Chiffres clés Bussiness en UE 2011

8/3/2019 Chiffres cls Bussiness en UE 2011

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ISSN 1830-9720

Key fgures on European business

with a special eature on SMEs

2011 edition

Pocketbooks


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Key fgures on European business

2011 edition

Pocketbooks

with a special eature on SMEs


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Luxembourg: Publications Ofce o the European Union, 2011

ISBN 978-92-79-20422-7

ISSN 1830-9720

doi:10.2785/15193

Cat. No KS-ET-11-001-EN-C

Theme: Industry, trade and servicesCollection: Pocketbooks

European Union, 2011

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Key fgures on European businessTis publication has been prepared by Eurostat UnitG2 responsible or structural business statistics. Teopinions expressed are those o the individual authorsalone and do not necessarily reect the position o theEuropean Commission.

Editor and project co-ordinator:

Aleksandra StawiskaEurostat, the statistical oce o the European UnionUnit G2 structural business statisticsBtiment Joseph Bech5, rue Alphonse Weicker2721, Luxembourg

Production:

Data processing, analysis, design and desktoppublishing:INFORMA srl ([email protected])

Giovanni Albertone, Simon Allen, Andrew Redpath

For more information:

Te structural business statistics (SBS) dedicated sectionprovides access to a selection o publications, data andbackground inormation describing European business,compiled by Eurostats structural business statistics unit.In particular, the dedicated section provides inormationon development projects under a heading special SBStopics. Tis dedicated section is located directly under thetheme Industry, trade and services on the Statistics tab othe Eurostat website or rom the ollowing link:http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/europeanbusiness

Data extracted: April 2011
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/europeanbusinesshttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/europeanbusiness


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4 Key figures on European business

Introduction 6

Special eature on SMEs 9

Context 10

SME overview 11

Focus on employment and sel-employment 14

Focus on value added and apparent productivity 20

Structural overview o the businesseconomy 25

Developments in the EU business economy 26

Size and structure o the non-fnancial businesseconomy 32

National specialisation and concentration 38

Regional specialisation and concentration 42

Contents


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5Key figures on European business

Sectoral analysis 49

Mining and quarrying 50

Manuacturing 54

Network energy supply 66

Water supply, sewerage, waste and recycling

activities 68

Construction 70

Distributive trades 72

Transport and storage 7

Accomodation and ood services 84

Inormation and communication services 86

Real estate activities 92

Proessional, scientifc and technical activities 94

Administrative and support service activities 100

Repair o computers and personal and householdgoods 106

Financial and insurance activities 108

Methodological notes 113

Data sources 114

Key SBS defnitions 115

EU-27 data 115

Statistical units; NACE Rev. 1.1 and Rev. 2 116

Signs and abbreviations 117

Contents


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Introduction

Introduction

Tis publication aims to illustrate the wide range o businessstatistics available rom Eurostat, in particular structuralbusiness statistics (SBS). Te statistics presented cover SBS thatare published on a regular, annual basis (where breakdowns areavailable by region and by enterprise size class), as well as morespecic inormation rom a range o development projects.

SBS describe the structure, conduct and perormance obusinesses within their economic activities, down to a verydetailed activity level (several hundred sectors). In thispublication, due to space limitations, data are presented or aset o around 100 activities, generally NACE sections, divisionsor groups.

Te publication summarises the main eatures o the Europeanbusiness economy and its dierent activities in a concise andsimple manner. It consists o three main chapters:

a eature on small and medium-sized enterprises;an overview o the EU business economy, and;a more detailed sectoral analysis.

Te rst chapter is a special eature on small and medium-sized enterprises, looking at the activities where they are mostprominent, their impact on employment, and the particularcategory o enterprises without paid employees. Te inormationpresented is largely based on a size class analysis o regular SBSdata, supplemented by data on business demography.

Te second chapter presents an overview o the EU businesseconomy. It provides details concerning the relative importanceo various activities within the non-nancial business economy:note that agriculture, orestry and sheries, as well as publicservices covering areas such as deence, education, health andsocial security are not covered by SBS, while nancial servicesare excluded rom the non-nancial business economy aggregate

due to incomplete inormation. Te chapter concludes with apresentation o specialisation and concentration. Te ormermeasures the share (or example, in terms o employment or valueadded) o a particular sector in the whole o the non-nancialbusiness economy within a country or a region or example,Slovenia and Finland are relatively specialised in manuacturing,


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Introduction

while Cyprus and Austria are specialised in accommodation and

ood services. Concentration is a distribution measure based oncountry (or regional) shares, or example, a sector is said to beconcentrated i relatively ew countries (or regions) produce ahigh overall share o the total value added in the EU-27: this isthe case, or example, in mining and quarrying.

