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Early Civil Rights Legislation
Civil
Rights
Act of
1960
Created the United States Civil
Rights Commission
Investigated and reported voterdiscrimination
Gave the Attorney General the power
to require federal courts to issue
orders to prevent any interferencewith a persons right to vote
Created federal voting referees who
helped correct conditions to prevent
voter discrimination
Civil
Rights
Act of1957
President Eisenhower signed into law thefollowing Civil Rights laws.
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GOALS:
End Jim Crow
Promote integration
Increase voting rights
Bring about a truedemocracy
Give Civil Rights toBlack people that theyshould of receivedafter the Civil War.
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Members of the Civil Rights Movement used a
variety of methods to get results. These includedpracticing non-violence and passive resistance(sit-ins, boycotts, freedom rides, etc.) as
encouraged by Dr. King.
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Ruby Bridges In 1960, at the age of 6, Ruby Bridges became the first black
elementary school child to attend a white school.
Due to White opposition of integration, Ruby needed to beescorted to school by federal marshals.
After Ruby entered the school, many of the teachers refused toteach and many of the White students went home.
Ruby went to school everyday.
The Problem We Al l L ive With, By Norman Rockwell
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Voter Registration
Starting in 1961, SNCCand CORE organized
voter registration
campaigns in the
predominantly AfricanAmerican counties of
Mississippi, Alabama,
and Georgia.
[NAACP photograph showing people waiting
in line for voter registration, at Antioch
Baptist Church]
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Voter Registration
SNCC concentrated on voter registrationbecause leaders believed that voting was a way
to empower African Americans so that they could
change racist policies in the South.
SNCC members worked to teach African
Americans necessary skills, such as reading,
writing, and the correct answers to the voter
registration application.
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A New Voice for Students
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC),began in 1960 at a meeting in Raleigh, North Carolina.
SNCC soon became an independent civil rightsorganization. Its members sought immediate change,
as opposed to the gradual change advocated by mostolder organizations.
One of SNCCs most influential leaders was RobertMoses, a Harvard graduate student and mathematics
teacher. Moses led with a quiet, humble style whichearned him the admiration of his followers.
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1960, Greensboro,NC sit in at a
Woolworths lunch
counter
Blacks were not
allowed to sit a the
counter because of
Jim Crow laws.
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Kennedy on Civil Rights
During the 1960 presidential campaign, Kennedy won the
support of many African American voters. Kennedy had voted for civil rights measures in the Senate but
had not actively supported them. As President, he moved
slowly on civil rights issues, not wanting to anger southern
Democrats. Hours after Kennedy had given a speech against
discrimination, civil rights leader Medgar Evers was
murdered. This murder made it clear that government action
was needed. After violence erupted in Birmingham in 1963, Kennedy
introduced a stronger civil rights bill than he had originally
planned. This bill called for an end to segregation in public
places and in situations where federal funding was involved.
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Kennedy on Civil Rights
JFK meeting with African American leaders.
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civil rights
FREEDOM SUMMERS AND RIDERS During the summers of1961 to 1964, groups of Civil Rights activists boarded busesbound for the South to register African Americans to vote.
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The Freedom Rides
The Purpose of the Freedom
Rides The 1960 Supreme Court
case Boynton v. Virginia
expanded the earlier ban
on bus segregation to
include bus stations and
restaurants that served
interstate travelers.
In 1961, CORE and SNCC
organized the Freedom
Rides to test southern
compliance with this
ruling.
Violence Greets the Riders Although the freedom riders
expected confrontation, the
violence which greeted a bus
in Anniston, Alabama, wasmore than they had
anticipated.
A heavily armed white mob
disabled the bus and then set
it on fire. As riders escaped
from the bus, they were
beaten by the mob.
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Bus riders under the protection
of National Guardsmen
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Bob Moses of the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee was one of the
driving forces behind the
1964 Freedom SummerProject. Here he instructs
student volunteers gathered
in Oxford, Ohio, before they
leave for voter registration
and other community
organizing work in
Mississippi. Moses, who had
been working for voting
rights in Mississippi since
1961, played a key role in
persuading SNCC to acceptwhite volunteers from the
North.SOURCE:Photo by Steve Shapiro.Black Star (PER 13SC HA000102).
