CIP Annual Report 1995

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CIP n 995

The International Potato Center

nnual Report

G C HANG

We dedicate this report to the loved ones ofRosa Rodriguez and Martin and Collette Bicamumpaka


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International Potato CenterApartado 1558Lima 100 Peru

CIP. 1996.C IP in 7995.The Intern a tion a l Potato Center nnualReport Lima Per u .

ISS 0256-6311Press run : 2 500Printed in Lima PeruApril 1996

Writing/Editing:Jack Keyser Edw a rd Sulzb erge r Bill Hard y Janet Keyser Lisa W ing

Production Coordinator:Ceci li a Lafosse

Editorial Assistance:Emma Martinez

Design and Layout :Ruben D. Gutierrez

Cover Design :Irma Ferna ndez-Concha

Photomechanics:Cecosami

Printing:Asociac i6 n Editori a l Stella

@ Inside m atte r pr inted o n recycled paper

Bright Future for Potato Production page 6.

PM n the Sacred Valley page 23 .


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Table of ontents

CIP: 25 Years of Research for Development 4

Bright Future for Potato Production 6

Research Needed to Halt Rapidly Spreading Late Blight Strains 10

True Potato Seed: A Piece of the Late Blight Puzzle? 14

New Rice and Wheat Varieties Ignite Asian Potato Production 18

IPM Studies Show Promise at Grass Roots 2

IPM in the Sacred Valley of the Incas 23

Florence Wambugu: A Vision for Africa 25

CON DESAN: An Ecoregional Approach to Research for the High Andes 27

Board of Trustees 3

Finance and Administration 32

Donor Contributions in 1995 34

Staff in 1995 35

Selected Scientific Publications 1995 4

Core Research in 1995 43

Training in 1995 48

Research Partners 5

CIP's Global Contact Points 54

CGIAR and CIP: 25 Years of Research Partnership 56


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CIP 5 Years of Research for Development

A comprehensive study published by FAO and CIP economists in 1995 underscores the

notion that production figures for root and tuber crops have been historically

underestimated . In its report Potatoes n th 7990s-the FAO-CIP team notes that pota to

production in the developing world increased at a faster rate over the past 30 yea rs than any

other food crop except wheat. The authors go on to say that developing count r ies will

produce more than a third of the world s potatoes by the end of the century.

Interestingly , growth in potato production was made possible by the availability of new

crop technologies such as high-yielding cereal crops that provide farmers with a small

production niche in which to grow potatoes. Throughout Asia, large amounts of potatoes

are being grown between the harvest and planting of early maturing rice and wheat

varieties developed at IRRI and CIMMYT.

Even so, the potatoes grown in developing countries still yield far below their geneticpotential. Experts estimate that the upper limit for potato producti on now approaches 120 tons

per hectare. This means that there is considerable room to expand production without resorting

to high-cost research aimed at increasing yields. With a comparatively small inves tment in

research , science should be able to raise average potato yields from their current level of 15 tons

per hectare to at least 30 tons across the developing world. Similar increases are also possible for

sweetpotato. Thus, research aimed at scaling back losses from pests and diseases-rather than

increasing yields per se-should produce significant across-the-board production increases at a

relatively modest cost.

To achieve that goal, CIP has assigned its highest priority to late blight the disease

responsible for the Irish potato famine . In the 1980s and 1990s, more aggressive forms of

the late blight fungus spread to virtually all important potato-producing countries causing

great concern among farmers, scientists, and politicians . s CIP enters its 25th year , the

Center will respond to this dilemma in much the same manner as it has always addressed

the problems of resource-poor farmers.

CIP is currently organizing a consortium of researchers to develop potato cultivars with

durable resistance to all forms of the late blight fungus. At the urging of national programs

and the research community at large , we have agreed to act as the convenor of a global late

blight initiative. We hope that our participation will help to link scientists working in

advanced laboratories and their colleagues in national systems.

Within five years, the initiative should help farmers to begin controlling late blight within

integrated pest management systems in which resistant varieties-rather than c hemical

fungicides-play the pivotal role. We further expect that the knowledge and technologies

developed as part of this initiative will be made available via research partnerships being


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Iii---

developed through the ecoregional and systemwide initiatives organized by CGIAR centers.

Among these are the CIP-convened Andean Highland lni t iat ive-CONDESAN-as well as

ICRAF s East African Highlands Initiative and the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Initiative led by

ICIMOD. We also hope to play a useful role in the CGIAR s Rice-Wheat Initiative by virtueof the important role of potato in this unique food production system.

As we have seen over the past 25 years, potatoes are not only a major food crop, but an

efficient income generator and an effective too 1 for crop diversification and sustainability.

The growth of potato production over the past quarter century is a tribute to the hundreds of

CIP scientists who have labored to make potatoes available in developing countries and to

our founders who had the foresight to know that the world s food requirements could not be

met by cereals alone.

Hubert Zandstra

Director General

CIP founding DirectorGeneral Richard LSawyer second fromleft), and Center staff nthe first photographpublished n a CIP annualreport 1972 .


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The study notes that in the near ly 100d eve lop in g cou ntries where potatoes a re grow n,production rose from 30 million to ns in the early1960s to 85 milli on to ns in the ear ly 1990s , ana lm ost threefo ld in crease t h at is second on ly togrowth in w hea t o utput. Pr oduction in thedeveloping wo r ld is proj ected to rise anothe r 2.8percent ann u a lly by the yea r 2000, comparedw ith 0.3 pe rcent in industrialized countries. Th ereport rep resents th e first comp re he nsive st ud y byFAO s Commod it y a nd Tr ade Division to d e tailthe sit u atio n a nd prosp ects of the wo rld potatoeco nom y.

Eur ope and the a rea of the fo rm er SovietUn ion, the report sai d , still accou nt for the b ulk ofpotato production wo rld w id e , b ut s low growthw ill res ult in a con tinuin g de c line in theind ustria lized wo rld 's sh a re of prod u ction. Incont rast, a rap id expansio n of 30 mi ion tons bythe end of the 1990s is projected for developingcou ntri es, res ulting in a harvest of 10 5 milliontons, a 40 perce nt in c rease s in ce 1988 a lon e.

Large Increases Projected for sia

Gregory Scott, a CIP eco nomist whocol labo rated wit h FAO o n the st ud y, says that ifthis transit ion co ntinue s, most of the wo r ld spotatoes wi ll be h a rvested in Asia , Af r ica , and

Latin Am e rica in less than a ge neration. As ia, hesays , acco un ts fo r a lm o st 80 pe rcent of potatoproduction in developing countr ie s, with h a rv estsgrowing at an ave rag e rat e o f 4 percent a year

from 1 962 to 1 992 . The region shou ld acco u nt fotwo-third s of a ll projected in c re ases in d e velopingcountries by 2000 .

China , t he wo r ld s second- la rgest potatoprod u ce r afte r the Ru ssian Fede rat ion , and Indi a ,th e s ix th-ranked g loba l prod u cer , are expected tocontinue to acco unt for abo ut h alf of th is in c reasein the years just a head . Pakistan, Indones ia, a ndVietnam are also projected to show stro n g ga in s apotatoes conti nu e to expa nd as a seco nd or thirdcrop in that region s rice- and w heat-basedcropping syste m s and as co n sumers d ive rs ify diets

Accord in g to t he rep o rt, in creases in potatopr od u ctio n in developing co untri es were secondonly to those of whea t ove r the 30-year spanstudied . The a rea planted to potatoes outstr ip pedcassav a, wheat, rice , pulses , and coa rse g ra in s, threport said. In addition , a dec lin e in potato pricescompa re d w ith prices of other staple foods hasquick e n ed d e mand a nd sp ur r ed in creased supp li e

Africa a lso ex perienced extensive growth inpotato o u tp ut. Production in sub-Saharan Africaha s in c reased nea rly 1 50 percent si nce 1962 ,a lth ough begi nnin g from a low base. Productioncurrently grow in g fas te r fo r potato than for anyother m ajor food c rop in the reg ion, except for rica nd yams.

In Latin America , expa n sio n was due to anincrease in prod u ctivity as we ll as growth in area

planted . Andean cou nt r ies, the report said, a reexpected to recover from sh a rp cutbacks of thepre v ious decade , w hereas pr od uc t ion in there gion ' s Southern Co ne is forecast to benefit from

World otato roduction in Selected Regions

Region 1961 -63 average 199 1-93 ave rage Ave rage annu algrowth in

Production Area Production Area production(000 t (000 ha ) (000 t (000 ha) ( )

Deve loping wo rld 29,066 3,562 84,957 6,677 3.6Asia 20,280 2,327 66,037 4,9 95 4.0Africa 1,826 238 6,693 700 4.1LAC* 6,959 998 12,226 981 1.9

Industrialized world 236 ,048 18,592 190 ,398 11 ,456 -0 .7Total 265 ,114 22 ,154 275 ,355 18,133 0.1

La tin America and the Caribbean.Source: FAO/C IP 1995. Potatoes in the 1990s: Situation and prospects for the world potato economy Rome. 39 p.


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greater commercial izatio n. Potato production inLatin America increased roughly three-quartersover the past three decades .

Processing and TradeThe st udy noted that worldwide use of potatoes

is shifting away from the fresh market andlivestock feed toward processed products such asfren c h fries, c hips , a nd frozen and dehydratedpotato es. Processin g the report says, is the fastestgrowing sector within the world potato economy,a trend that can be seen in co untri es such asArgentina, China, Co lombi a and Egypt.

Although potatoes are bulky and perishable,world trade in table potatoes and seed rose from 3million tons in 1962 to 7 .5 million tons in 1992 ,

most of it among the 12 member countries of theEuropean Union. FAQ stat ist ics do not in c lud etrade information on processed potatoes. If theydid, Scott says, world potato trade could berunning at 10 million tons a year _ or about 4perc ent of annual g lo b a l production.

Th e study underscores CIP s contention thatstatistical data o n potatoes have lon g been

underestimat ed . CIP Director General HubertZandstra no t es that.th e report ca lls attention tosome of the inconsistencies in previous globalpotato data for supply and demand. This has ledto

someunderestimations

infuture

m edium-term

projections and created a n air of doubt in theminds of scientists a nd donors abou t the healthand direction of the global root and tubereco nomy , he says.

For example, one import a nt forecast in 1994esti mated that potato production in developingcountries would gmw from 75.7 million tons in1988 to o nly 89.8 million tons by 2000, an increaseof just 1 8 percent. For many developing co untries ,including China, those projections had already beenexcee ded , Scott noted. When FAQ and CIPreexamined the data, the developing-country

projections increased to 105.4 million tons.Scott believes that potential payoffs from future

investments in potato will be favorable asproduction growt h rates a re hi gh and the outlookfor continuing de m and is good . The mostdynamic factor in the sector, he says, is thepotato processing industry, which will affect bothsupply and demand.

P. MALAGAM BA

Egypt produces morethan 1.7 million tons ofpotatoes annually; since1961-63 production hasgrown at an averageannual rate of 4.8percent

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Research Needed to HaltRapidly Spreading ate BlightStrains

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Fo r a ce ntury and a half, late blight disease hasbeen the potato fa rm e r' s c hi ef nemes is. Since theIri sh fam in e of the 1 840s , in w hi ch a millionpeople died and anot her million a nd a half

em igrated , farmers h ave spent bi IIions of dollarsattempt in g to co ntr o l th e fungus responsible forwh a t became known in Ire la nd as the GreatHun ger. Even so , late blig ht remains the wo r ld 'smost devastating food crop disease.