Te third chapter presents a sectoral analysis looking in moredetail at specic sectors within the EU business economy. Foreach o these, a comprehensive set o key variables is provided,describing monetary and employment characteristics, as wellas a set o derived indicators, or example, productivity andprotability measures; these are presented at a more detailedactivity level, as well as by Member State. Tis chapter alsoincludes some inormation on the production o industrialproducts (Prodcom) or mining and quarrying, as well as ormanuacturing.

Tis publication presents only a small selection o the SBS data.Readers who are interested in knowing more about SBS, whowould like to download the latest publications ree-o-charge, orwho would like to access the most recent data, are encouraged toconsult the structural business statistics dedicated section.

Online data codes presented as part o the source under eachtable/gure can be used within the search acility provided atthe top o the data navigation tree on Eurostats website to gainaccess to the reshest statistics available.

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/europeanbusiness
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/europeanbusinesshttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/europeanbusiness


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ISpecial featureon SMEs

1


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1 Special eature on SMEs


Context

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) may be viewedas important players in the well-being o local and regionalcommunities, with considerable potential or employmentcreation. As such, they can play an important role in Europes2020 strategy, contributing to the economic health o theEuropean economy; this numerous and disparate subpopulation

o enterprises is the ocus o this special eature.In June 2008, a Communication titled the Small Business Act(SBA)for Europe was adopted. Tis recognised the central roleo SMEs in the EU economy and aimed to strengthen the roleplayed by SMEs and to promote their growth and job creatingpotential through alleviating a number o problems which arethought to hamper the development o SMEs. Tese included:alleviating administrative burdens; acilitating SMEs access tonance; supporting SMEs in their bid to access new markets;ensuring air competition; promoting education and skills orentrepreneurship; protecting intellectual property; encouragingresearch and development; or supporting SMEs in a regional andenvironmental context. Tis mainstreaming o SME policy is

based upon a premise to think small rst.A review o the SBA was released in February 2011: it highlightedthe progress made and set out a range o new actions to respondto challenges resulting rom the nancial and economic crisis.In doing so, it is hoped that the updated SBA will contributetowards delivering the key objectives o the Europe 2020 strategy namely, smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.

For policy purposes, SMEs in the EU are dened as enterpriseswith ewer than 250 employees, provided that they areindependent (o other enterprises) and do not have sales thatexceed EUR 50 million or an annual balance sheet that exceedsEUR 43 million. For statistical purposes, structural businessstatistics (SBS) may be broken down by enterprise size class

according to employment thresholds to present inormationon: large (250 or more persons employed); medium-sized (50 to249); small (10 to 49); and micro enterprises (less than 10). Micro,small and medium-sized enterprises are collectively reerred toas SMEs.

For more inormation:

http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/small-business-act
http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/small-business-acthttp://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/small-business-acthttp://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm


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1Special eature on SMEs


Table 1.1: Enterprise size class analysis o key indicators, non-fnancial business economy, EU-27, 2008

Number

oenterprises

Personsemployed

Valueadded

Apparent

labourproductivity

(million)(EUR 1 000

million)(EUR 1 000 /

person)

All enterprises 21.0 135.8 6 176 45.5

All SMEs 20.9 90.6 3 617 39.9

Micro 19.3 39.3 1 348 34.3

Small 1.4 27.9 1 147 41.2

Medium-sized 0.2 23.4 1 122 47.9Large 0.0 45.2 2 559 56.6

Numbero

enterprises

Personsemployed

Valueadded

Apparentlabour

productivity

Share in total (%)Relative to

total (%)

All enterprises 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0All SMEs 99.8 66.7 58.6 87.8

Micro 92.0 29.0 21.8 75.3

Small 6.7 20.5 18.6 90.5

Medium-sized 1.1 17.2 18.2 105.3

Large 0.2 33.3 41.4 124.5

Source: Eurostat (online data codes:sbs_sc_ind_r2, sbs_sc_con_r2,sbs_sc_dt_r2,

sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)

SME overview

Te overwhelming majority (99.8 %) o enterprises active withinthe EU-27s non-nancial business economy in 2008 were SMEs some 20.9 million together they accounted or two out oevery three jobs (66.7 %) and or 58.6 % o value added within thenon-nancial business economy see able 1.1.

