because of

Jim Crow laws.

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Kennedy on Civil Rights

During the 1960 presidential campaign, Kennedy won the

support of many African American voters. Kennedy had voted for civil rights measures in the Senate but

had not actively supported them. As President, he moved

slowly on civil rights issues, not wanting to anger southern

Democrats. Hours after Kennedy had given a speech against

discrimination, civil rights leader Medgar Evers was

murdered. This murder made it clear that government action

was needed. After violence erupted in Birmingham in 1963, Kennedy

introduced a stronger civil rights bill than he had originally

planned. This bill called for an end to segregation in public

places and in situations where federal funding was involved.

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Kennedy on Civil Rights

JFK meeting with African American leaders.

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civil rights

FREEDOM SUMMERS AND RIDERS During the summers of1961 to 1964, groups of Civil Rights activists boarded busesbound for the South to register African Americans to vote.

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The Freedom Rides

The Purpose of the Freedom

Rides The 1960 Supreme Court

case Boynton v. Virginia

expanded the earlier ban

on bus segregation to

include bus stations and

restaurants that served

interstate travelers.

In 1961, CORE and SNCC

organized the Freedom

Rides to test southern

compliance with this

ruling.

Violence Greets the Riders Although the freedom riders

expected confrontation, the

violence which greeted a bus

in Anniston, Alabama, wasmore than they had

anticipated.

A heavily armed white mob

disabled the bus and then set

it on fire. As riders escaped

from the bus, they were

beaten by the mob.

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Bus riders under the protection

of National Guardsmen

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Bob Moses of the Student

Nonviolent Coordinating

Committee was one of the

driving forces behind the

1964 Freedom SummerProject. Here he instructs

student volunteers gathered

in Oxford, Ohio, before they

leave for voter registration

and other community

organizing work in

Mississippi. Moses, who had

been working for voting

rights in Mississippi since

1961, played a key role in

persuading SNCC to acceptwhite volunteers from the

North.SOURCE:Photo by Steve Shapiro.Black Star (PER 13SC HA000102).

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Reaction to the Freedom Rides

Americans were horrified by the violence whichhad greeted the bus in Anniston.

Despite the potential danger involved, FreedomRides continued during the summer. Many riders

were arrested. Attorney General Robert Kennedy had originally

been opposed to lending federal support to theFreedom Rides. However, he later sent federal

marshals to protect the riders. Kennedy also pressured the Interstate Commerce

Commission to prohibit segregation in allinterstate transportation. The Justice Department

began to sue communities that did not comply.

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A Freedom Riders bus burns after being firebombed in Anniston, Alabama, May 14, 1961.

After setting the bus afire, whites attacked the passengers fleeing the smoke and flames.

Violent scenes like this one received extensive publicity in the mass media and helpedcompel the Justice Department to enforce court rulings banning segregation on interstate

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bus firebombed

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1962

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JAMES MEREDITH at U. of Miss.

In 1961, James Meredith, an African American student at

Jackson State College, applied for admission to the all-whiteUniversity of Mississippi

When Meredith was rejected, he sought help from theNAACP. The NAACP argued that Merediths applicationhad been rejected on racial grounds. When the case reached

the Supreme Court, Merediths claim was upheld.

Meredith continued to face problems as he enrolled at OleMiss.

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White students respond

to the admission of

James Meredith at theUniversity of Mississippi

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Desegregating Southern Universities

The Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, defied the court

order and tried to prevent Meredith from enrolling. Soonviolence erupted on campus.

In response, the administration of President Kennedyintervened to uphold the court order. President Kennedysent federal marshals to escort Meredith around campus.

During his first night on campus, a riot broke out whenwhites began to harass the federal marshals.

In the end, two people were killed and several hundred were

wounded.

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22/103Blacks enroll at U. of Alabama

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Stokely Carmichael

s eakin for C.O.R.E.

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Dr. King calls

a meeting for

the ministersof all churches

in the South

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Southern Christian

Leadershi Conference

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1963

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Police Chief Bull Connor

P li d d

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Police use dogs and...

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Police dogs attacked a seventeen-year-old civil rights demonstrator for defying an

antiparade ordinance in Birmingham, Alabama, May 3, 1963. He was part of the

childrens crusade organized by SCLC in its campaign to fill the city jails withprotesters. More than 900 Birmingham schoolchildren went to jail that day. SOURCE:Photo by Bill

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Cl h i Bi i h

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Clash in Birmingham

Marches in Birmingham

In April 1963, Martin Luther Kingjoined the Reverend Fred

Shuttlesworth in a civil rights

campaign in Birmingham, Alabama.

City officials ordered civil rights

protesters to end the march that waspart of this campaign. When they

did not, King and others were

arrested.

While in Birmingham Jail, King

wrote a famous letter defending his

tactics and his timing.