Late blight , caused by the fungus Phytophthorainfestans began as a loca l disease of wi ldre latives of potato and tomato in Mexico s To lu caValley . In the ea rly 1950s , John N ieder h ause r, aWorld Food Prize la ur eate, pinpointed the va lleyas the place now wide ly accepted as late blight sce nter of ge netic diversity . Th e re he d iscoveredtwo mating types, ca lled A 1 and A2 , thatreproduce both asex ua lly and sexua lly. Until then,sexua l reproductio n of the fungus was unknown.

The A1 strain , a si ng le genetic individual ,broke out of its Mexican e n c lave in t h e 1840s andspread quickly, res ul t in g in crop fai lu r es not onl"yin Ire land but also o n the Europ ean mainland.Until that time, late b light was fore ign to Europe,Canada , a nd the United States. Eventually , thepotato rebounded, following the development ofsimp le fungicides and the integrat ion of a wi ldMexican potato species , So/anum missum intobreeding programs ear ly in t he 20th centu ry.

Second ave

Today, the fungus is staging a resurgence . CIPscient ist s are monitoring its sp read a nd n owco ns id er the likel ih ood of major crop losses indeveloping co un tries to be large ly a matter oftime. In the mid-1970s, a new migration of lateblight, including both the Al a nd A2 matingtypes, is be eved to have trave led out of Mexicoto Eur ope on a commercia l shipment of potatoes.From Europe, the disease spread rapidly to ot h erparts of the world. By the late 1980s, potato

resea rc her s in Europ e co nfirm ed their worst fears:evidence of sex u a l reproduction of t he fungusouts ide of Mexico. In 1 992, a s ig nifi ca nt in creasein th e A2 and new genes of the A 1 were found inCa nada and the United States . In Canada'swestern province of Br itish Columbia, th e fungusappeared to be reproducing sexua lly, a nd by 1994A2 st rains we re discovered in the Andes, the

potato s genetic center of or igin.Scientists say that the new migrant A 1 a nd A2

mating types are far more aggress ive t h an theo rigina l A 1 and cause more severe outbreaks ofthe disease ea rli er in the grow in g seaso n . Worst ofa ll, some st ra in s are res ista nt to one of the mosteffect ive late blight fungicides, metalaxyl .Furth e rm ore , the new migrants are moregenet ica lly diverse and are aggressive ly displacingo lder late b light popu lat io ns in many areas. Th espores resu lt in g from sexua l, as opposed to thosefrom asexual, recombinat ion can su rv ive forextended periods. Th e poss ibi lity of catast rophicc rop fa ilur es not unli ke t hose in the 19th century ,g rows w it h each report that th e new late blight

stra in s have expa nd ed their range.

Research Priorities

Late b light is now poised to str ike hardest atthe millions of poor people in developingcountries who rely on the nutritious potato , butca n least afford to purchase expens ive


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agroc hemi ca ls to keep th e fungus in check. M o reinsecticides a nd fungicides a re app lied to potatoth an to any other foo d crop: Some sc ie nt i sts

believe that the success of fungicides such as

metalaxyl in contro lling late b light may h avelull ed the r esearc h est abli shm e nt into a fa lsese n se of sec ur i ty a nd caused a loss of ur gency inthe development of bl i g ht-r es ista nt potatovar iet ies .

That mi g ht be true in some co untri es inEu rope and North America where market forcesa nd a d epe nd ence on agrochemicals h avev irtu a ll y lo cked o ld e r va ri et ies wit h n a rro wge ne ti c b ases into place, says Peter Gregory, C IP

Deputy Di r ec tor Ge neral for Research. But it' snot true for CIP, wh e re even before the spread oft he new str ains we accor d ed the hi gh est priorityto la te bl i ght research. H owever, Gregory says,ca ll s for add it i o n a l resea rc h are becoming o u

from developin g-co untry potato g rowers , who a rea la rmed a bou t t he s pread of the more di v ersefungal strains and th e apparent grow ing im munityof P in stans to fungicides .

G. CH AN G

Populations and B

Thr ee yea rs a ft er it s founding in 1971 , CIPbegan distributing se lecte d clones developed byn at io n a l potato programs as a first Ii ne of d efe n se

aga in st late bl i ght. By 1990 , the Ce nt e r hadd eve loped br eed in g material, known as

population A, comb inin g major , or R, ge n es andhoriz o nt a l resista nce. But R genes ca n b e aproblem to br eeders in nation a l programs whowant to use th e materials to develop late bli g htres ist ance in crosses with local va r iet ies R ge n es

a re major immunit y genes , eac h of which ca nreact s tro ng ly to a particular ra ce of P in estans

a nd mask du r ab le o r h o ri zo nt a l resistance.H orizo nt a l resist a nce is the res u It o f m a ny genesacting in co nc e rt so t hat the plant ca n withstandattack from all races of the fungus. Despite theselimit at ions, population A clones h ave h a dsubstantial value and co ntinue to show promise inseveral lo ca tion s

In the 1980s, CIP built upon the success ofpopulation A and deve lo p e d a second ge ner at io n

Late blight can destroy apot to field n just threedays. Here, late-blightsusceptible plants

foreground) comparedwith a resistant cultivar.


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J NI ERH USER

late li ght le s ion s

1 2

of c lo nes , population B w h ich have h orizonta lresista nce wit ho u t t he p rese nce of R genes.An a lyses h ave a lso show n that po pul at io n B h as ah ig h l eve l of he ritabi lity of durab le res ista n ce,thu s i n dicating the poss ibi lity of breed ing fo rho rizo ntal res ista n ce .in th e abse n ce of R genes.

CI P scie nt ists have raised the poss ib ility, however ,that R genes may in fact be prese nt in popu latio nB but co ul d be in act ive beca u se o f th e prese nce ofso-ca lled s up p resso r ge nes.

Ove r the nex t seve ra l years , th e Cen ter wi llseek to expa nd the ge net ic base for lo n g- lasti n gres ista nce t h ro u g h the t ra nsfe r of res ista nce ge nes

Canchan Wards off LateBlight with Good

Investment Returns

fNi

from wi ld species a nd p rim itive cultivars toc ul t ivated potatoes. Thi s wo rk w ill bot h b roade na nd s t re ngth e n res ista nce to late b light, G regorysays . Rap id progress is expected because C IPscie ntists and co lleagues h ave a lr eady overco memost of t he in compatib i I ty roadb loc ks .betwee nw ild spec ies a nd c ul t ivated potatoes.

Fo r t he im med iate fut u re C IP wi l l also attem ptto co m b in e broade r-based d urab le res ista n ce w ithloca ll y adapted pota to varie ti es and advance dbr eed ing lin es. Sc ie ntists hope fo deve lop res ista n tpo pul at io n s th ro u gh a b le nd of m o lecula r ma rke rass isted se lec t io n and limited ch romosomet ra nsfer. Additio n a lly , ge n et ic maps w ill be u sedto locate res ista nce genes w ithi n t he potatogeno m e. Th e c lo ne d ge nes w ill th en be in serted

into e x isting potato c ul t iva rs.Gregory says th at emp h asis w il l e ve ntual ly bed irected to promoting widesp read use o f new,late-b light-resistant va riet ies. Th ese m ate ria ls, hesays , sho u Id provide t he cata lyst ne e ded to al lowfa rm ers to co ntro l la te b li ght t h ro u gh in teg ratedpest ma n age m e nt systems in w hi c h resista ntva rieties - rat her tha n che m ical fu ng ic ides - p layth e key ro le.

Will Farmers ccept Resistant Varieties?

Th e re is eve ry reaso n t o be lieve that

deve lop ing-co u nt ry fa rmers wi ll accept pota tova riet ies wi t h broa d r es ista nce if t hey a reaccessib le . Expe rien ce has show n that fa rmers a reeager to grow potatoes t h at a re less depe nd e nt o nc hem ica l sp rays fo r insect pes ts a nd d iseases . C IPecono m ists have d oc um e nte d that the pota tova rieties re leased in th e deve lo pin g w o rld in th e

Pota to c ul tiva r Ca nc h a n -INIAA p rov id es a nexa m p le o f th e va lu e of pop ul a ti o n A j nco m bat in g late p li g ht , as we ll as a n exa mpl e ofgood ret urn s o n r esea rc h invest m ent.

Re lease d in P er u in 99 0 , Ca n cha n h as hi ghlevels o f late bl ight res istance a nd is gai ni n gaccep ta n ce a m o ng bot h t radi ti o na l And ea n potatog row e rs a nd co mm erc ia l pro du ce .rs in co as ta la reas.

De vel o pe d at CIP i n t h e late 1970s, Ca n c ha n sge ne ti c base includ es ge n es fro m a w ild potato


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True Potato Seed

A Piece of the Late BlightPuzzle?

4

True potato seed , the sm a ll botanical seedsproduced by the flo wer of the potato plant , m ayone day prove to be a n im p ortant weapo n in thebattle aga in st late blight.

Using co nv e ntion a l seed tubers , it co uld takeye ars to move lat e-b lig ht-re s ista nt c ulti vars fromthe resea rch station to re so ur ce-poor fa rm ers indeveloping countries. Expe rience h as show n thatat least 1 0 years a re needed to produce enoughtuber seed to have eve n a m odest impact infarmers' fiel ds . With TPS , la rge quantities ofdisease-resistant planting materials ca n be readyin on e season.

To meet the late blight c h a lle nge, nationalprograms will need to m ove hu ge quantities ofresistant va rieties into farmers' hand s w ithin the

space of just a few years , says Mahesh Upadhya ,CIP's program leader for pr opagat io n and cropm a na ge m e nt. Any fa rmer acc usto m ed to wo rkin gwi th sm all see d s shou Id be ab le to us e TPS toprodu ce large amo unt s of to p -qu a lity pl anti ngmate r ia l in a short period of time , Upadhya says.

Th e accep tan ce of TPS tec hnol ogy ind eve lop in g countries is g rowing rapidly ,es peci a ll y in southern a nd Southeast Asia, w he repotato production has increa se d dramatically inrecent yea rs. Many Asian farmers are using TPSplanting m ater ials, Upadhya says, beca us e theyare cheaper than tr ad ition a l tub er seed and

because they pr od uce bett er y ie ld s. Over thelon g term , he expla ined , it wi ll be difficult forAsian co untries to produce the huge quantities ofce rtifi ed tuber seeds needed to m eet the grow in gdemand for pl an t ing ma t e ria l. It will a lso behugely expe n sive. Co n vent ion a l tu b er seed a ndpropa gatio n via tis su e culture require lar geinvestm e n ts in la nd , sto ra ge and transportationinfrastru cture, a nd m a na gement.

