Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
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Transcript of Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management
of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
Participatory Research in Asia
About the Document
This document highlights, in a simple and engaging manner, the key findings of a citizen survey conducted during
April-June 2013 in four Schedule V districts of Chhattisgarh. It highlights key issues related to access and quality of
drinking and irrigation water for the tribal communities residing in those districts. Further it throws light on the
status of key stakeholder's action on the identified water problems, with special focus on the participation of the
tribal community in management of water related schemes and programmes.
The document is organized in the following manner:
Citizen Survey Overview
Section 1: Access to Drinking water
Section-2: Quality of Drinking water
Section3-Access to Irrigation water
Section 4-Stakeholder action on water issues
Section 5- Community's participation in water management
Recommendations
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Source: https://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&authuser=0&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1242&bih=585&q=chhattisgarh+district+map&oq
Sample Districts
Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
Citizen Survey Overview
Context:
Objective:
Sample:
Survey Methodology:
Since December 2011 PRIA, with the support of Arghyam, Bangalore, was engaged in an Action Research
intervention in Chhattisgarh on the implementation of Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas(PESA),Act 1996
provisions, with special focus on water management issues. As part of that intervention a citizen survey was
undertaken during April-June 2013 in four Schedule V districts of Chhattisgarh (Korba, Kanker, Rajnandgoan and
Surguja). The survey was conducted by PRIA with support of Arghyam Bangalore and in collaboration with SROUT,
Korba district; Disha Seva Sansthan, Kanker district; Jankalyan Samajik Sansthan,Rajnandgaon district; and Path
Pradarshak, Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. It was conducted during a grassroots campaign held in the sample
panchayats on building awareness on PESA provisions and need for decentralised management of water.
The main objective on the citizen survey was to assess the status of access to and quality of drinking and irrigation
water for the tribal communities of Chhattisgarh; measures taken to address the water problem; and the
participation of gramsabha in management of water programmes and schemes.
The purposive sample included 160 citizen respondents from 20 panchayats of 4 blocks of the four districts. While
Korba, Kanker and Surguja are completely under Schedule V area, Rajnandgoan is partially under Schedule V
areas . From each district one block was chosen, and from that block 5 panchayats were identified in a purposive
manner. These were the blocks were the partner NGO had been working with the community and water had been
identified as an area of concern.
The sample included 80 tribal women and 80 men respondents, with 98.1% being tribal community members.
Among the respondents 40% were less than 40 years and 60% between 40-70 years and 47.5% were illiterate.
Further 83.1% were cultivators and 97.5% were below poverty line.
The research method primarily included individual interviews and observation. They were aided by a semi
structured interview guide, with qualitative and quantitative questions. Quantitative analysis was undertaken of the
village level stakeholders responses with the help of the statistical package, SPSS.
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Section I : Access to Drinking Water
Participatory Research in Asia
Section I : Access to Drinking Water
• Majority of respondents (68.8% )
depend on hand pumps as source of
drinking water, followed by 26.2 % on
wells. More than 80% of villagers of
Surguja and Rajnandgaon primarily
depends upon hand pump, while in
Korba and Kaker more than 32% of
the respondents were dependent on
wells as source of drinking water.
• 81.2% of tribal population across 4
districts face drinking water problem,
with people in Surguja and Korba
districts facing more problems as
compared to other districts.
• 42% of tribal population across 4
districts stated inadequate hand
pumps as one of the main problems
facing them in relation to drinking
water access. Surguja district had
highest respondents stating that
problem, as compared to Korba
district , which had the least
responses.
Sources of Drinking Water
Main Problems Related to Drinking Water Access
Figure 1 : Sources of Drinking Water
Figure 2 : Problem of Drinking Water
Figure 3 : Problem of Inadequate Hand Pumps
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Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
• 30.6% of tribal population across 4
districts stated non-functional hand
pumps as a significant problem .This
problem was stated by highest
respondents in Kaker district and
least by respondents of Surguja
district.
• Only 1.2% of tribal population across
4 districts stated not having piped
water supply as a significant problem
related to access to drinking
water.This included 2.5%
respondents from Korba and Surguja
districts.