More than nine out o ten (92.0 %) enterprises in the EU-27 weremicro enterprises; their relative share o the non-nancial businesseconomy workorce and value added was considerably lower at29.0 % and 21.8 %.

Te relative importance o SMEs was particularly high in thesouthern Member States o Italy, Portugal and Spain (no dataavailable or Greece). Some o these dierences may be explained

by the relative importance o particular sectors in the nationaleconomy or by cultural and institutional preerences or sel-employment and/or amily-run businesses see able 1.2.
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=view


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Table 1.2: Analysis o the number o enterprises by enterprise

size class, non-fnancial business economy, 2008Total number o

enterprisesMicro Small

Medium-sized

Large

(thousands) (%)

EU27 20 994 92.0 6.7 1.1 0.2

BE 426 92.5 6.3 0.9 0.2

BG 270 88.7 9.2 1.9 0.3

CZ 899 95.1 3.9 0.8 0.2

DK 211 85.0 12.2 2.4 0.4DE 1 880 83.0 14.1 2.4 0.5

EE 46 83.9 13.0 2.7 0.4

IE 158 87.8 9.9 1.9 0.3

EL : : : : :

ES 2 653 93.1 6.0 0.8 0.1

FR : : : : :

IT 3 947 94.3 5.1 0.5 0.1

CY 47 92.3 6.4 1.1 0.2LV 70 84.4 12.9 2.4 0.3

LT 139 88.7 9.2 1.9 0.3

LU 17 85.8 11.5 2.2 0.5

HU 566 94.3 4.7 0.8 0.2

MT : : : : :

NL 583 90.4 8.0 1.4 0.3

AT 294 87.2 10.8 1.7 0.4

PL 1 556 95.5 3.3 1.0 0.2PT 778 94.0 5.1 0.7 0.1

RO 506 88.9 8.8 1.9 0.4

SI 93 92.4 6.1 1.3 0.3

SK 59 71.2 24.2 3.7 0.9

FI 202 91.7 6.9 1.1 0.3

SE 586 94.7 4.4 0.8 0.2

UK 1 731 89.3 8.8 1.5 0.4

Source: Eurostat (online data codes: sbs_sc_ind_r2, sbs_sc_con_r2, sbs_sc_dt_r2,

sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)

While large enterprises only accounted or 0.2 % o the total enterprise

population within the EU-27s non-nancial business economy in2008, mining and quarrying, network energy supply as well as watersupply, sewerage, waste and recycling each reported that more than 1 %o their enterprises were large; the same three activities also recordedthe highest proportion o medium-sized enterprises (between 4.1 %and 5.5 % o the enterprise population) see able 1.3.

Te number o SMEs across the EU-27s non-nancial businesseconomy was particularly concentrated within distributive trades(6.1 million enterprises); this was almost twice the number oSMEs within proessional, scientic and technical activities orconstruction see Figure 1.1.
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=view


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Table 1.3: Analysis o the number o enterprises by enterprise

size class, EU-27, 2008(%)

Source: Eurostat (online data codes:sbs_sc_ind_r2,sbs_sc_con_r2,sbs_sc_dt_r2,

sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)

Micro

Small

Medium-

sized

Large

Non-nancial business economy 92.0 6.7 1.1 0.2

Mining & quarrying 72.8 21.7 4.4 1.2

Manuacturing 80.2 15.3 3.7 0.8Network energy supply 86.6 7.4 4.1 1.9

Water supply, sewerage,waste & recycling

76.8 16.4 5.5 1.3

Construction 92.4 6.7 0.7 0.1

Distributive trades 93.4 5.8 0.7 0.1

Transportation & storage 90.3 7.9 1.5 0.3

Accommodation & ood services 91.1 8.1 0.7 0.1

Inormation & communication 92.9 5.6 1.2 0.3Real estate activities 97.6 2.0 0.3 0.1

Proessional, scientic &technical activities

96.0 3.5 0.4 0.1

Administrative & support services 90.4 7.1 2.0 0.5

Repair: computers, personal& household goods

98.1 : 0.2 :

Figure 1.1: Number o SMEs, EU-27, 2008 (1)

(million)


sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Distributive trades

Prof.,scientic&technicalactivities

Construction

Manufacturing

Accommodation&foodservices

Transportation & storage

Real estate activities

Administrative&supportservicesInformation&communication

Water,sewerage,waste&recycling

Network energy supply

Mining & quarrying
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=view


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Figure 1.2: Number o persons employed in SMEs, EU-27, 2008

(million)


sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)

0 5 10 15 20 25

Distributive trades

Manufacturing

Construction



Administrative&supportservices


Information&communication



Repair:comp.,pers.&h'holdgoods


Mining & quarrying

Focus on employment and sel-employment

Perhaps the most striking phenomenon o SMEs is theircontribution to employment. No less than two thirds o theEU-27s non-nancial business economy workorce was active inan SME in 2008.