Once researchers reso lved the productionproblems that ha d plagued the new seedtechnology, TPS began to c h a nge the mec ha ni csa nd eco no mi c s of potato production in the early

1990s. Farmers w ho norm a ll y planted a hectareof po t atoes using 2 tons of seed tu b ers cou ldac h ieve the same res u l t a t less cost-by plantingas little as 50 grams of tru e potato seed from new,stable-yielding hyb rids . TPS is not u sua lly sownd irectl y in the fie ld li ke m aize or wheat seed , b utis pl a nt ed into a seedbed, li ke to m atoes, ortransplant e d into the field as seed lin gs . Th e small

tub e rs produced from TPS seedlin gs are then u sedas seed for planting the n ex t po t ato crop. Fiftygrams of TP S co st abo ut $100 , as opposed to

1 ,200 to $ 1 5 00 for two tons of seed tubers .Producing sma ll tu b ers from TPS ca n be labo rin t e n s iv e a decided plus in ru ral a reas that a resho rt of jo bs.

True Seed Research

The TPS te c hnolo g ies now coming on lin e a rethe product of mo r e th a n 20 yea rs of research.

We had many false starts, Up ad hya reca lls, a ndm any setbacks. With eve ry step forwa rd , wee ncountered new roadblocks a nd new scientificc ha lle nge s. Th e basic problem was to produ ce

true-seed hyb rids that wo u Id meet m a rke tsta nd a rds .Work began by se lec t ing par enta l li n es with

desired c haracte risti cs, suc h as tuber shape andco lor, and adapta bili ty to da y len gths found in twotropical growing seasons.

What was nee ded , says Upadhya , we recu lt i va rs that produce a crop in the au tumnseaso n w he n potatoes a re plant ed under lo n g daysa nd tuberize under short days , as we ll as c ul t iva rssu it a bl e for the spri ng seaso n wh e n potatoes areplanted un der short days a nd tu b er ize during lon gdays. Today , C IP TPS po p ulation s a re sufficiently

homoge neo u s to me et t he dem a nd s of themarketplace , but contain a mi xtu r e of genes thatprotect th em from a var iety of v iru ses a nd plantdiseases. An add ition a l adva nt age o f TPS ,Upadhya expla ined , is that it provides farmerswith a potato crop made up of nu m erous ge neco mbinati ons , ra ther than a mon oc ultur e ofgenet icall y identical potato clones , as is the casefor crops grow n from traditional tub e r seed. Thismixture of genes could eve ntu a lly provide farmersw ith a n important too l fo r fighting diseases su c has late blight.

Even with the d eve lop me nt of th e new hyb rid sthat ex hibit ed go o d uni fo r mi t y, h oweve r, scientistsst ill face d the pr o bl em of seed dormancy. Tru epotato seeds ge rmin ate a t diff e re nt times, adefense mec han ism that plants u se to prote ctth emse lves in the w iId. The so l.u t ion to th eprob le m was worked out by CIP's No e l Pallais , aplant physiologist, w ho lea rned how to fo o l theplant into believing it had go ne through a full

N. PALLAI


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season of dorm a n cy so it wo uld ger minat euniforml y durin g the followin g produ c tion seaso n.

In re trosp ec t, th e so lution was fai rl y simp le,Pa lla is says. What we did was re du ce seedmo i sture leve ls to 4 percent and store d the seedfor four m o nth s a t 40 degre es Cels ius. After th a t,a ll TPS ger mi n ates uniforml y .

T PS a lso g ives farmers plantin g flex ibi l i t y,Pa lla is says . In t ropical re g ion s, wh e re little or noco ld storage is ava ilable to fa rmers , tu b er seeddeteriorates ra pidl y. One adva ntage o f TPS is th a tit a llows farmers to plant a crop acco rdin g to theirsc hed ul e. Growe rs w ho r e ly on c lo n a l seed ha velittle choice but to plant when the tu b e rs a rri vefrom abroa d or from a local seed program . WithTPS , farmers have more contro l over t imin g. For

exa mpl e , in hi g hland zo nes a rou nd Lake Titi cacabo rd e rin g Bol ivia a nd Peru , far m e rs are p la n t in gsee db eds of TPS to co in c id e with the onset of th era in y season. Minitubers grown from TPS in t h esee dbeds are e qu a l in qualit y a nd v igo r to what isreferr e d to as bas ic seed , the h ighest qualit y see dn a tional programs produce and distribute toce rtified seed growers. Thus , even the poor es tfarmers who us e TPS can produ ce t he hi g h es tqua li ty seed acco rding to their own schedule.

995 Field Reports

India In Indi a, the world's sixth-largest po t atoproducer , fa rm e rs are growin g more than 10 000hec tar es of potato es deri ved from TPS pl a ntin gmat e rial , a fiv efo ld increas e o ve r 199 3. C IPeco nomist s project that the area pl a nt e d w ith th enew h yb rids should reac h 250,000 hec tares by th eyear 2015. Ind ia produced nea rly 500 kilo gramsof tru e seed in 1995 e nou gh to plant 20 000hec ta res. Wi t h TPS presentl y wholesaling fo r 800a kilo g ram, Indi a n producers are se llin g a portionof their seed to potato pro grams in Vietnam ,Egypt, the Philippines , and n e ighborin g Sri Lankaand Ba n g lad es h. A ll s ix TPS h ybrid s now be in gprodu ce d in India were bred by a C IP team ofsc ienti sts and we re ex tensi ve ly eva lu ate d byIndi a s Central Potato Resear ch In st itute a ndresea rc h ce nt e rs of the A ll In dia CoordinatedPotato Improvement Project . In rece nt yea rs,Indi a 's Ministry of Agr icultu re has pr ov i dedmone y to state gove rnment s to build ad diti ona lTPS produ ctio n faci li t ies. Th e state of Tripur a, a

lead e r in TPS production , hopes to p rodu ce 200kilo g ra m s in 1 996. Th e object ive of th ego ve rnm e nt' s in ves tm e nt is to a lleviate th ecountry's c hroni c s ho rt age of qualit y seed.

Vietnam In Vietnam , the rapid in c rea se in theus e of TPS techno logy in the r ice-b ase d crop pin gsys tem near H ano i ha s surpris e d m a n yre sea rche rs. Th e in crease is largel y t he res ult ofTPS's a bil i t y to fit a hi ghl y profit a bl e potato cropbet ween tw o crops of rice. In 1996 Vie tnam pl a n sto import a bout 30 ki log ra ms of h yb rid TPS fromIndi ll of it dest in e d as a third cro p in thecountry's rice bowl , th e Red Rive r D e lt a.Vietn a m ese ag ricu ltur a l of f ic ials expect that bythe year 2000 7 000 hec ta res of potatoes wi b e

g ro w n in the Re d River Delta . Of this tota l, 2 000hectares w ill probably be gro w n from TPStranspl a nt s and 5 000 hec tares from first- o rsecond-generat ion TPS-der ived tu b e rs . Th egov e rnm e nt expects th at farmers will grow mo r ethan 10 0 000 tons of hi gh-qualit y potatoes eac hyea r thereafter from TPS-deri ved m ate ria ls . By th eR FAL CON


17/56

turn of the century, Vietn a m will re quire 300kilo g ra m s of TPS valued in excess o f a quarter of amillion doll a rs at 1995 prices. By then, Vietnamplan s to be self-sufficient in tru e -s eed produ c tion.Currently, a ll of th e TPS us e d in Vietnam are CIPhybrid s purchased from Indi a. Vi e tn a mesescientists, however, are ex p e rim e ntin g with theirown hybrid seed varieties a nd co ntinuing toscr ee n hybrids introduced by CIP.

Nicaragua: Despite heavy outbreaks of late blightin 19 95 , potatoes g rown from TPS hybridscontinue to meet grower expec ta tions. TPS

varieties c urrently represent about 40 percent ofth e 21 ,000 tons of potatoe s eate n in the countryeach year. Nicaragua s TPS varieties, which were

d e riv ed from (IP-Indian hybrids, were firstintr o du ced into the country in 1987. Nicara g uanow pu r c hases TPS from the C hi l ean na tionalpo t a to program, but continues to diversify its truepo t a to see d selections to fit produ ct ion andm a rket ni c hes by g rowin g th e white-skinnedvariety Ni ca ra guan consumers prefer, or by

producing a late-maturin g potato to takea dv a nta ge of hi g he r prices when potatoes are inshort supply.

Cuba: After 30 years of spe ndin g an estimated$15 mil I on a year on import e d seed tubers , m a nyof which carrie d diseases, Cuba is investing in theco nstruction of thre e fac iliti es to produce hybridTPS seedling tub e rs. Like Nicaragua, Cubac ur r e ntly imports TPS seed from Chile, includin gth r ee (IP-Indian va ri eties that resist late bl i ght.

Egypt: See d farms in Egypt h ave turned toproducing seedling tub e rs following directseeding of TPS usin g mec hani ze d planters. Thisis b e lieve d to be the firs t inst a nc e in which TPS is

sown directly into the soil. In 1995 , four he ctare

sof TPS were planted on ne wly reclaimed deser tla nd. CIP-develop e d hybrids performed extremelywell under these conditions. Res ulting minitub e rs

will go directl y to farmers to plant next year'scro p. Egyptian farmers expec t to plant 300hec ta res of TPS-deriv ed potatoes in 1996 u sin gdomesti ca lly produ ce d minitubers andcommercial quantiti es o f TPS imported fromIndi a.

China: In 1994-1995 , abou t 9,000 hectare s wereplanted from hybrid TPS supplied by CIP and the

Wumeng Agricultural Institut e in Inner Mongolia.Researchers in Chin a a re c urrently testing CIPhybrids and report good res ults in Sichuan a ndYunn a n provinces. TPS-d e riv e d potato produ c tionfell dr a matically in th e 1980s because of viroida nd seed germination probl e ms arising from theus e of locally produced, ope n-pol I natedva ri e tie s. China, th e la rgest producer of po t a to es

in th e d eve lopin g wo r ld , s ta rte d producing h yb ridTPS in 1988 with tec hni ca l backstopping fromC IP.

Bangladesh: Res ea rch e rs co nsider Banglad es h tobe a n outstanding ca ndid ate for TPS technolo gy.In 199 5, the gov e rnm e nt imported 16 kilo gramsof TPS from Indi a and sold it to g ro we rs in theco untr y s six prin c ip a l potato-growing distri c ts.

Bangladeshi farmers expect to har ves t a bout athousand hectares from TPS-derived plantin gm ate rial in 1996 , a 10 -fo ld incr ease over th eprevious year.

n Peru farmers whonormally plant 2 tons ofseed tubers are achievingcomparable andfrequently better resultsby sowing as little as 5grams of true seed.

17


18/56

ew Rice and Wheat VarietiesIgnite Asian Potato

roduction

Cropping patterns:Shown below (page18) is the traditionalcropping pattern thatexisted in South Asiaprior to theintroduction of highyielding rice andwheat varieties in the1960s. The current

Rice-Potato-Ricepattern and the

Rice-Potato-WheatSummer Pulsespattern are shown onpages 19 and 20,respectively.

Unwittingly, it was the development and successof early maturing, high-yielding rice and wheatvarieties that accelerated the growth of potatoproduction in South Asia.

Because of their short cropping cycle,potatoes fit well into the wheat and rice farmingsystems that make up much of Asia s agriculture.The beauty of the new rice and wheat

varieties, says CIP economist Gregory Scott, isthat they've opened up a niche in the croppingcalendar that allows farmers not only to plantmore rice and wheat but also sandwich in aplanting of potatoes.