• 17.5% of tribal population across 4
districts stated having no water in
hand pumps as one of the main
problem related to access to drinking
water. Highest number of
respondents in Korba district stated
this problem and least number in
Kaker district.
Figure 4 : Problem of Non - Functional Hand Pumps
Figure 6 : Problem of No Piped Water Supply
Figure 5 : Problem of No Water in Hand Pumps
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Section I : Access to Drinking Water
Participatory Research in Asia
• 30% of tribal population across 4
districts stated getting adequate
water for more than six months in a
year. Respondents in Surguja and
Korba districts faced more problems
related to water adequacy through the
year as compared to Kaker and
Rajnandgaon district.
• 64.4% of tribal population across 4
districts stated getting drinking water
within 100 meters from their home.
Respondents in Surguja district
faced most problems related to
distance of drinking water, while 45%
of people in Korba stated getting
water in less than 50 meters.
Figure 7 : Water Adequacy Status
Figure 8 : Drinking Water Distance
Water Adequacy and Distance
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Drinking water problem is an area on concern,with 81.2% of tribal population across 4 districts stating
drinking water problem.
Handpump was the main source of drinking water for 68.8% of the tribal community, with 26.2% of the
community stating wells as important water source. Dhondi was stated as important water source only by
3.1% of the community.
Interestingly,in relation to main drinking water problem,while 58.1% mentioned in adequate hand pump
availability, 69.4% mentioned handpumps not being functional and 82.5% mentioned no water in the
handpumps.Not having piped water supply was not expressed as a problem by large majority of the
respondents.One of the underlined reasons could be their non familiarity with this source of water.
64.4% of the respondents stated availability of drinking water within 100 meters of their home, which is a
positive trend.
Emerging Trends
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Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
Comparative picture:
Despite stating adequate presence of hand pumps by Korba and Kaker respondents, there is comparatively
higher dependence on wells as source of water by respondents of both these districts. Higher number
expressed problem of non-functional hand pumps in Kaker and no water in hand pumps in Korba could be
one possible reason for this trend.
Further in Surguja, despite having inadequate number of hand pumps, the data suggests that those hand
pumps available are functional. In addition problem of distance while accessing water in Surguja could be due
to the inadequate hand pumps available.
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Section II : Quality of Drinking Water
Participatory Research in Asia
Section II : Quality of Drinking Water
• 56.9% of tribal population across 4
districts stated problem of iron in
hand pump water as a major drinking
water problem. The highest
respondents were from Surguja and
Kaker district.
Problems Related to Drinking Water Quality
Figure 9 : Problem of Iron in Hand Pumps
• 21.9% of tribal population across 4
districts shared problem of dirty water
in wells and dhondi as significant
problems. People in Kaker and
Surguja districts stated this problem
more than that of the other districts.
Figure 10 : Problem of Dirty Water in Wells and Dhondhi
• 19.4% of tribal population across 4
districts stated problem of dirty hand
pump water as a significant problem.
It included higher number of
respondents from Rajnandgoan and
Korba districts.
Figure 11 : Problem of Dirty Hand Pump Water
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Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
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Main problems related to quality of problem included iron in hand pump water (as stated by 56.9% of the
respondents), followed by unclean water in well and dhondhi (as stated by 21.9% of the respondents) and
dirty water in hand pump (as shared by 19.4% of the respondents).Presence of floride in hand pump water
was stated only by 2.5% of the respondents.
The survey confirmed the adverse health impacts faced by the community due to poor quality of water, which
included skin allergies, blackening of teeth, diarrhoea, etc. The adverse impact of poor quality water on
children's health is an area of concern.
Comparative picture:
Surguja and Kaker district respondents stated greater problems related to iron in water.
Rajnandgaon and Korba district respondents stated higher incidence of dirty water in hand pumps as main
problems related to quality of water.
Emerging Trends
• Only 2.5% of tribal population across
4 districts stated problem of floride in
hand pump water as a main problem.
It includes 10% respondents from
Surguja district.