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Reaction to the Freedom Rides
Americans were horrified by the violence whichhad greeted the bus in Anniston.
Despite the potential danger involved, FreedomRides continued during the summer. Many riders
were arrested. Attorney General Robert Kennedy had originally
been opposed to lending federal support to theFreedom Rides. However, he later sent federal
marshals to protect the riders. Kennedy also pressured the Interstate Commerce
Commission to prohibit segregation in allinterstate transportation. The Justice Department
began to sue communities that did not comply.
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A Freedom Riders bus burns after being firebombed in Anniston, Alabama, May 14, 1961.
After setting the bus afire, whites attacked the passengers fleeing the smoke and flames.
Violent scenes like this one received extensive publicity in the mass media and helpedcompel the Justice Department to enforce court rulings banning segregation on interstate
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bus firebombed
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1962
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JAMES MEREDITH at U. of Miss.
In 1961, James Meredith, an African American student at
Jackson State College, applied for admission to the all-whiteUniversity of Mississippi
When Meredith was rejected, he sought help from theNAACP. The NAACP argued that Merediths applicationhad been rejected on racial grounds. When the case reached
the Supreme Court, Merediths claim was upheld.
Meredith continued to face problems as he enrolled at OleMiss.
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White students respond
to the admission of
James Meredith at theUniversity of Mississippi
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Desegregating Southern Universities
The Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, defied the court
order and tried to prevent Meredith from enrolling. Soonviolence erupted on campus.
In response, the administration of President Kennedyintervened to uphold the court order. President Kennedysent federal marshals to escort Meredith around campus.
During his first night on campus, a riot broke out whenwhites began to harass the federal marshals.
In the end, two people were killed and several hundred were
wounded.
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Stokely Carmichael
s eakin for C.O.R.E.
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Dr. King calls
a meeting for
the ministersof all churches
in the South
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Southern Christian
Leadershi Conference
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1963
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Police Chief Bull Connor
P li d d
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Police use dogs and...
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Police dogs attacked a seventeen-year-old civil rights demonstrator for defying an
antiparade ordinance in Birmingham, Alabama, May 3, 1963. He was part of the
childrens crusade organized by SCLC in its campaign to fill the city jails withprotesters. More than 900 Birmingham schoolchildren went to jail that day. SOURCE:Photo by Bill
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Cl h i Bi i h
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Clash in Birmingham
Marches in Birmingham
In April 1963, Martin Luther Kingjoined the Reverend Fred
Shuttlesworth in a civil rights
campaign in Birmingham, Alabama.
City officials ordered civil rights
protesters to end the march that waspart of this campaign. When they
did not, King and others were
arrested.
While in Birmingham Jail, King
wrote a famous letter defending his
tactics and his timing.
Response to the Marches
King was released more than aweek later and continued the
campaign, making the difficult
decision to allow young people to
participate.
Police attacked the marchers withhigh-pressure fire hoses, police
dogs, and clubs. As television
cameras captured the violence,
Americans around the country
were horrified.
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Letters From a Birmingham Jail In the letter King justifies civil
disobedience in the town ofBirmingham.
I cannot sit idly in Atlanta andnot be concerned about whathappens in Birmingham.Injustice anywhere is a threatto justice everywhere.
Oppressed people cannotremain oppressed forever. Theyearning for freedomeventually manifests itself.
Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the
United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroeshave experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts.
We know through painful experience that freedom is nevervoluntarily given by the oppressor, it must be demanded by theoppressed.
Wait has almost always meant 'never.
L tt F Bi i h J il
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Letter From a Birmingham Jail King, wrote the letter after being
arrested at a peaceful protest in
Birmingham, Alabama. The letter was in response to a
letter sent to him by AlabamaClergymen called, A Call ForUnity.
The men recognized that injusticeswere occurring in Birmingham butbelieved that the battles forfreedom should be fought in thecourtroom in not in the streets.
In the letter, Letter fromBirmingham Jail, King justifiedcivil disobedience by saying thatwithout forceful action, true civilrights would never be achieved.Direct action is justified in the face
of unjust laws.
M d E kill d
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Medgar Evers killed
June 12, Byron De La Beckwith assassinates Medgar Evers,
the first field secretary for the NAACP in Mississippi.