Today, virtually all potatoes grown on theIndian subcontinent are produced in this manner .In Bangladesh, farmers grow upwards of 1 7million tons of potatoes on 1.2 mill ion hectaresduring a three-month production windowopened by technologies that lessen the timerequired to plant and harvest rice. Potatoes areplanted in October and November and harvestedduring a four- to six-week interval from lateJanuary to early March, well before the arrival ofthe southwest monsoons in June and in time toaccommodate a wheat crop. This extra supply ofpotatoes provides food at a time when cerealbins begin to run low and farm families muststretch remaining supplies until the next harvest.

The development of the new rice and wheat

varieties made it economically attractive toinvest in tube wells and fertilizer to extractmaximum yields from cereals. As a result,farmers can usually coax a potato crop th roughthe dry season with residual soil moisture or a

TRADITIONAL ASIAN CROPPING PATTERN 1965

N PALLAIS

M 111 M M l I M W J l l l M j i M M e l M M 1 e l W M t l l M M t ; l M M j j : M Mt f41;M W l l M E f ; 1 ' 4M

Rainy season begins .

r-Fallow or summer crop 1

.. . .. . .


19/56


20/56

G. SCO

India h as the ca pacity toconserve about ha lf of it s15.7-million-ton a nnualpotato ha r vest in co ldsto res ; th e remaindermu st be eaten at ha rvest pr ocesse d or sto red inthe countryside.

In Indi a a n d Ba ng lade sh, a portion of the c ropgoes to m a rket im m e di ately , u su a lly at lowpr ices . A la rge part of th e h a rves t is t hen pi le d inthe f ie ld fo r 60 days until th e initi a l g lut ofpotatoes p asses an d pr ices recover . Th e p rac t iceis risk y b eca u se unexpe c te d we t wea ther ca n ruina yea r' s p rod u ct ion. About h a lf of the ha rves tgoes into co mm e rc ial co ld-storage fac il i ti es to be

he ld un t i l sup p lies dw indle a nd pri ce s ris e.Ind i a , th e w or ld s s ixth-l argest potatoproducer, now h as a co ld -storage ca pac ity formore than 8 mi ll i on tons. But co ld stores ar e o nlya part ia l so lution to pot a to m a rke ting prob le m s.

RICE POTATO WHEAT SUMMER PULSES

Indi a n a nd Bangladeshi farme rs, Scott says,wo u ld be ne fit from in ex pensi ve tec hnology toe xte nd cr o p s to r age to take a d va nt age of risin gpr ices from Fe bruar y thro ugh Ma y , the per iodb e fo r e co ld -storage p o ta toes come o nto themark e t.

O ve r th e p ast 1 0 to 1 5 yea rs, C IP hasexperimented w ith tr a di t iona l ru st ic fa rm stora gem et h ods that a re c heap, s impl e, an d effec tive inmaint ai n in g potato stoc ks for sa le i n a ri s in gmark e t . In 1994-i 995 rese arch e rs from theIndi a n Co un c il of Agri c ultural Resea rc h a nd C IPconducted on-farm tes ts w ith potato s to r e s t h atu se eva po r a ti ve co o li n g sys tem s d ur ing thewarm , dry months. Te mp e ratur es in s id e thestores we re 1 2 to 1 9 deg rees Cels ius co o le r th a noutsid e te mper a ture s . Farmers w h o u se d thestor es ex p e ri e n ce d tuber we igh t losses of on ly13-14 p e rce nt in s to r age pe riods o f u p to 84days. In 1 99 4 prices a t the t im e th e s to r e dpotat oes we re so ld we re 30 -60 per ce nt higherthan wh e n th e c rop went into sto rage; in 19 9 5 pr ices rose 90 percent.

Fa rm sto res a re not a risk -fr ee tec hn ology,Scott says. In some yea rs , po t a to p rices fa iI toris e as the m a rk e tin g seas on pr og resses. It's sortof li k e th e hi gh- y ie ldin g ri ce and w hea t varieti esin th e se n se that fa rm e rs have a co nsid e rablein vestment in inputs , he contends. If there's

bad wea th e r o r a severe pest a tt ack , the returnon t h e in v es tm e nt will be small , o r n one at all .But , in four out of fi v e yea rs , farme rs a re go in gto see more rup ee s and takas in th e ir pocke t sthan if the y sold th e ir c rop rig ht a ft e r harvest.

MM . . . W wMM :W Mtjgw w . : .,. . . .Rainy season begins

o t a t o e s I- Summ e r pu lses : i

1 R i ce 1 ....__ _ _ _ _ _ Wheat 1


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IPM Studies Show romise at rass Roots

Component TechnologiesUndergo Testing in frica

and the Caribbean

In v ir tu a lly a ll o f th e 8 2 d eve lopin g co un t ries th atgrow swe e tp o tato, weevil pes ts ar e a major so ur c eof eco n o mic loss . A lthou g h th e crop ca n b epro d u ce d und e r diffi c ult g rowin g con di t ion s w ithminim u m inpu ts, weevil s co ntinu e to plagu eprodu ct io n d espite the u se - a nd m isu s o fins ec ti c ide s .

In 199 5, CIP r ese ar c hers in Afri ca a nd th eCaribb ea n rep o rte d signifi ca nt pro g ress in th etest ing of co mp o ne nt tec hn o lo g ies th a t fa rm e rsc an use in in t egra te d p est m a n age m e nt (IPM )pro g ra m s. In th e Ca ribb ea n , wher e t hepr e d o min a nt weev il sp ec ies is Cy /as fo rm ca r u sCIP -reco mm e nd e d IPM pr ac ti ces in c lu d e th e u seof n a tu r a l en e mi es such as p re d a to ry a nts , th efun g u s Be u v e r a ba ssi a n wh i c h ca n be a p p lie das a bi o log ica ll y sa fe in sect ic id e - a nd ma sstrappin g o f adult m a le weev ils usin g sexpher o m o nes .

Aft e r tw o yea rs o f la rge -sca le test in g sp o n sore db y th e O PEC Fu nd, s to r age - roo t d a m age dropp e dfrom 25 perc e n t to 5 per ce nt in th e D o mini ca n

Repu b lic a nd fr o m 44 pe rce nt to 8p e rce nt in Cu b a. In Cub a 's case,this is a b o ut th e sa me l eve l ofda m age t hat farm e rs exp e ri e n ce dw h e n t hey appli e d So v ietsuppli e d ins ec ti ci d es 8 t o 12ti m e s pe r seas o n. When Sov ie tins ec t ic id es b eca m e un avai lab leCu b a was fo r ce d t o s eekal t e rn at ive s and turn e d t o IPM.

La rge -scal e tri a ls in th eCienfu ego s ar ea s ho w th a tsw ee tpo ta to grow n w ithinte g rate d we e vil manag e m e ntpra c ti ces produ ce d av er age y ie ld sof 1 8.2 t/ ha r o ug hl y tw i ce th a t o fcrop s p ro du c e d w ithout IPMwith da m a ge limi te d to ju st 8per ce nt o f th e c ro p . Se xph e rom o ne s, w h'ic h w e re initi a llyused to att ract a nd monit o r p e st

po p ul a ti o n s pro ved to b e e ffec t ive in red uc ingp es t numb e rs by lurin g a dult m a le s in t o tr a ppingo r killin g dev ices. In 1995 a pp rox im a te ly 40 , 00 0su c h tr a ps we re tes te d su ccess full y in fa rm e rs 'fie ld s.

Sweetpotato for the Hungry Months

Encour ag ing re sult s w er e a lso re port e d in 1995fro m Eas t Afri ca, w h e re sweet p o ta to is a nim p o rtant seco nd a ry c rop a n d pl ay s a c ri t ica l rol ein rural di ets durin g th e hun g ry months. Ugand aa lo ne prod uces 1 .7 million ton s makin g it thefo urth-l a rges t swee tp o ta to pr o du ce r in th e w orld .

Swe e tp o ta to produ c tion in the re gion isp re domin a ntl y rainf e d a nd th e c ro p is pl a nt e d and

h a rve st e d pi ece m ea l throu gho ut th e yea r. Eas tAfr ica n swee tp o ta to g ro wers a re u su a ll y s m a lsca le , res ou r ce -poor fe mal e fa rm e rs . Produ c tionp rac ti c es co nt ra st w ith those u se d in th eCa ribb ea n as t he pr e d o minant weev il spec ie s ar ed iffe rent. In a ddition , Ea st Afri ca n farmin gt ra dition s a nd the s oc ioec onomi cs of produ c tiondi ffe r f ro m thos e o f o th e r regi on s . In o ne distri c t ince nt ra l Uga nd a for exa mpl e sw ee tpot a to ha sre pl a ced cassa va a s t he pr e d o mi n a nt fo o d sta plebeca use of seve re losses from cassa va m osa icv irus . A lth o u g h sw ee tp o ta to is fa r mo r e nu tr itiousth a n cass a va c ass a va ca n b e le ft in th e g ro und

The Caribbeansweetpot to weevil Cy/as formicarius

R. HADDAD


22/56

J ALCAZ AR

A weevil infestedsweetpotato root: weevildamage renders mostcrops unusable even foranimal feed.

and harvested as needed. Sweetpotato roots areextremely vulnerable to weevils if left

unharvested.CIP's resea rch agenda for sweetpotato in East

Africa includes biological studies of thepredominant weevil pests in the region, plus fieldexperiments to test the effectiveness of the

G CHA NG

B. bassiana pathogenic fungus as an IPMcomponent technology . In addition, work is und e rway with Uganda's N a tional Agricultural ResearchOrganization (NARO ) and the Natural Resour cesInstitut e (NR I of the United Kingdom to identif yfemale sex pheromones for two African weevilspecies (C. brunneus a nd C. puncticollis . Samplelures developed at NRI were field testedsu_ccessfully in Uganda using various trap designsto determine the most attractive pheromoneblends for the two species and the most effectiveslow-releas e pheromone dispensers. Sexpheromones may be the key to introdu ci n g IPM toEast African sweetpotato producers , saysCisneros. Th e technology has a notice ab leimpact on farme rs and makes the entire package

of practices more acceptable. Our ex peri e nce inCuba is that sweetpotato growers who know aboutthe technology won t even plant unless sexpheromon es are available. We expect that thesame will be true in East Africa as well .

Host Plant Resistance

After many years of study, Cl P scientistshave concluded that no known cultivated orwild relative of sweetpotato contains a useful

form of weevil resistance. Accordingly, Centerplant breeders are exploring the possibility ofinserting genes from the bacterium Bacillusthuringiensis a natural insecticide, into thesweetpotato genome. This work , which isexceedingly complex, and needs a ca refullypJa nned deployment strategy, is still in itsinfancy. As an alternative, CIP researchers arealso evaluating a molecular approach basedon a relatively simple concept. Becauseweevils digest their food with the hel p ofcertain proteinases , it may be possible tointerrupt their feeding process by incorporatingproteinase inhibitor genes into the sweetpotatogenome. Such inhibitors have been identifiedfor other Coleoptera insects in Canada andcould be in co rporated into sweetpotato usingthe transformation and regeneration protocolsdeveloped in the 1980s by Peru's NationalAgrarian University in La Molina and CIP.