Response to the Marches

King was released more than aweek later and continued the

campaign, making the difficult

decision to allow young people to

participate.

Police attacked the marchers withhigh-pressure fire hoses, police

dogs, and clubs. As television

cameras captured the violence,

Americans around the country

were horrified.

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Letters From a Birmingham Jail In the letter King justifies civil

disobedience in the town ofBirmingham.

I cannot sit idly in Atlanta andnot be concerned about whathappens in Birmingham.Injustice anywhere is a threatto justice everywhere.

Oppressed people cannotremain oppressed forever. Theyearning for freedomeventually manifests itself.

Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the

United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroeshave experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts.

We know through painful experience that freedom is nevervoluntarily given by the oppressor, it must be demanded by theoppressed.

Wait has almost always meant 'never.

L tt F Bi i h J il
http://www.drmartinlutherkingjr.com/index.htm

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Letter From a Birmingham Jail King, wrote the letter after being

arrested at a peaceful protest in

Birmingham, Alabama. The letter was in response to a

letter sent to him by AlabamaClergymen called, A Call ForUnity.

The men recognized that injusticeswere occurring in Birmingham butbelieved that the battles forfreedom should be fought in thecourtroom in not in the streets.

In the letter, Letter fromBirmingham Jail, King justifiedcivil disobedience by saying thatwithout forceful action, true civilrights would never be achieved.Direct action is justified in the face

of unjust laws.

M d E kill d
http://www.drmartinlutherkingjr.com/index.htm

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Medgar Evers killed

June 12, Byron De La Beckwith assassinates Medgar Evers,

the first field secretary for the NAACP in Mississippi.

D ti S th U i iti

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Desegregating Southern Universities

In 1963, the governor of Alabama, George C.

Wallace, threatened a similar stand, trying to block

the desegregation of the University of Alabama.

The Kennedy administration responded with the

full power of the federal government, including the

U.S. Army. The confrontations with Barnett & Wallace pushed

President Kennedy into a full commitment to end

segregation.

In June 1963, Kennedy proposed civil rights

legislation.

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Segregation tomorrow,

segregation forever

Gov. George

Wallace

Segregation now,

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We Shall OvercomeWe shall overcome

We shall overcomeWe shall overcome some day

CHORUS: Oh, deep in my heart

I do believe

We shall overcome some day.

We shall all be free

We shall all be free

We shall all be free some day

We are not afraid

We are not afraid

We are not afraid some day

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The powerful words of Martin Luther King Jr.

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p g

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise upand live out the true meaning of its creed: - 'We holdthese truths to be self-evident, that all men are

created equal. I have a dream that one day even the state of

Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat ofinjustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, willbe transformed into an oasis of freedom and

justice.

I have a dream that my four little children will oneday live in a nation where they will not be judged bythe color of their skin but by the content of their

character. black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles,

Protestants and Catholics - will be able to join handsand sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:

"Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, weare free at last!"

The March on Washington

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National civil rights leaders decided to keep pressure

on both the Kennedy administration and Congress topass the civil rights legislation. The leaders planned aMarch on Washington to take place in August 1963.

This idea was a revival of A. Phillip Randolphs

planned 1941 march, which had resulted in acommitment to fair employment during World WarII.

Randolph was present at the march in 1963,

along with the leaders of the NAACP,CORE, SCLC, the Urban League, and SNCC.


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Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered a moving

address to an audience of more than 200,000people.

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1964

Freedom Riders

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Freedom Riders

The Freedom Rides began in Washington, D.C.

Except for some violence in Rock Hill, SouthCarolina, the trip was peaceful until the buses

reached Alabama, where violence erupted.

In Anniston, Alabama, one bus was burned andsome riders were beaten.

In Birmingham, a mob attacked the riders when

they got off the bus.

The riders suffered even more severe beatings inMontgomery.

Freedom Riders

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Freedom Riders

The violence brought national attention to theFreedom Riders and fierce condemnation of Alabamaofficials for allowing the brutality to occur.

The administration of President John F. Kennedystepped in to protect the Freedom Riders when itwas clear that Alabama officials would not guarantee

their safe travel. The riders continued on to Jackson, Mississippi,

where they were arrested and imprisoned at the statepenitentiary, ending the protest.

The Freedom Rides did result in the desegregation ofsome bus stations, but more importantly they caughtthe attention of the American public.

Voter Registration

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Voter Registration

SNCC recruited Northern college students,

teachers, artists, and clergy to work on theproject. They believed the participation ofthese people would make the countryconcerned about discrimination and violencein Mississippi.