Figure 12 : Problem of Floride in Hand Pumps
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Section III : Access to Drinking Water
Participatory Research in Asia
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50.6% of tribal population across 4 districts stated facing problem related to irrigation water availability.
Rain water was the main source of irrigation water for 88.8% of the community, with dabri use for irrigation
stated only by 0.6%.of the community respondents.
In addition 27.5% of respondents in Korba specified not storing the rain water and 7.5% as no stop dam
facility as problems related to irrigation water. This was affecting the agricultural productivity of the region.
Emerging Trends
Section III : Access to Irrigation Water
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50.6% of tribal population across 4
districts stated facing irrigation water
problem. People in Korba and Surguja
districts stated this problem more
than the other districts.
Further all the tribal respondents
across 4 districts mentioned
dependence on rain water as the
source of irrigation. None of them
mentioned any other source of
irrigation, like tube wells etc.
Problems Related to Water for Irrigation
Figure 13 : Problem of Irrigation water
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Dependency on rain water was
specified as a problem by 87.5% of
the respondents.
In addition 27.5% of respondents in
Korba specified not storing the rain
water and 7.5% as no stop dam
facility as problems related to
irrigation water.
Figure 14 : Dependency only on Rain Water - Dominant Problem
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Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
Comparative Picture
People in Korba and Surguja districts expressed greater problem related to availability of irrigation water as
compared to other districts.
Korba respondents also stated not storing the rain water and having no stop dam facility as problems
related to irrigation water.
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Emerging Trends
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Section IV : Stakeholder Action on Water Issues
Participatory Research in Asia
Section IV : Stakeholder Action on Water Issues
• 66.2% of tribal population across 4
districts stated that in the last one
year no government departments
had taken concrete action to address
the water related problems faced by
the community. Government
department's inaction was stated to
be higher in Surguja and
Rajnandgaon districts, than in Kaker
and Korba.
Addressal of Water Problems
Figure 15 : Government Action on Water Problems-in Last One Year
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15.7% of tribal population across 4
districts stated that their gram
panchayats were very active on
development issues and 56.2%
stated that their gram panchayat was
moderately active on ensuring
development of their panchayat.
Highest number of people in Surguja
districts stated having inactive gram
panchayats, while highest number of
respondents of Korba districts stated
very active gram panchayats.
Figure 16 : Gram Panchayat Status on Ensuring Development of Panchayat-in Last One Year
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42.5% of tribal population across 4
districts stated that the gram
panchayats had taken action to
address the water related problems
faced by the tribal community, with
highest respondents from Surguja
district and least from Rajnandgoan
district.
In addition 99.4% of tribal population
across 4 districts stated that the
adjoining Industry had taken no action
to address the water related problems
faced by the tribal community.
Figure 17 : Panchayat Action on Water Problems-in Last One Year
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Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
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Despite the water crisis, the survey has shown that the government, as well as panchayat's action on
addressing the water problem is far from satisfactory.
66.2% of the respondents mentioned that government had not taken effective action, 57.5% mentioned that
panchayats had not taken effective action, and 99.4% mentioned industry had not taken any action to
address the water problem. Supportive action of no other organisation was mentioned.
Comparative Picture:
Government department's inaction was stated to be higher in Surguja (77.5%) and Rajnandgaon (72.5%)
districts.
However highest number of people in Surguja (69.2%) districts also stated that the gram panchayats had
taken action to address the water related problems, thus suggesting that the panchayats were more active
than the government on water issues.
Interestingly in conflict affected area (Kaker) 40% of the respondents stated that government had taken action
on water related problems, which is a good trend.
Emerging Trends
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Section V : Community's Participation in Water Management
Participatory Research in Asia
Section V : Community's Participation in Water Management
• 67.5% of tribal population across 4
districts stated that they had attended
at least one gram sabha since last
one year, with highest number of
respondents from Surguja and
Rajnandgaon district.
Gram Sabha Status
Figure 18 : Attend any Gram Sabha in Last One Year
• 48.1% of tribal population across 4
districts stated discussing water
problems during the gram sabha,
with highest number of respondents
from Surguja and then Rajnandgaon
district.