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IPM n the Sacred Valley of the Incas

In Urquillos, a sma ll farming village in Peru'sSacred Valley of the Incas, crop loss es from potatotu b er moth ha v e dropped ov r th e past two yearsfrom 72 percent to almost zero. Today , increasingnumb e rs of farmers in Urquillos, and insurrounding villages, are using biologicallyfr i e ndly , integrated pest management (IPM)methods rather than chemical inse c ticides. Theswitch from haz ardo us pesticides is the resu It oftechnologies developed at CIP and the work ofcommunity leader Maritza Marcav illaca.

"In past years, Marc av illaca said recently , "wetried to control th e moth with insecti c ides ,including parathion, but the results were poor andwe noticed th at many of our people became sickfrom the chemicals." Ins ectic ides , she noted , were

not only expensive, but some Urquillos resid e ntsthou g ht they were responsible for a rash ofmiscarriages a nd illness in the village.

Through the University of Cusco , Marcavillacacontacted CIP to inquire ab o ut alternative pestcontrol practices. CI P re ce ives many suchrequ ests, but we refer most to local authorities,"says CIP IPM leade r Fausto Cisneros . InUrquillos, we found a dynamic grass-rootsorganization willing to invest its own resourc es ina new technology, and willing to work hard tomak e the technolo gy work." Marcavillaca is thelead er of the Urquillos Women's Club, anorganization of some 25 women, a ll of whom aredirectly involv ed in potato and maize production.

Starting in 1994, club m e mbers, working withCIP IPM specialists and econo mists, beganexperimenting with a series of practices th at canbe used to control tuber moth in seed stores,including the use of nativ e repell e nt plants, sexpheromones, and a baculovirus. The baculovirus,which ca n be m a nufactur ed within thecommunity, kills tuber moth larvae but is harml essto hu m a ns and animals. It is produced byselecting and g rinding virus-infected larvae fromdamaged potato tubers a nd then mixing them withordinary talc.

Th e Urquillos program offe red a uniqu eopportunity for participatory rese arc h in which themembers of a grass-roots organization andscientists could work together and learn from oneanother . Its success has l ed several neighborin gvillages to follow suit. Today, Marcavillaca andher co lleag ues g ive seminars to nei g hboring

farmers us ing educational mat e rials provided byARARIWA a local nongovernmental organizatiqn),NIA-Peru ' s Nation a l Institute for Agricultural

Research, a nd Cl P. H er long-t e rm goal is to get al Ifarmers in the area to use IPM . Urquillos residents ,she says, have formed an informal association toteach the n ew techniques in n e ighboring villages .But the task has not been easy.

A SO UM NO

Community IPM leaderaritza Marcavillaca.

3


24/56

Demonstrating the use ofa pheromone trap at acommunity meeting.

4

It was rea lly hard to convince people toc h a n ge their ways. I would ta lk a nd talk but noone wo uld list en or bel ieve m e M a rcav ilfa canotes. What happens is th a t people a re us ed tou s in g pesticides because it ' s a lot eas ier b u t it'salso mo r e dangerous, an d m os t p eo p le do n ' t knowthat.

According to C IP ag r icu ltural extensionspecialist Oscar O rti z, so me of th e most import a ntthin gs far m ers have lea rn ed through the Urquillosprogram a re a general knowl e d ge of the pest's li fecycle a nd the dangers of ins ec ti c ide s, whichto ge ther e n a bl e th em to m ake u se of IPMco mponent technologies. Ma n y farmers, he no t esh ave begun using IPM metho ds on maize as w e ll .

Our philosophy is not to impo se on or pres sure

fa rm ers to use IPM , ex plain e d Ortiz. In thiscase, the farmers of Urquillo s tried o ut andaccepted the new m et ho d s, and chose to sh a retheir experience with others.

Pes ti c id e use was always a ry bi g worry form e Ma r cavi ll aca said recently . So , as a womana nd a moth e r o f this village , I knew I h ad to doso methin g a nd I di d .

ecia Threatens ative Potato Species

A pe st of Guatemalan origin, Teciaso/anivora , th e Central American potato tubermoth , is headed for Ecuador . If it succeeds, itwill almost certainly also reach other Andeancountries and become a threat to native potatospecies in the crop's center of origin. The lifecycle of the pest is similar to that of the better-known and more widely spr ea d potato tu b e rmoth , Phthorimaea operculel/a, but it spotential for damage is far greater. c ia srapid geog raphic expansion throughmountainous areas is beli e ved to be ca used bythe transport of infected seed. In Colombia, itsappearance is provokin g wide-scale use ofpesticid e s. At present, there are nogovernment-approved c h e micals for the pest ,and farmers are turning to hazardous c hemicalcocktails. In respons e to the problem , CIP andthe Colombian national program hav eestablished a pilot program to introdu ce

sex ph e romones from the Institute for PlantDiseas e Research in the N e therland s . Th eprogram will also assess the possibil ity of usingCIP-developed biocontrol a ge nts su c h as thegranulosis virus currently used to control thePhthorimaea tuber moths.


25/56


26/56

26

Wambugu recalls that Sylvester Nganga, CIP'sregional representative in Nairobi at th e time, andplant breeder Haile Kidanemariam , were closely .

involved in the effort. The CIP scientists werevery dedicated and really motivated me , shesays. In 1981 , the Center sponsored herparticipation in a tissue culture training programat llTA in Nigeria.

Not only seed money but moral andprofessional support.

A year later , Wambugu went to North DakotaState University to do a master's degre e in plantpathology , specializing in potato viruses . BothKARI and CIP agreed that her studies would have

regional applications and were supportive . I feltdriven , and th is opportunity to study was a greatboost to my career . When I came back to KARI , Iwas given a job in plant pathology , doing res e archon root a nd tuber crops.

From 1984 to 1988, KARI and CIP interactedon both potatoes and sweetpotatoes , andWambugu worked closely with CIP germplasmspecialist Carlo Carli and Kidanemariam . CIPprovided not only seed money , but th eprofessional and moral support that played acrucial part in my career development, she says .

From 1988 to 1991, she conducted thesis

research on the epidemiology of sweetpotato virusdiseases in a joint Ph.D . program conducted at theUniversity of Bath in cooperation with KARI. Theresearch involved traveling throughout Kenya tovisit farmers and would not have been possiblewithout my previous experience in field res e archwith CIP , Wambugu says .

CIP had money and an outstanding team ofvery supportive scientists , she adds. It was amutually beneficial association for me , for CIP , forKARI , and , really , for Kenya as a whole .

Wambugu is widely credited by her colleagueswith having stimulated Kenya's and Uganda'scurrent research programs on sweetpotatovirology.

The Promise of Biotechnology

To keep pace with new developm e nts,Wambugu left KARI in late 1991 to dopostdoctoral work at Monsanto's biotechnology

research center in the United States . This time , Idid not need financial help, but CIP's expertiseand moral support were invaluable , sh e says . Ihad an excellent working relationship with CIP'sRegional Representative , Peter Ewell , with whom Iexchanged a lot of information . Cyrus Ndiritu ,Director of KARI , provided all the h e lp he could

. and Peter Gregory , Cl P's Deputy Director Generalfor Research , was also very s u p p o r t e I re ally feltwe were a team .

Wh e n I was at Monsanto, I requested help,and Daniel Maingi, a well-trained and dedicatedKARI sci e ntist, arrived , later joined by CharityMacharia , anoth e r excellent KARI researcher . Weworked to gether on finding a solution to featherymottle virus , wh i c h cau ses sweetpotatoes to

degenerate and dramatically cuts production .Sweetpotato yields in Kenya are about 4-5 tonsper hectare , a mere fraction of their potential.

At Monsanto , Wambugu and her colleaguesmanaged to transform African sweetpot a tovarieties by introducing the viral coat protein CP)gene that triggers resistance to feathery mottlevirus. The CP gene had previously beensequenced by Jorge Abad , a CIP sci e ntist workingwith James Moyer at North Carolina StateUnive rsity in th e United States.

This pioneering work sets an example forfuture collaboration between developed and

developing countr ies, says Gregory. The scientistsinvolved developed a virus-resistant sweetpotatothat stands an excellent chance of becoming acommercial product. Furthermore, Kenya, the first

o u n t ~ yto obtain ownership of the new cultivar ,will not have to pay royalties. Once Kenya hasdeveloped its bios a fety guidelines, Wambuguadds , importation of the transgenic sweetpotatocan proceed.

In the meantime, Wambugu , in addition to herISAAA responsibilities , is helping CIP researchersin Nairobi conduct training courses. We have nobiotechnology expert or virologist in Nairobi , says Ewe I . Florence provides us with a muchneeded resource person on plant pathology andbiotechnology, and she recently participated asan instructor in on e of our training courses fornational scientists from Kenya and Uganda .I guess you could say there is a certain synergy atwork here .


27/56

ON DESAN: n Ecoregional Approachto Research for the High ndes

[CONOES N provides a] novel

approach to mountain development ...

by looking at ecoregional issues in a

comprehensive way and by being

open to a variety o f partners.

Boutros Boutros GhaliU N Secretary General

In dozens of isol ated Andean communities ,ge neti c co nserv atio n exper ts spent much of 19 95conducting field research and exam ining histori ca ld a ta on the region's lesser-known root and tubercrops. This rese a rc h , which was cond ucted s partof CON DESAN-the Consortium for theSustainable Dev elopment of the AndeanEco re g o n s h e lpin g to link genetic resourcesprograms in . Bolivia, Ecuador, a nd Peru.

The CONDESAN approach , no t es theConsortium's biodiversity coordinator Miguel

Holl e , is helpin g to remove the barriers that

N YAMAMOTO


28/56

Bofed a le s : A traditionalland u se s ys tem in thearea surrounding LakeTiticaca in southern Perua n we stern Bolivia

E MUJIC

8

pr ev ious ly preve n ted the exc h a nge of resea rc hres ul ts across na ti o na l bo rd e rs. It is a lsoprovid ing m u c h -nee d ed in fo rmat io n o n viro logy,sto rage, process in g, a nd spec ies variatio n. Westa rt in w hat is ca lle d a mi crocenter of d iversi ty ,he says. Thi s is a n area w he re c rop var ia ti o n ispa rt ic u la r ly co n cen tr ated. Th e ob ject ive is toevent u a lly exte nd the stud ies up to theecoreg io n a l level a nd draw broade r concl u s ionsusefu l to bo t h sc ien t ists and po li cymakers.

N ow in its t hi r d yea r, CONDESAN ' s programfor the co n servat io n a nd u se of biod ivers itysu pp o rts th e ge ne t ic reso ur ces prog rams of 22orga n izations. Am o ng t hem is an unus ua lgro u p of p rivate-secto r, un ive rs ity , and fa rmo rga n izatio n s wi th a commo n in terest in

deve lop i ng an expor t ma rke t fo r m aca Lep idi u mmeye n . Fo rmed in 1995 , th e group supportsp h a rm ace u tical interests in secu ri ng adeq u atesupp lies of a cr o p t ha t is be lieved to act as an at ur a l re laxa nt.

A Unified pproach

Biodive rs it y resea rch is o ne e le m e nt in a broad ,t hree-yea r-o ld eco reg ional in it iat ive to rescue oneof th e wo rld ' s g rea t m o u nta in systems . Unab le toso lve t he big prob le m s of th e A nd es p iecemea l, agroup of sc ientists , pol icymakers , an d deve lop m entspecia lists from seven Andea n co u ntr ies met at C IPin Ma y 1992 to c reate COND ESAN. The researc ha ll iance is now open to a ll pu b lic and p r ivateinst itu t ions wi ll i ng to co llabo ra te a nd share costs.