The project did receive national attention,especially after 3 participants2 of whomwere whitedisappeared in June and werelater found murdered and buried nearPhiladelphia, Mississippi.(The MississippiBurning Movie)

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Civil Rights Workers

Andrew GoodmanJames Chaney

Michael Schwerner

Defendants

Cecil PriceLawrence RaineyWayne Roberts

Edgar Ray KillenSam Bowers

FBI INVESTIGATORSJoseph Sullivan

John Proctor

Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Over fierce opposition from Southern legislators,

Johnson pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 throughCongress.

President Johnson worked to build support forKennedys civil rights bill.

The house passed the bill, but civil rights opponentsin the Senate stalled it with a filibuster.

It prohibited segregation in public accommodations &discrimination in education & employment. It alsogave the executive branch of government the power toenforce the acts provisions.
http://www.africanamericans.com/CivilRightsActof19641.htmhttp://www.africanamericans.com/CivilRightsActof19641.htm

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Law

More far-reaching than theCivil Rights Acts of 1957and 1960, the Civil RightsAct of 1964 abolished the

use of voter registration or aliteracy requirement todiscriminate against anyvoter.

Its enforcement relied on

judicial action and the useofinjunctionscourtorders that either force orrestrain specific acts.

The Aftermath

The violent response ofcivilians and police andstate troopers to a voterregistration drive mounted

by Dr. Martin Luther King,Jr. in Selma, Alabamashowed that the Civil RightsActs of 1957, 1960 and 1964were still not enough to

ensure voter equality. Led to the 24th Amendment

and Voting Rights Act of1965.


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40


signed by L.B.J

illi ti i t

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30

millions participate

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Riots break out in New York in July

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Dr King receives

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41

Dr. King receives

the Nobel Peace Prize

Some Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Some Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Title IBanned the use of different voter registration

standards for blacks and whites Title IIProhibited discrimination in public

accommodations such as restaurants, hotels, and

theaters

Title VIAllowed the withholding of federal funds

from programs that practice discrimination

Title VIIBanned discrimination on the basis of

race, sex, religion, or national origin by employersand unions and created the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

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civil rights

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1965

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March 15, 1965, President Johnsonintroduced the Voting Rights Act.

March from

Selma, Alabamato Montgomery,Alabama toregister to

vote..

Two marches:

March 3, 1965,1st march was

unsuccessful.

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Voter Registration-Selma March

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g

In early 1965, SCLC members employed a direct-actiontechnique in a voting-rights protest initiated by SNCC

in Selma, Alabama. When protests at the local courthouse were

unsuccessful, protesters began to march toMontgomery, the state capital.

King and SCLC members led hundreds of people on afive-day, fifty-mile march to Montgomery.

As marchers were leaving Selma, mountedpolice beat and tear-gassed them.

Televised scenes of the violence, called BloodySunday, shocked many Americans, and theresulting outrage led to a commitment tocontinue the Selma March.
http://www.msnbc.com/onair/modules/selma.asphttp://www.msnbc.com/onair/modules/selma.asp

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August 1965, President Johnson signed intolaw the Voting Rights Act.

March 21, 1965, MLK

led a 2nd march fromSelma toMontgomery.

President Johnson

sent in the NationalGuard to protectmarchers.

Successful inregistering 3200

African Americans.

Thi f l h t

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This peaceful march to

Selma, Alabama to registerblack voters...

Selma to Montgomery march under the

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g y

protection of federal authorities

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violence and the death

of Reverend James Reeb LBJ signs Voting Rights Act

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LBJ signs Voting Rights Act

of 1965, outlawing literacy tests

In March, theSupreme Court rules

poll taxes unconstitutional

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WATTS RIOTS 1965

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35 people die,

mostly blacks

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3 598 arrests result and $45 million in

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and $45 million inproperty damages

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Malcolm X Speaks 1965

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Malcolm X Speaks, 1965

X Be peaceful, be courteous, obey thelaw, respect everyone; but if someone

puts his hand on you, send him to thecemetery.

X Nobody can give you freedom.Nobody can give you equality or

justice or anything. If you're a man,you take it.

X You can't separate peace fromfreedom because no one can be atpeace unless he has his freedom.

Liberation and segregation of Blackpeople not integration was Malcolm X'smessage. Believed MLK was moving too

slow.

Malcolm X became a powerful force inthe Nation of Islam movement. Hisfervor and charismatic personalityhelping to swell the ranks.

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Malcolm X

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Malcolm Little was the son of a Baptist preacher who urged

Blacks to stand up for their rights. His father was killed by a

White Supremacist in 1931.

Malcolm moved to Harlem where he became involved in

gambling, drug dealing and robbery. Malcolm was arrested at

the age of 20 for armed robbery. In jail he studied the

teachings of the Elijah Muhammad.

The X in Malcolms name symbolizes the rejection of his slave

name. Malcolm X made constant accusations of racism and

demanded violent actions of self defense.

Young Malcolm X developed his adept speaking skills and

political ideas under the direction of Elijah Muhammad.