Figure 19 : Water Discussed in Gram Sabha
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48.1% of tribal population across 4
districts were not aware/informed
about the different government
schemes / programmes related to
drinking and irrigation water. The
highest number of unaware
respondents were from Kaker district
and most informed were from Surguja
district.
In addition none of the tribal
population across 4 districts were
aware/informed about PESA, 1996
Act before the grassroots campaign
on PESA and water management.
Figure 20 : Aware About Government Programme on Water
Information Status
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Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
• 98.8% of tribal population across 4
districts were not involved in the
planning phase of these water
programmes / schemes.Only 2.5% of
respondents in Korba and Surguja
district stated that they had been
involved in the planning phase of
these water programmes / schemes.
Figure 21 : Involvement in Planning of Water Programme
Participation in Water Programmes / Schemes
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75% of tribal population across 4
districts stated not spending time to
manage/maintain community water
sources like hand pumps, dhondi,
dabri, lakes, ponds, wells.
The positive side was that 50% of
respondents in Korba, followed by
22.5% of respondents of Surguja
district stated spending time to
manage/maintain community water
sources.
Figure 22 : Contributed Time to Manage/Maintain Water Structure / Sources
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76.9% of tribal population across 4
districts stated not contributing
money to manage/maintain
community water sources like hand
pumps, dhondi, dabri, lakes, ponds,
wells.
The positive side was that 42.5% of
respondents in Surguja, followed by
25% of respondents of Korba stated
contributing money to manage/
maintain community water sources.
Figure 23 : Contributed Money to Manage / MaintainWater Sources / Structures
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Section V : Community's Participation in Water Management
Participatory Research in Asia
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58.8% of tribal population across 4
districts stated willingness to pay
less than Rs. 50 per month for
drinking water, while another 38.1%
stated willingness to pay between Rs.
51-100 per month for the drinking
water.
In Korba highest percentage of
respondents stated that they were
willing to pay between Rs. 51-100 for
drinking water, followed by Kaker
district.
In addition all the tribal respondents
across 4 districts stated not spending
time to monitor the functioning of the
government department staff on
water management issues.
Figure 24 : Willing to Pay for Drinking Water
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Survey findings reflect very poor participation of the gram sabha members in different stages of managing
water related programmes/schemes .
None of the tribal community respondents were aware about PESA, and only 51.9% were aware about
government programmes on water.
67.5% of the community respondents mentioned attending at least one gram sabha meeting since last one
year,with 43.1% mentioned attending 2-3 gram sabha in last one year. Interestingly 48.1% mentioned
discussing the issue of water in the gram sabha meeting.
The survey shows that 98.8% of the gram sabha members had not been involved in the planning phase of
water related initiatives of the government or panchayat initiated water initiatives . Further 75% of
respondents mentioned not contributing time and 76.9% mentioned not contributing money to manage
water related structures , and 100% mentioned not monitoring water programmes.
It was however heartening to see that 58.8% of the tribal community was willing to pay less than Rs 50 per
month for water, while 38.1% was willing to pay between Rs 51-100 per month for water.
Emerging Trends
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Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
Comparative Picture:
As compared to other sample districts, higher number of respondents in Surguja and Rajnandgaon district
stated attending atleast one gram sabha in the last one year, discussing water problems during the gram
sabha, and being aware about the government programmes on water
Only respondents from Korba and Surguja district showed some evidence of participation in management
of water programmes. 2.5% of respondents in Korba and Surguja stated that they had been involved in the
planning phase of these water programmes/schemes, and 50% of respondents in Korba, followed by 22.5%
of respondents of Surguja stated spending time to manage/maintain community water sources.
Further in Korba highest percentage of respondents (62.5%), followed by Kaker district ( 55%) shared their
willingness to pay between Rs 51-100 for drinking water.