CON DE SAN b rings toget he r a vast a rr ay ofresea rc h expe rt ise and reso ur ces t h at crossesd iscip lines in e nvironmenta l, agr icu ltur a l, andsocia l sc iences. It act ively promotes resea rchpa rtn ers h ips ai m ed at ach iev in g susta in ab le

deve lopment. Co llabo ration w ith n at io n alagr ic ul tu ra l researc h a nd deve lop m e n t prog ramscon t inues to be I.inked to o ngo in g researc hpro jects fu nded by ma jor do no rs and localgove rn ments .

CONDESAN Researchin 995

Bofedales: In so ut he rn P e ru, a lp aca pr o du ce rsgraz e th ei r a n im a ls o n n a tu r al p as tu r es a rr a nge din co n ce ntri c ci rcles, a tr a di t ion a l la nd usesyste m kn ow n as b ofe d a les Rece nt studi essho w th a t th e a ni m a l ca rr yi ng ca pa c it y o fb o fe d a les ca n b e d o ubl e d by co n stru ct in g m a llirri ga ti o n c ha nn e ls th a t d ive rt s m a ll a mo u nts ofwa te r to nearby unirr . gate d areas. CO N DE SA Nsys te m s a n a lysts, wo rkin g w ith ex p e rt s fro mC IRN M A, a loc a l NGO, re po rt th a t the c h a nn elsca n a lso be u sed to estab lis h sm a ll t ro u t po nd s,a practice that im proves fa mi l y pr o te in in ta kean d in c reases i n co m e b y m ore th a n 30%. Thec h a nn e ls h ave th e a dd e d be ne fit o f no tint e rrupti ng th e flo w of wa te r n ee d ed by fa rm e rsdo w n strea m .

Rustic greenhouses: In th e hi gh -p la tea u r eg io na roun d La ke Titicaca, o n th e Bo li v ia n-Pe ru v ia nbo rde r , CO N D ESA N coope ra to rs a re co nd u c ti ngstu d ies a im e d at deve lop in g food p rod u ctio n


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Although participation varies , more th an 100institutions from 20 countries a re c urrentlymembers of CON DESAN. Th ese are m ain lyn a tional agr ic ultural res earc h institutes ,universiti es in t ernat ion a l and nongovernmentalorganizations, and privat e g roups , but individualfarmers and comm unities from the various Andeansubregions a lso part icipat e. Research cove rspriority topics in four approved themes:biodiversity , la nd a nd water management , policy,a nd production sys tems.

The Consortium operat es und e r the g ui d ance ofa seven-member board of directors , c ur r en t lyheaded by Jaime Tola , director genera l ofEcuador 's national agricultural research in stitu -

INIAP. Day-to-day operations are coord in ated by

Jose Luis Ru eda a nd a multidi sc iplin a ry team ofsc ientists who a lso provid e research support toCONDESAN field projects .

Tola believes that th e partnership h as beeninstrumental in bringing abo ut a co ns e nsus on the

alternatives for animal producers with smalltracts of land . One such technology is a low-costrustic greenhouse fitted with drip irrigation foryear-round production of potato, vegetables, andsmall fruits . The greenhouses, which are filledwith barley straw and animal manure , eliminatethe risk of crop failures caused by frost anddrought. Res ea rch has shown that by using thebarley straw-manure mixture iri conjunction withthe greenhouses, farmers can produce up to 350kg per year of potatoes per SO-square-meter plot ,a 500% in c rease over field-grown potatoes .Because of the program's success , researchers

from Peru and Bolivia's national researchsystems are jointly studying the potenti a l ofsmall-scale g re e nhouse production of medicinalplants for the international market.

Salt tolerant pastures: Kauchi, a salt-tolerantplant native to the Altiplano , was evaluated as apossible solution to salinity problems in Bolivia's

CONOESAN s goal is to translate

research into policies that provide

alternative s or watersheds, commu

nities , and the ecoregion.

type of agriculture that sho uld be cond ucted a ndthe policies needed to ac hi e ve susta inabl eimprovements in productivity, income, equity,a nd e nvironm e nt a l quality. One goa l, he says, isto translate isolated research res ults into co he re ntpolicies that provid e alternat iv e productionopt ions for watersheds , comm uniti es a nd th eecoreg ion as a whole.

To chart a cou rs e for the future, CON DESANmust remain respo nsiv e and must bring intoh armony differ ent sets of knowledge , differentin sti tu t io nal in t erests, a nd different demands onthe region's resource base, Tola says. We

C O N D E s N

600,000-hectare Desaguadero Riverwatershed. The research sites selected foreva luation trials were located using satellitemaps developed by the Bolivian RemoteSensing Association for Environmental Studies(ABTEMA), a member of CON DESAN. Todate , governmental organizations and NGOshave established more than 50 he c tares ofexperimental kauchi pasture for sheep gr azing.Kauchi forage contains up to 16 % protein, is70% digestible, and produces annual drymatter yields exceeding 2 t/ha. Researchershave determined that kauchi yields are

comparable to those obtained with alfalfa innonsaline soils. Future expansion of thistechnology will depend on resolving kauchi'slow rate of seed ge rmination , a problemcurrently being addressed by scientists workingat the Bolivian Institute of AgriculturalTec hnology , another CONDESAN member .

9


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30

believe that th ese effo rts will benefit not onlyth .ose current ly c h a rge d with m ai ntaining n at ur a lreso urces but a lso those whose job it wi be to doso for future generations.

Fieldwork is c ur r e ntl y being ca rri e d out at sixbenchmark sites: La Miel in Co lo mbia ; Carchi ,Ec u ado r; Cajam arca a nd Puno, Peru ; a ndCoc habamb a a nd the Aroma Provin ce in Bolivi a.At these sites , resea rc h is p a rti c ip a to ry and lon gter m , a nd covers studies t h at ra nge from th ecom munity lev el up to the watershed. Newprodu c tion technologies are bein g proposed toin c rease agricu ltural p roductivity a nd promot eenvironmental protection . Res ul t s frombenchmark sites w i11eve ntu a lly be a n a lyzed so .that thei r impact ca n b e m eas ur ed over larger

a reas.To link the system s differ e nt projects and

work sites and provide a n in expe ns ive way tosh a re information a nd research res ults , acomm unication s netwo rk , INF OA N DINA , wasestablished. Accessib le to everyone interes ted insusta in ab le man ageme nt of Andean naturalresour ces , it pr o v id es on-line access to g lobaldatabases a nd e le ctro ni c m a il serv ices , and willeve ntu a lly furn ish subscribers with inform at io n o npotato resear c h, co mmodit y prices, wa term a nage ment , indi ge nous knowl e d ge systems,ge nd e r studies , and Andean came lids .

In addit ion to CIP , three other CGIAR ce nt e rsa re involved. The In t e rnation a l Center forTropica l Ag r ic ultur e in Co lombia is he lpin g withagroeco logical c h a rac t erizat ion work,particularly on lo we r hillsid es; the Internation a l

Plant Ge ne tic Resources Institut e in Romeparti c ip ates in th e biodi ve rsity effor t; a nd theIntern at io n a l Cen t re fo r Research in Agroforest ryin Nairobi is in volved in ag rofor est ry resea rch .CON D ESAN a lso a nti c ipa tes th at the CG IA R ssystemwide livestock in itiative will respo nd torese a rch _nee ds in the Andes by supporting apropos e d program o f li v estoc k res earc h .

CONDESAN is c ur r en t ly strengthening itscapability in la nd and wate r man age m e nt , and,throu gh the a pplic atio n of sim ul ation models , iscondu ct in g resear c h o n l a nd use sys te m s. Theseactivities inc lud e agroeco logicalcharacterization of a var iety of bi op hys ica lenv ir o n ments-, po li cy a nd soc ioeconomicstudies , as we ll as lon g-te rm monitorin g of

biodi vers ity a nd soi l a nd water resources . Theobjective of this r esearc h i s to ana lyze theconstraints th a t th r eaten product iv it y in Andeanag ric ul t ura l syste ms . When completed, thisresearch is expected to pr ov id e options foral t e rn a ti ve land us e systems that promotesust ai n ab le man age m ent of natur a l reso ur ce s,Ru eda notes. This wo rk is close ly li n ked toCONDESAN s smal l network of exper ie ncedpoli cy a n a lysts who a re st ud y in g howgovernment po l icies influ e nce sustainability.Their goa l is to provid e re li able informati o n thatpoliti cal leaders can use to formulate policies

that c reate jobs , increase inco m es , and st imulat eec o no mi c d eve lopment.

Opinions .and Beliefs:

acts and

Analysis

How can scientists resrond to the needs of hills id e fa rm ers for moreprodu ct ive, environment a lly friendly tec hnologi es? How can hillsid eresidents make their voices heard am o ng the co mpeting claims in th epoliti ca l processes that determine gove rnment policies? These q uestionsmoti vate d the de ve lopment of a n ew CONDESAN project th at wil l linkEcu a do r s nation a l e le c t .rical authority with internationa l centers an d

NGOs, foreign and local universitie s and the co untry s nation a lagr icu ltur al resear c h system. The pr o ject will finance the de v e lopment ofa de c ision support syste m that can sc ree n polici es a nd technologiesand id e ntify trade-offs between the e nvironment and agriculture.A combinatio n of expert systems and simulation models , the projectshould throw li ght on what is most frequently a debat e distin gu ished byopinions a nd beliefs rat her then facts and analysis.


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Board

of

Trustees Mrs. Martha ter Kuile Chairperson)Strategic Planning Division, Policy BranchCIDA

Quebec, Ca nada

Dr. Hubert ZandstraDirector GeneralIntern ationa l Pot ato CenterLima, Peru

Dr. Klaus RavenFacultad de AgronomfaUniversidad Nacional AgrariaLima, Peru

Dr. Setijati Sastrapradja

Indon esian Institut e of SciencesN at ion a l Centre for Research in Biot ech nolo gyBogor, Indonesi a

Dr. Toshihiro KajiwaraDirector, Japan Plant Prot ect ion AssociationTokyo , Japan

Dr. Alfonso Cerrate*Executive Directorln stituto Nacional de lnvestiga ci6n Agraria

Lima , Peru

Dr. K L Chadha Vice Chair)Deputy Director General Horti cu lture )Indi an Council of Agricultural ResearchN ew Delhi, Indi a

Dr. Moise MensahCotonou, Benin

Dr. Durward Bateman Chair, Prog. CommitteeDean, College of Agriculture a nd Life SciencesNorth Carolina State University

Raleigh, North Caro lin a USA

Dr. Lieselotte SchildeProfessor, University of Tubing enTubin ge n , Germany

Dr. Koenraad VerhoeffWageningen , The Neth er la nds

Unt i l Apr il 30, 1995

3


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Finance

and dministrationC lP's CG IAR -approved research budget for 1995was 2 1 .3 m il l ion. A lthou g h purchasing powerdecreased by an estimated 0.6 million because

of persistent inflat ion in US dollar terms, theCenter increased its co m m itments to research by0.4 millio n a nd supp lemented its operating fu nd

by 0.5 mi l lio n . These investments were madepossib le by pa ral lel reduct io n s in adm inistrat ivecosts and by efforts to stream li ne severa ladmin istrative departments. Neve rthe less many ofthe Center's internat io n al posit ions rema in vaca ntand the downs izing of loc a lly recru ited staffco ntinues .