D ti S th U i iti
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Desegregating Southern Universities
In 1963, the governor of Alabama, George C.
Wallace, threatened a similar stand, trying to block
the desegregation of the University of Alabama.
The Kennedy administration responded with the
full power of the federal government, including the
U.S. Army. The confrontations with Barnett & Wallace pushed
President Kennedy into a full commitment to end
segregation.
In June 1963, Kennedy proposed civil rights
legislation.
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Segregation tomorrow,
segregation forever
Gov. George
Wallace
Segregation now,
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We Shall OvercomeWe shall overcome
We shall overcomeWe shall overcome some day
CHORUS: Oh, deep in my heart
I do believe
We shall overcome some day.
We shall all be free
We shall all be free
We shall all be free some day
We are not afraid
We are not afraid
We are not afraid some day
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The powerful words of Martin Luther King Jr.
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p g
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise upand live out the true meaning of its creed: - 'We holdthese truths to be self-evident, that all men are
created equal. I have a dream that one day even the state of
Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat ofinjustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, willbe transformed into an oasis of freedom and
justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will oneday live in a nation where they will not be judged bythe color of their skin but by the content of their
character. black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles,
Protestants and Catholics - will be able to join handsand sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:
"Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, weare free at last!"
The March on Washington
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The March on Washington
National civil rights leaders decided to keep pressure
on both the Kennedy administration and Congress topass the civil rights legislation. The leaders planned aMarch on Washington to take place in August 1963.
This idea was a revival of A. Phillip Randolphs
planned 1941 march, which had resulted in acommitment to fair employment during World WarII.
Randolph was present at the march in 1963,
along with the leaders of the NAACP,CORE, SCLC, the Urban League, and SNCC.
The March on Washington
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The March on Washington
Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered a moving
address to an audience of more than 200,000people.
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1964
Freedom Riders
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Freedom Riders
The Freedom Rides began in Washington, D.C.
Except for some violence in Rock Hill, SouthCarolina, the trip was peaceful until the buses
reached Alabama, where violence erupted.
In Anniston, Alabama, one bus was burned andsome riders were beaten.
In Birmingham, a mob attacked the riders when
they got off the bus.
The riders suffered even more severe beatings inMontgomery.
Freedom Riders
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Freedom Riders
The violence brought national attention to theFreedom Riders and fierce condemnation of Alabamaofficials for allowing the brutality to occur.
The administration of President John F. Kennedystepped in to protect the Freedom Riders when itwas clear that Alabama officials would not guarantee
their safe travel. The riders continued on to Jackson, Mississippi,
where they were arrested and imprisoned at the statepenitentiary, ending the protest.
The Freedom Rides did result in the desegregation ofsome bus stations, but more importantly they caughtthe attention of the American public.
Voter Registration
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Voter Registration
SNCC recruited Northern college students,
teachers, artists, and clergy to work on theproject. They believed the participation ofthese people would make the countryconcerned about discrimination and violencein Mississippi.
The project did receive national attention,especially after 3 participants2 of whomwere whitedisappeared in June and werelater found murdered and buried nearPhiladelphia, Mississippi.(The MississippiBurning Movie)
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Civil Rights Workers
Andrew GoodmanJames Chaney
Michael Schwerner
Defendants
Cecil PriceLawrence RaineyWayne Roberts
Edgar Ray KillenSam Bowers
FBI INVESTIGATORSJoseph Sullivan
John Proctor
Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
Over fierce opposition from Southern legislators,
Johnson pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 throughCongress.
President Johnson worked to build support forKennedys civil rights bill.
The house passed the bill, but civil rights opponentsin the Senate stalled it with a filibuster.
It prohibited segregation in public accommodations &discrimination in education & employment. It alsogave the executive branch of government the power toenforce the acts provisions.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Law
More far-reaching than theCivil Rights Acts of 1957and 1960, the Civil RightsAct of 1964 abolished the
use of voter registration or aliteracy requirement todiscriminate against anyvoter.
Its enforcement relied on
judicial action and the useofinjunctionscourtorders that either force orrestrain specific acts.