Malcolm X gathered widespread admiration from African

Americans and fear from Whites. He constantly retold the

injustices his people suffered in the past.

Malcolm X Quotes (On King)

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Malcolm X Quotes (On King)

X He got the peace prize, we got the problem.... If I'm following a

general, and he's leading me into a battle, and the enemy tends togive him rewards, or awards, I get suspicious of him. Especially ifhe gets a peace award before the war is over.

X I'll say nothing against him. At one time the whites in the United

States called him a racialist, and extremist, and a Communist.Then the Black Muslims came along and the whites thanked theLord for Martin Luther King.

X I want Dr. King to know that I didn't come to Selma to make his

job difficult. I really did come thinking I could make it easier. Ifthe white people realize what the alternative is, perhaps they willbe more willing to hear Dr. King.

X Dr. King wants the same thing I want -- freedom!

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He follows the

teaching ofElijah Muhammad

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civil rights

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civil rights

African

American Voter

Registration

before and afterpassage of the

Voting Rights

Act of 1965

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On June 6, 1966

James Meredithis wounded

by a sniperduring the

March Against Fear

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Black Panther

PartyAfrican American Militant group founded in 1966 in Oakland.

Leaders- Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.Believed violent revolution was the only way to receive freedom.

Urged African Americans to arm themselves.

Because they monitored police activity in the ghettos, they often

found themselves in violent encounters with police.The Black Panthers wanted African Americans to lead their own

communities. They also demanded that the federal government

rebuild the nations ghettos.

The Black Panthersi

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arrive on the scene...

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The Panthers

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The PanthersIn the late 60s party leaders got

involved in violentconfrontations with the police.

The results was death on bothsides.

Huey Newton was tried in 1967 forkilling a police officer.

Black Panther activist BobbySeale, was a member of theChicago Eight.

A group of eight people whodisrupted the 1968 Democraticconvention.

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6. WE WANT COMPLETELY FREE HEALTH CARE

FOR All BLACK AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE.

7. WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO POLICEBRUTALITY AND MURDER OF BLACK PEOPLE,

OTHER PEOPLE OF COLOR, All OPPRESSED

PEOPLE INSIDE THE UNITED STATES.

8. WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO ALL WARS

OF AGGRESSION.9. WE WANT FREEDOM FOR ALL BLACK AND

OPPRESSED PEOPLE NOW HELD IN U. S.

FEDERAL, STATE, COUNTY, CITY AND

MILITARY PRISONS AND JAILS. WE WANT

TRIALS BY A JURY OF PEERS FOR All PERSONS

CHARGED WITH SO-CALLED CRIMES UNDERTHE LAWS OF THIS COUNTRY.

10. WE WANT LAND, BREAD, HOUSING,

EDUCATION, CLOTHING, JUSTICE, PEACE AND

PEOPLE'S COMMUNITY CONTROL OF MODERN

TECHNOLOGY.

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62

Stokely Carmichael takes over the SNCC andcoins the phrase Black Power

Black Power

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Black PowerBlack Power is a term that emphasizes racial pride and the desire

for African Americans to achieve equality.The term promotes the creation of Black political and social

institutions.

SNCC became more radical under the leadership of Stokely

Carmichael. Carmichael advocated ideas ofblack power, whichcalled upon African Americans to embrace their heritage, build

communities, and lead their own organizations.

Many SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

members were becoming critical of leaders that articulated non-violent responses to racism.

Black power fostered racial pride but also led to a major split in the

civil rights movement.

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Tragedy Strikes in 1968

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Martin Luther King was fatally shot on April 4, 1968, byJames Earl Ray while mobilizing support for the Poor

Peoples Campaign.

Kennedy was shot by an assassin while campaigning for

the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination, hoursafter winning Californias primary.

Kennedys death ended many peoples hopes for an

inspirational leader who could help heal the nationswounds.

Dr.King is

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g

assassinated

at a

Memphismotel...

by sniper on April 4th

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y p p

James Earl Ra

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Kings death provoked

violent riots in more than 120cities

resulting in 40 more deaths,

again

mostly black

Following his death, manyAmericans lost faith in the

idea of nonviolent change.

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Fun Fact Before 1967 a state could ban inter-racial

marriage

Loving v. Virginia, was a landmark civil rights

case in which the United States Supreme Court,

by a 9-0 vote, declared Virginia's anti-miscegenation statute, the "Racial Integrity Act

of 1924", unconstitutional, thereby overturning

Pace v. Alabama (1883) and ending all race-based legal restrictions on marriage in the

United States.

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Puerto Ricans

Although Puerto Rican communities had been

forming since the 1920s, the great migration

came after WWII.

Despite being citizens, Puerto Ricans faced

both economic and cultural discrimination.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the decline in

manufacturing jobs and urban decay severely

hit them.

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civil rights

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Civil Rights 1960-68

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