D onor commitments for 1995 were 21 .3m il l ion, approximate ly 5% above or ig ina lest ima tes. A total of 1 .0 mi lli o n was recovered

from over head c h arged to restricted a n dcomp lementary pro jects; 0.3 m il l ion was ea rn edfrom interest o n t ime deposi ts a nd other assets.Ea rn ed income was 30% above or igina lest imates. Contr ib ut ions fo r comp lementa ry

BALANCE SHEET ( U S 0 0 0 )

Current Asse t s

Cash and s h o rt- te rm depos itsSecurities

Acco u nts rece iva bl e:

Dono rs

Emp loyees

Ot her

Inventor ies

Prepa id expenses

Total cu rr e nt assets

Invest m ents

Loa n s to e m p loyees

Fi xe d A sse t s

Prope rty, p lant, a nd eq u ipment

Less accumulated depreciation

Tota l fixed assets ( n et)

Operational e xpenses by activity for 1995and 1996 ( ) .

Ac tu a l Est imated1995 1996

Resea rc h 5 4 58Researc h Support 7 6Trai n in g 6 4In fo rmation 4 4Admi ni stratio n 1 2 14Operat io n s* 10 9Accr u a ls Provisio n s 1 0Ex te rn a l Rev iew 1 0Subtota l 95 95Dep rec iation 3 4Op e rat ing Fund 2 1Su btota l 5 5Tota l 100 1 00

*Includes motor poo l, ma intenance, security, and genera lserv ices at La Molina.

1995 1994

Ye ar e nded 31 Decemb e r

4 ,347 3 ,15089 52

3,873 3,834

404 434

219 267

845 740

1 ,350 L.122, 127 9,632

572 670

335 508

20 ,674 19 ,944

(10 ,976) 1 0,485)

9 ,698 9 ,459

Total Assets 21,732 20,269

32


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activ it i es totaled 3 .5 mi io n , 91 % of the amou ntearmarked for the year. In vestment in new capita litems was 1 1 ,000; rep lacements totaled

86 2 ,000.

Information Technology

Cl P sta rted 1995 with a new compute r systemsarchitecture im p lemented in accordance withbo t h sound commercia l business princip les andthe special requirements of a resear c h anddevelopment organization. The objective of then ew architecture is to elim in ate the Ce nt er sdependence on an older, inflexible , and morecost ly ce ntrali zed syste m . The shi f t to more costeffective modular systems is designed to m eet t he

requirements of sc ie nt i sts working at headquartersa nd at regional locat io n s

During the year , the Center's f in a ncia linformation system-connected through theCGNET II e lectron ic mail system-became

BALANCE SHEET ( U S 0 0 0 )

Current Liabilities

Short-term loa nsAdvances from donors

Accounts payable:

Research cont racts and organizations

Sup pl i ers a nd taxes

Provisions for severance

indemnities

Tot a l curre n t li ab il i t ies

Long-term Loan

Accruals and Provisions

Net Assets

Cap it a l in v ested in fixed assets

Cap ita l fund

Unexpended fund balance

Total net assets

operationa l in most reg ional of f ices. In addit ion , anetwork and telecommunications se rver wasinstalled in the CIP-PROINPA of f ice inCochabamba, Bolivia. The server is a prototypethat extends headquarters-based sc ientifi c andadm ini strat ive systems to regional lo cat ions.Sim ilar servers will be in sta lled in Huancayo ,Quito, Bogor , and Nairobi in 1996.

Taking adva nt age of the CG in teg rat ed vo icea nd data network (IVON ), the Center s germplasmand assoc iated seed databases we re also upgradedto meet the goa ls of the CG IAR s Sys tem w ideIn fo rm ation Network for Genet ic Resources , alsoknown as the SINGER project. When the C IPcompo n e nt of SINGER is comp leted, CIP wi l lbecome o ne of the first international centers to

offer access v ia In t ernet and the Wo rld Wide Webto a systemw ide integrated germplasm database.The database will in c lud e both images andgeograph ic information systems fu nct ions.

1995 1994

Year e nd e d 31 De cember

393 2255 ,049 5 ,35 1

1 ,317 905

972 865

__ 1__1

7 , 795 7, 390

686 511

443 180

9 , 698 9,459

2,332 2,448

778 281

12 , 808 1 2 , 188

Total Liabilities and Net ssets 21 732 20 269

The table below

summa rizes CIP s

finances in 1995

A complete, audited

financial statement is

published separately,

and can be requested

from the Controller s

Office, CIP

headquarters, Lima,

Peru.


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Donor

Contributionsin 995

D O N O R (rank ed b y le vel s of core contribution in US 000 ) CORE COMPLEMENT ARY

34

Swiss Development Cooperationand Humanitar ian Aid

World BankJapanCommission of the European CommunityNetherlands

United Nations Development ProgrammeDanish International De velopment AgencyUnited Kingdom Overseas

Development Administration

United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment

Inter-American Development BankSwedish Agency for Research CooperationGerman yCanadian Interna t ional De velopment Agenc yAustralia

AustriaInternational De velopm e nt Research CentreBelgium

FranceLuxembourg

Italy

2 ,4961 580

1,4911 4701,3 291,3 291 279

1,258

1, 1001 013

961930

817

583425

2849

223

200

166

Norway 154Finland 115

China 90

Asian D e velopment Bank 73Korea 60Spain 50Mexico 45OPEC Fund for International Development 4India 37

Weizmann Institute of Sc ie nceMinisterio de Economfa y Finanz a s (Peru)Natural Resource InstituteInternational Centre for Research in AgroforestryCARE PeruRock e feller FoundationScottish Crop Research InstituteBritish Embassy (in Peru)Sociedad Qufmica y Minera de Chil eFAO/IPGRICalbee Potato Inc.

2

1,986

99

8

504

53

86

166

24

187

50

39

14

1 110

8

8

2

Total ontribution 19 830 3 728

..: CIP ha s h d broad

strong support from its 40 donors Eleven funders provid ed contributions wo rth one million dollars or more each. Another three gave more than half a.. million dollars each .


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taff

n 995

Tissue culture expert (and current CIP boardmember) LieselotteSchilde with Vietnamesecollaborator Nguyen VanUyen circa 1980.

DIRECTORSHubert Zand str a, PhD, Di r ect or GeneralJose Vall e- Ri es tr a, PhD , De puty Director G e ne ra l

for Fin a n ce a nd Administr a tionPe te r Gr eg or y, PhD , Deputy Di r ec tor G e ne ra l for

Re se archRog er Cortb a ou i , PhD, Di r ec tor for Intern a tion a l

Cooper a ti o nGe or ge M ac ka y, MS, Di r ec tor o f G e neti c

Res our ces 1

PROGRAM LEADERSProduction SystemsThom a s S. W a lk e r, PhD

Germplasm Management and Enhancement

Ali Golmirz a ie, PhD

Disease ManagementEdward R. Fre nc h, PhD

Integrated Pest ManagementFa u sto Cisn e ros, PhD

Propagation, Crop Management

M a he sh Up a dhy a, PhD

Postharvest Management, MarketingGr eg ory J Sco tt , PhD

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONco untry) = po st location but ac tivity re g ional in

scop eco untr y = pos t loc ation

Latin America and the Caribbean LAC)Fe rn a ndo Ezeta, PhD, Regional Repres e ntative

P e ru)

liaison Office - EcuadorC ha rle s Crissm a n , PhD

Sub-Saharan Africa SSA)Pe te r Ewe ll, PhD, Reg ional Representative Kenya)

liaison Office - NigeriaHumb e rto Mendo za , Ph 0 4

Middle East and North Africa MENA)Ca rlo s M a rtin , PhD , Reg ional Repr e se ntative

Tuni s ia ) (unti I Jun e )Aziz Lag naoui , PhD , Reg ional Repres e ntative

Tunisi a (from Jun e

liaison Office - EgyptRa m z y El-Bed e wy , PhD

South and West Asia SWA)Sa ra th c ha ndra ll a n ga ntileke , PhD , Reg ional

Re pr ese ntative India)

East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific ESEAP)Pe te r Sc hmiedi c he, PhD , Regional Repr e sentativ e

Indon e sia)

liaison Office - People s Republic of ChinaSon g Bo Fu , PhDliaison Office - PhilippinesGordon Prain , PhD

INTERNATIONALLY RECRUITED STAFFDepartments

Breeding and GeneticsJuan L a ndeo , PhD , Ac tin g Head of De partment

(from Sept.) , Bree d e rHumb e rto Mendoz a, PhD, Geneti c ist Ni g eria) 4

Primo A cca tino , PhD , Bree der , Chil e

Edw a rd Carey , PhD , Bree der Kenya )4

Enriqu e C hujoy , PhD , G e neticist Philippines)II Gin Mo k , PhD , Bree d e r Indonesi a )Ha ile M. Kidanemari a m , PhD, Bree de r Kenya)

1 Staff w ho jo ined durin g th e ye a r2 Sta ff w ho le ft durin g th e yea r3 Sta ff fund e d b y s pec ia l pr o jec ts

Pro je c t le a d e rD ecease d

35


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3 6

Genetic ResourcesAli Golmirzaie PhD, Geneticist, Head of

Department 4

Carlos Arbizu , PhD , ARTC Consultant 3

Fermin de la Puente , PhD , Germplasm Colle c to r 2

Marc Ghislain , PhD , Molecular BiologistMichael Herm ann , PhD , Andean C rop Spe c ia list

Ec uador )4

Z6simo Hu a m an , PhD, Germplasm C urator 4

Koshun lshiki , PhD , Associate Expe rt , Ecu ador 3

Car lo s Ochoa , MS , Taxo nomi st , Co n su ltan tPeter Sc hmiedich e PhD , Breed erBodo Tro g ni t z PhD , GeneticistKaz uo Watanabe , PhD , Cytogeneticist US A )4

Dapeng Zhang , PhD , Breeder

Nematology and EntomologyFausto Cisneros , PhD , Entomologist , Head ofDepa rtm ent 4

Ann Braun, PhD , Entomologist lndonesia) 4

Manuel Canto , PhD , Ne ma to logist 3 4

Aziz Lag naoui , PhD, Entomolo g ist Tunisi a)Ni co le Smit, MS, Associate Expe rt, Uganda 3

PathologyLui s Salazar , PhD , Virologist , Head of

Department 4

John Elphinston e , PhD, Adjun ct Sc ie ntist , UKGregory A. Fo rb es , PhD , Pl a nt Pathologist

Ec uador )4

Edward R. Fre n c h , PhD , Bac ter io log ist 4

Tere sa lcoch ea PhD, Patholo g ist Cons u tant 4

Up a li Ja yas ingh e , PhD , Virolo g ist Philippin es)Pedro Oyarzt'.in , PhD , Mycologist Ecuador) 3