The Aftermath
The violent response ofcivilians and police andstate troopers to a voterregistration drive mounted
by Dr. Martin Luther King,Jr. in Selma, Alabamashowed that the Civil RightsActs of 1957, 1960 and 1964were still not enough to
ensure voter equality. Led to the 24th Amendment
and Voting Rights Act of1965.
Civil Rights Act of 64
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40
Civil Rights Act of 64
signed by L.B.J
illi ti i t
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30
millions participate
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Riots break out in New York in July
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Dr King receives
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41
Dr. King receives
the Nobel Peace Prize
Some Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Some Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title IBanned the use of different voter registration
standards for blacks and whites Title IIProhibited discrimination in public
accommodations such as restaurants, hotels, and
theaters
Title VIAllowed the withholding of federal funds
from programs that practice discrimination
Title VIIBanned discrimination on the basis of
race, sex, religion, or national origin by employersand unions and created the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
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civil rights
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1965
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March 15, 1965, President Johnsonintroduced the Voting Rights Act.
March from
Selma, Alabamato Montgomery,Alabama toregister to
vote..
Two marches:
March 3, 1965,1st march was
unsuccessful.
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Voter Registration-Selma March
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g
In early 1965, SCLC members employed a direct-actiontechnique in a voting-rights protest initiated by SNCC
in Selma, Alabama. When protests at the local courthouse were
unsuccessful, protesters began to march toMontgomery, the state capital.
King and SCLC members led hundreds of people on afive-day, fifty-mile march to Montgomery.
As marchers were leaving Selma, mountedpolice beat and tear-gassed them.
Televised scenes of the violence, called BloodySunday, shocked many Americans, and theresulting outrage led to a commitment tocontinue the Selma March.
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August 1965, President Johnson signed intolaw the Voting Rights Act.
March 21, 1965, MLK
led a 2nd march fromSelma toMontgomery.
President Johnson
sent in the NationalGuard to protectmarchers.
Successful inregistering 3200
African Americans.
Thi f l h t
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This peaceful march to
Selma, Alabama to registerblack voters...
Selma to Montgomery march under the
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g y
protection of federal authorities
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violence and the death
of Reverend James Reeb LBJ signs Voting Rights Act
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LBJ signs Voting Rights Act
of 1965, outlawing literacy tests
In March, theSupreme Court rules
poll taxes unconstitutional
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WATTS RIOTS 1965
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35 people die,
mostly blacks
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3 598 arrests result and $45 million in
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and $45 million inproperty damages
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Malcolm X Speaks 1965
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Malcolm X Speaks, 1965
X Be peaceful, be courteous, obey thelaw, respect everyone; but if someone
puts his hand on you, send him to thecemetery.
X Nobody can give you freedom.Nobody can give you equality or
justice or anything. If you're a man,you take it.
X You can't separate peace fromfreedom because no one can be atpeace unless he has his freedom.
Liberation and segregation of Blackpeople not integration was Malcolm X'smessage. Believed MLK was moving too
slow.
Malcolm X became a powerful force inthe Nation of Islam movement. Hisfervor and charismatic personalityhelping to swell the ranks.
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Malcolm X
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Malcolm Little was the son of a Baptist preacher who urged
Blacks to stand up for their rights. His father was killed by a
White Supremacist in 1931.
Malcolm moved to Harlem where he became involved in
gambling, drug dealing and robbery. Malcolm was arrested at
the age of 20 for armed robbery. In jail he studied the
teachings of the Elijah Muhammad.
The X in Malcolms name symbolizes the rejection of his slave
name. Malcolm X made constant accusations of racism and
demanded violent actions of self defense.
Young Malcolm X developed his adept speaking skills and
political ideas under the direction of Elijah Muhammad.
Malcolm X gathered widespread admiration from African
Americans and fear from Whites. He constantly retold the
injustices his people suffered in the past.
Malcolm X Quotes (On King)
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Malcolm X Quotes (On King)
X He got the peace prize, we got the problem.... If I'm following a
general, and he's leading me into a battle, and the enemy tends togive him rewards, or awards, I get suspicious of him. Especially ifhe gets a peace award before the war is over.
X I'll say nothing against him. At one time the whites in the United
States called him a racialist, and extremist, and a Communist.Then the Black Muslims came along and the whites thanked theLord for Martin Luther King.
