Chapter 21 and Eyes on the Prize Review

The Civil Rights Movement

1960-1968

Objectives

• Analyze Eyes on the Prize and use Chapter 21 in your textbook to identify civil rights organizations with their leaders and strategies.

• Identify those opposed to civil rights and their strategies (obstacles)

• Identify government action taken toward civil rights legislation (accomplishments)

Civil Rights Goals

• Legal equality

• Desegregate or integrate

• Equal voting opportunity

• Equal opportunity

Civil Rights Groups

• NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

CORE: Congress of Racial Equality

SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference

SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

NAACP

• Leaders: W.E.B. Dubois

Goals: promote legal equality, remove voting obstacles and end lynching

Strategies: use the court system and be interracial

Notes: One of oldest CR organizations founded in 1910.They have their own magazine called Crisis.. Appealed primarily to middle and upper class African Americans

NAACP

CORE

• Leaders: James Farmer

Goals: end segregation, peaceful change

Strategies: Peaceful confrontation through organized demonstrations.Sit-ins. Interracial. Freedom Rides. Founded in 1942

CORE

SCLC

• Leaders: MLK & Southern clergymen

Goals: Shift focus of Civil Rights Movement to the South. Morally oppose segregation

Strategies: Boycotts, nonviolent protests

Notes: Founded in 1957 by MLK. Montgomery Bus Boycott. Influenced by Gandhi. Non-cooperation with evil

SCLC

SNCC

• Leaders: Ella Baker, Rob Moses, Todd Gitlin, Stokely Carmichael

Goals: Attract young African Americans by giving them a large role, shift away from Church and SCLC Strategies; Sit-ins and under Carmichael, use militant measures to achieve immediate change

Notes: Ella Baker shifted away from SCLC.

SNCC

Nonviolent Confrontation

• CORE created the sit-in which brought an end to segregation in the facilities it targeted

CORE organized the Freedom Rides with the aid of SNCC. End segregation on interstate buses. Aimed at South but much violence

Robert Kennedy assigned federal marshals to protect Freedom Riders

Albany movement began a year long campaign of protest marches to demand desegregation of bus terminals. Albany police chief used tactic of nonviolent opposition to protestors and hid CR violations from press. Movement fizzled out

Freedom Riders

Nonviolent Confrontation continued

• James Meredith enters University of Mississippi w/ help from Supreme Court & Kennedy

Birmingham Confrontation: Bull Connor and violence on TV. Win for protestors. Desegregate public facilities, fair hiring practices.

Freedom Summer 1964: Freedom Rides and get African Americans to register to vote

Political Response • Kennedy at first didn’t want to do anything but

violence on TV made him push a CR Bill

Kennedy helped MLK in Birmingham which probably helped him win the election

MLK and March on Washington in 1963 with “I Have A Dream”

LBJ passed Civil Rights Act of 1964: banned discrimination in all public accommodations. Equal Opportunity Provision

LBJ passes Voting Rights Act of 1965: can’t stop people from registering to vote

The Challenge of Black Power

• People impatient with pace of changeJames Baldwin : author who attacked de jure & de facto discrimination. Expect violence

Malcolm X: spokesperson for Nation of Islam founded by Elijah Muhammad.Originally believed in separation of blacks and whites but changed his mind & became more like MLK after pilgrimage to Mecca.

Stokely Carmichael takes SNCC in violent direction and tells them to use guns to Protect themselves

The Challenge of Black Powercontinued

• Carmichael’s idea of Black Power wanted Af Am to have racial pride and advocated economic & political power for all Af. Am.

Black Power led to Black is Beautiful and the Black Panthers. Black Panthers wanted Af Am to lead their own communities and wanted the federal government to rebuild the nation’s ghettos. They had a softer side like day care & health facilities

Those Opposed to Civil Rights

• Governor Faubus of Arkansas: Schools

• Montgomery Alabama: Bus boycott

• Emitt Till’s murderers

• Senator Eastland Of Mississippi: no S.C.

• Albany: not successful