Sylvie Priou , PhD , BacteriologistTuni s ia )3

Maddalena Qu e rci , PhD , MolecularVirologist 4

Lod J Turkensteen , PhD , Adjunct Scientist ,Ne t herland s

Physiology

Mahesh Upadh ya , PhD , Ph ys iolo g ist , Head ofDepartment 4

Yos h ihiro Eguchi, MS , Associate Exper tlndonesia )3

Ramzy El-B edewy , PhD , Breeder , EgyptVital Hagenim a na , PhD , Ph ysio log ist Ken ya) 3

Osca r Hidal go, PhD , Senior Seed Specialist 4

Sarathchandra 1 a ngan ti Ieke , PhD , Pos th a rvestSpecialist lndia )4

Ju kka Korva, MS , Fe llows hip Agr o n o mi stEcuador 3

Noel Pallais , PhD , PhysiologistChristoph e r Wheatle y, P hD , Posth arvest

Specialist lndonesia )4

Social ScienceTh omas S. Walker , PhD , Economist , He ad of

Departme nt 4

Alwyn C hil ve r, MS , Associate E xpert , lndonesi a 3

Charles Cr iss m a n, PhD , Eco nomi st Ecuado r)4

Pet e r Ewe ll, PhD , Eco no mist Kenya) 4

Rob e rt Ja n Hijman s MS , Assoc iate Expe rt 3

Ja n Low , PhD , Eco n om ist Ke n ya )3

Gordon Prain , Ph D, Anthropo logist Philippines) 4

JUrg Sc hn eider , PhD , Assoc iate Expert , lndon es ia 3

Gr ego ryJ

Scott , PhD , EconomistJul ia Wright MS , Associate Exp e rt 1

Research Support Unit

Victor Otazt'.i , PhD , Superintendent

TrainingPatri c io Malagamba , PhD , Head of Depa rtm e nt

InformationMichael L. Smith , Jo urn a lis t, He ad of Depa rtment

(until Sept.)Bill Hardy , PhD , En g li sh and Spanish Wr it er /

Editor , Ac ti n g Head of Communica tio n s Unit(from Sept. )

Directors OfficesOffice of the irector GeneralEd ward Sul zbe rge r, MS , Se nior Ad v ise r

Office of the Deputy irector General forFinance and AdministrationWilli am A. Ham a nn , BS , Assistant to the

DDGF A2

Office of the Deputy irector General for

ResearchJose Lui s Rueda , PhD , Coo rdin ato r, Andea n

Natural Resources

Special Country ProjectsFORTIPAPA, EcuadorAlberic Hibon , PhD , Eco nomist , Te a m Lea der 3


37/56

PROINPA BoliviaAn dre Devaux, P hD , See d Sp ec ia list, Tea m

Leade r3

Enri qu e Fe rn a ndez-N or t hcote, PhD , Viro lo g ist 3

Javier Fra nco, PhD, Ne m ato lo g ist 3

G ra h am P. Thi e le PhD , Tec hn o logy Tr a n sfe rSpec ia l st 3

UgandaNi co le Sm it, MS, Ass o c iate Expert 3

Consortium

CON DESANRu be n Da r io Est rada, MS, Na t ur a l Res o u rces

Econom ics Co lom b iaRobert Ja n Hi j ma ns Ir, Assoc ia te Expe rt3

M igue l Ho ll e PhD , Bio di ve rs ity of Andea n Crops3

4

Car los Leo n -Ve la rde , PhD , Ani m a l Pr od uct io nSyst e m s3

Elias Mu ji ca, MS , Anthro po log ist Adju nc tSc ient ist 3

Osva ldo Pa la din es PhD , A nd ea n Past ur esEc u ado r)

Robe rto Q ui roz, P hD , Syste m s Sp ec ia list o li viaM ar io T ap ia PhD , Ag ro eco lo g ist 3

Network sSAPP R D

Eu femia T. Rasco Jr . PhD , Coo rdin a to r

P hili pp in es

UPWARDGo rdo n Pra in , PhD , Co o rdin ator

P hili pp in es

Controller s Office

Car lo s Ni no Ne ir a , CPA, Co nt r o lle r

Office of the Executive OfficerCesar Vittore lli, Ing. Ag r., Ac t ing Exec ut ive Of f ice r

NATIONALLY RECRUITED STAFF

Departments

Breeding and Genetics

W a lte r Amoros , MS, Ag ro nom istRau l Angui z, MS, Ag ron o m istM igue l Ato , Foo d Indu stri es Sp ec ia li st 2

Lui s Ca lua , MS , Ag ron o mi stT .R. Daya l, PhD , Assoc iate Exp e rt In d ia

Lui s Di az, Agronom istJo rge Esp in oza, MS, Ag ro no mi stH ugo Go nza lez, Ing. Agr. Agro nom ist Ch i lePa m e la Jea n Lopez, MS Bree d e r, P hil i pp in esElisa Mi hov ilov ic h, Bio log istDa ni e l Reynoso, MS , Ag ro no m istK.C Th a kur , PhD , Bree d e r, In d ia

G e netic Re source sCesar A. Agu ila r, Ag ro no m is t, Hu a ncayoVicto r H . Asm at, Bio log istMil c iades A. Ba ltaza r, Ag ronomi st, Sa n Ramon 2

Jo rge Be nav id es Bio log istFaus to Bui t ro n , Ag ro nom ist2

Patrici a G. C ip ria ni , Bio log ist 3

Wa lberto M. Es lava, Agro no m is tRe ne A. Gome z , Agro nom istMarfa de l Ro sa rio He rre ra , Bio lo g istAn a M . H u rtado , Bio logist 3

Lu is H . Nopo , Bio log ist3

Ma rfa G ise lla Or jeda, PhD , Bio logistM a ti l de O rrillo, B io log istAn a Luz Panta , Bio log ist

Cl P plant explor e r C a rlo sOchoa circa 1 976 .


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Flor de Marfa Rodrig uez , Biologist 3

lberto Salas , gronomistRoxa na Salinas, gronomist

Jo rge Te nor io, Biologist

Fa nn y Vargas , Ag ro no mist

Nematology and EntomologyJesus Alcazar, MS , Assoc. gronomist 4

Veronica C a nedo , Biolo gis tJavier Carhuamaca , Ing . Agr. 3

W ilfredo Catalan , Ing. Agr .3

Victor Cerna , Ing. Agr .3

Roberto Del gado de la Flor , gronomist

Oder Fabian , Ing. Agr.Erwin Guevara , Ing . Agr. , Ag ron om ist 4

Rossio Haddad , B ol og ist

Angela Matos, Ing. Agr. 4

N o rm a Mujic a gronomistMarfa Palacios , Assoc. Biologist 4

Wilberto Vi llano , gronomist 3

PathologyPed ro Ale y, MS , Pl a nt P at holo gist 4

Ciro Barrera, MS , Pl a nt Path o log istIda Ba rtolini , MS , Bioc hemi stCarlos Chuquil la nqui , MS , Pl a nt PathologistC hristi a n Delgado , MS, Bio c he mi st 4

Vi o le ta Flores , Biolo g istSegundo Fuen tes , MS, Plant Pathologist 4

Liliam Gutar ra , MS , Plant Pat ho logistC h arlo tt e Lizar raga , MS , Pl a nt PathologistH ans Pin e do , gronomist

H ebe rt Torres , MS , Plant Pa th o log ist 4

Jos e Luis Zapat a , MS , Pl a nt Patho lo g ist olombia

PhysiologyRo la ndo Cabello , MS , Assoc . gronomistNelly Espinol a de Fon g MS , NutritionistRosario Falcon , BiologistM .S. Kad ia n , PhD , gronomist , Indi aJohn Kimani , MS , gronomist , KenyaJosep h Koi , MS , Agro nomi st , a m eroo n

Jose Luis Marca, Ing . Ag r.Jorge Roca , Biol ogist

Social ScienceC her ry Bangalanon , MS , Philippine sRosa rio Basay , Eco nomistPa tri c io Espinoz a , Econom ist , c u ado r

Hu go Fa no , MS , Econom istCristin a Fons eca , MS , Ag ro nomist 4

V.S . Khatana , PhD , Socioeconomist , Indi aM arfa Loza no , Computer AssistantLui s Maldonado , EconomistMargaret Ngunjiri , MS , Soc iolo gist , Kenya

Osc a r Or ti z MS , gronom ist 3

Ma r ice l Piniero , Ecologist , PhilippinesVi ctor Suarez, BS , StatisticianIn ge Verdonk , Ir. , Nutritionist , Phili pp i nes

Research SupportLomb ardo Cet raro , Biologist , Field Greenhouse

Supervisor , Sa n RamonRob e rto Du a rte , In g . Ag r., Greenhouse Supervisor ,

La MolinaLa uro Gomez , Supervisor, Huan cayo

Hu go Goyas , Ing. Agr. , Field Supervisor ,Hu a n cayo

U lises Moreno , PhD , PhysiologistVfctor Otaz u , PhD , Sup e rin te n de nt , Support

Department

M a rio Pozo , Ing . Ag r. Supervisor , La MolinaExperiment Station

Mi gue l Quevedo , Ing . Agr. , Off-Station Fie ldSupervisor , Cajamarca

Statistics Unit

lfredo Garcia , MS, Experimental StatisticsFe lipe de Me ndiburu , Stat ist ics Eng .

ConsortiumON DES NBlanca Arce , MS, Anim a l Husbandry , Quito

EcuadorAna Marfa Ponc e , PhD , INFO NDIN

dm ini stratorJor ge Reinoso , MS , Agr icu ltur a l Econo mi cs, Puna

Peru

Rob e rto Valdivia , MS , Ag ro nomi st , Puna Peru

Latin merica and the Caribbean Regional OfficeSven Vi llaga rc f a , PhD 4

Trainin gNelson Esp inoza , Biologist , Trainin g SpecialistMartha Huanes , Tr ai nin g LogisticsAm e rico Valdez , MS , Tr a inin g Mate ria l Specialist

InformationCommunications Unit

Gigi C h a ng, MS , Audi ov isua l SectionCoord in ator


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Cecilia Lafosse , Chief D esig nerGodofredo Lago s Produ ct ion ChiefEmm a Martin ez, MS , Supervisor Media

Production

Information Technology Unit

Anthony Collin s, Coordinator 3

Edi th Aguilar, Te lecommunicati o n s OfficerJor ge Arbulu Te lecommunications Systems

Supervisor 2

M o ni ca Arias , Systems Analyst

Pablo Bermud ez, Syst ems Analy st

Oscar Bravo, Microvax Systems Supervisor 2

Rob e rto Castro , Systems D eve lopm e ntEdu a rdo M a nc he go, Systems AnalystPfa M a rfa Oliden Syst e ms AnalystEric Romero , Systems Analyst

Ed ga rdo Torr es , Systems Developm en tAl b erto Vel ez, Systems Analyst

Information Unit

Cecilia Ferr ey ra Head Librarian

Controller s Offi ceMigu e l Saavedra, C PA , General AccountantEdg a rd o d e los Rios , CPA , Senior AccountantVilm a Escud e ro , Accountant

Accounting Unit

Ros a rio Pastor, CPA, Senior-Accountant

Jor ge Bautista, AccountantBla n ca Joo , CPA, AccountantEduardo P

CIP Annual Report 1995

Documents

Transcript of CIP Annual Report 1995