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Participatory Research in Asia
Recommendations
Building from the findings of this citizen survey, some recommendations are included to ensure decentralised management of water, which could address some of the water related problems of the tribal community. These recommendations are addressed specially to key water related government departments, which include the Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED), the Water Resource Department and the Department of Panchayati Raj, Government of Chhattisgarh.:
Structured efforts by water related departments like Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED) and
Water Resource Department, in terms of financial, human, technical and information resources, to address
the access and quality related problems of water in schedule V areas.
Activate and strengthen functioning of Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSC) and Water User
Associations (WUAs) as Standing committees / Sub committee of the Panchayats.
Strengthen capacity of panchayat representatives and their standing committee (including VWSC and WUAs)
on PESA provisions, decentralised planning and water management aspects.
Strengthen capacity of technical staff of water related line departments on decentralised planning and
management, and on PESA act provisions, especially for schemes being implemented in schedule V areas.
Ensure development of panchayat level plans on water, in all existing water related programmes and
schemes, with special focus on schedule V areas.
Make the panchayat level plan as basis for allocation of resources to Panchayats from different water related
schemes and other sources.
Engage the VWSC and WUAs and gramsabha members in monitoring, implementation and maintenance of
water structures in the area.
Promote convergence between line department led and panchayat led planning initiatives by incentivizing
convergence through mutually agreed targets.
Strengthen internal and external planning and monitoring systems in water related departments, on building
community based water management systems.
Expedite time bound formulation of operational rules for the implementation of PESA act, in consultation with
technical experts and practitioners.
Set up effective monitoring and reporting process for implementation of PESA.
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Citizen Survey Report on Access, Quality and Management of Water in Schedule V Areas of Chhattisgarh
District Profiles
http://saipdata.awardspace.com/chhattisgarh_district-wise_st_population.htm
http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201306061001146927823STProfileataGlance.pdf
http://www.cgforest.com/English/Introduction.htm
http://agridept.cg.gov.in/agriculture/rainfall.htm
http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh.pdf
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Indicators Chhattisgarh Kanker Korba Surguja Rajnandgaon
*Total Population 2,55,40,196 7,48,593 12,06,563 23,61,329 15,37,529
*Rural Population 19603658 6,71,834 760360 21,16,312 12,64,980
(% rural pop) (76.75%) (89.75%) (63.02%) (89.62%) (82.27%)
*Urban Population 5936538 76,759 446203 2,45,017 2,72,540
(% urban pop) (23.25%) (10.25%) (36.98%) (10.38%) (17.72%)
1ST population (% ST pop) 30.6% 56.08% 41.50% 54.60% 26.63%
*Sex Ratio 991/1000 1007/1000 971/1000 976/1000 1017/1000
*Sex Ratio-Rural 1002/1000 1007/1000 996/1000 981/1000 1022/1000
*Sex Ratio-Urban 956/1000 1010/1000 930/1000 934/1000 997/1000
*Average Literacy Rate 71.04 70.97 73.22 61.16 76.97
*Male literacy Rate 81.45 80.03 83.88 71.23 87.19
*Female Literacy Rate 60.59 60.64 62.26 50.88 66.98
*Total Area 135,191 sq km 6513 sq km 6615 km sq 9169 km sq 8068 km sq
2 2 2 2 2Forest Cover 59,772 km 3094 km 3349 km 7133 km 2548 km3(% of land under forest) 44.21%
4Average Rainfall ( Annual) 1100mm 1391.3mm 1506.7mm 1415.4mm 1274.0mm
to 1700 mm
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Supported by :
Participatory Research in Asia
PRIA is an International Centre for Learning and Promotion of Participation and Democratic Governance
Head Office :
42, Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 062 India
Phone: (+91-11) 2996 0931/32/33 Fax: (+91-11) 29955183 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pria.org
State Office :
House No. 52, Sector-1, Geetanjali Nagar, Raipur - 492 007
Phone: (0771) 2442 180 E-mail: [email protected]
© PRIA, March 2014
This publication has been brought out under the PRIA programme titled “Action Research on Implementation of Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas Act (PESA), 1996 in Chhattisgarh (with special focus on water).”
AuthorThe document is prepared by Mr. Sandeep Rao
Programme Officer PRIA and Dr. Namrata Jaitli Deputy Director, PRIA.