X I want Dr. King to know that I didn't come to Selma to make his
job difficult. I really did come thinking I could make it easier. Ifthe white people realize what the alternative is, perhaps they willbe more willing to hear Dr. King.
X Dr. King wants the same thing I want -- freedom!
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He follows the
teaching ofElijah Muhammad
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civil rights
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civil rights
African
American Voter
Registration
before and afterpassage of the
Voting Rights
Act of 1965
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On June 6, 1966
James Meredithis wounded
by a sniperduring the
March Against Fear
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Black Panther
PartyAfrican American Militant group founded in 1966 in Oakland.
Leaders- Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.Believed violent revolution was the only way to receive freedom.
Urged African Americans to arm themselves.
Because they monitored police activity in the ghettos, they often
found themselves in violent encounters with police.The Black Panthers wanted African Americans to lead their own
communities. They also demanded that the federal government
rebuild the nations ghettos.
The Black Panthersi
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arrive on the scene...
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The Panthers
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The PanthersIn the late 60s party leaders got
involved in violentconfrontations with the police.
The results was death on bothsides.
Huey Newton was tried in 1967 forkilling a police officer.
Black Panther activist BobbySeale, was a member of theChicago Eight.
A group of eight people whodisrupted the 1968 Democraticconvention.
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6. WE WANT COMPLETELY FREE HEALTH CARE
FOR All BLACK AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE.
7. WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO POLICEBRUTALITY AND MURDER OF BLACK PEOPLE,
OTHER PEOPLE OF COLOR, All OPPRESSED
PEOPLE INSIDE THE UNITED STATES.
8. WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO ALL WARS
OF AGGRESSION.9. WE WANT FREEDOM FOR ALL BLACK AND
OPPRESSED PEOPLE NOW HELD IN U. S.
FEDERAL, STATE, COUNTY, CITY AND
MILITARY PRISONS AND JAILS. WE WANT
TRIALS BY A JURY OF PEERS FOR All PERSONS
CHARGED WITH SO-CALLED CRIMES UNDERTHE LAWS OF THIS COUNTRY.
10. WE WANT LAND, BREAD, HOUSING,
EDUCATION, CLOTHING, JUSTICE, PEACE AND
PEOPLE'S COMMUNITY CONTROL OF MODERN
TECHNOLOGY.
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62
Stokely Carmichael takes over the SNCC andcoins the phrase Black Power
Black Power
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Black PowerBlack Power is a term that emphasizes racial pride and the desire
for African Americans to achieve equality.The term promotes the creation of Black political and social
institutions.
SNCC became more radical under the leadership of Stokely
Carmichael. Carmichael advocated ideas ofblack power, whichcalled upon African Americans to embrace their heritage, build
communities, and lead their own organizations.
Many SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
members were becoming critical of leaders that articulated non-violent responses to racism.
Black power fostered racial pride but also led to a major split in the
civil rights movement.
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Tragedy Strikes in 1968
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Martin Luther King was fatally shot on April 4, 1968, byJames Earl Ray while mobilizing support for the Poor
Peoples Campaign.
Kennedy was shot by an assassin while campaigning for
the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination, hoursafter winning Californias primary.
Kennedys death ended many peoples hopes for an
inspirational leader who could help heal the nationswounds.
Dr.King is
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g
assassinated
at a
Memphismotel...
by sniper on April 4th
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y p p
James Earl Ra
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Kings death provoked
violent riots in more than 120cities
resulting in 40 more deaths,
again
mostly black
Following his death, manyAmericans lost faith in the
idea of nonviolent change.
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Fun Fact Before 1967 a state could ban inter-racial
marriage
Loving v. Virginia, was a landmark civil rights
case in which the United States Supreme Court,
by a 9-0 vote, declared Virginia's anti-miscegenation statute, the "Racial Integrity Act
of 1924", unconstitutional, thereby overturning
Pace v. Alabama (1883) and ending all race-based legal restrictions on marriage in the
United States.
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Puerto Ricans
Although Puerto Rican communities had been
forming since the 1920s, the great migration
came after WWII.
Despite being citizens, Puerto Ricans faced
both economic and cultural discrimination.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the decline in
manufacturing jobs and urban decay severely
hit them.
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civil rights
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