Some 23.3 million persons worked in SMEs in the distributivetrades sector, 19.5 million in manuacturing and 13.2 million inconstruction; together, these three activities provided work to61.9 % o the non-nancial business economy workorce in SMEs see Figure 1.2.

Micro enterprises employed more people than any other sizeclass in a number o service sectors see Figure 1.3. Tis patternwas particularly pronounced or real estate services and the

repair o computers, personal and household goods, where anabsolute majority o the workorce was ound working in microenterprises.

able 1.4 provides a more detailed breakdown o employment bysize class, conrming the prominent role o SMEs as employerswithin many service sectors. In contrast, a range o activities

characterised by network supply and minimum ecientscales o production (such as mining, air transport, postal andcourier services, and the manuacture o motor vehicles orpharmaceuticals) reported a considerably higher proportion otheir respective workorces occupied within large enterprises.


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Figure 1.3: Analysis o the number o persons employed by

enterprise size class, EU-27, 2008(%)


sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Repair:computers,personal

&h'holdgoods

Construction



Professional,scientic&technicalactivities

Distributive trades

Non-nancial business economy

Manufacturing


Water supply,sewerage,

waste&recycling



Mining & quarrying


Micro Small Medium-sized Large
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=view


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Table 1.4: Activities with high or low shares o persons

employed in SMEs, EU, 2008 (1

)(%)

AllSMEs

Micro

Small

Medium-

sized

Large

Other proessional, scientifc &technical activities

92.1 67.5 16.1 8.5 7.9

Repair o computers &personal & household goods 92.0 68.2 14.3 9.5 8.0

Wholesale & retail trade & repairo motor vehicles & motorcycles

87.8 41.5 28.0 18.3 12.2

Construction o buildings 87.1 38.3 28.4 20.5 12.9

Real estate activities 86.5 59.3 15.0 12.4 13.5

Printing & reproductiono recorded media

86.3 28.6 32.4 25.3 13.7

Legal & accounting activities 85.4 54.5 21.4 9.6 14.6

Manuacture o wood& wood products

84.5 30.6 30.8 23.1 15.5

Architectural & engineering act.;technical testing & analysis

82.5 48.1 20.3 14.1 17.5

Manu. o abricated metal prod.,except machinery & equip.

82.4 20.4 33.0 29.0 17.6

Nonfnancial business economy 66.7 29.0 20.5 17.2 33.3

Electricity, gas, steam & air

conditioning supply

22.4 3.6 5.3 13.5 77.6

Manu. o pharmaceuticals 21.1 1.0 4.0 16.1 78.9

Manu. o motor vehicles,trailers & semitrailers

18.6 1.5 4.6 12.5 81.4

Telecommunications 18.6 6.6 5.1 6.9 81.4

Manu. o coke & refned petroleumproducts

18.2 1.7 4.8 11.7 81.8

Manu. o tobacco products 15.6 1.1 2.4 12.2 84.4

Postal & courier activities 12.9 4.9 3.7 4.3 87.1Air transport 12.3 1.9 2.9 7.6 87.7

Mining o metal ores 9.8 0.5 1.4 7.9 90.2

Mining o coal & lignite 2.1 0.1 0.5 1.5 97.9

(1) The inormation presented is based on the sum o those Member States or which data areavailable - the aggregate may change between activities; extraction o crude petroleumand natural gas, sewerage, remediation activities and other waste management services,specialised construction activities, and veterinary activities, incomplete.


sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)


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Figure 1.4: Analysis o the number o persons employed by

enterprise size class, non-fnancial business economy, 2008 (1

)(%)

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

CY

IT

PT

LV

EE

LU

ES

LT

BG

IE

HU

PL

SI

CZ

AT

BE

EU-27

DK

NL

RO

SE

FI

DE

SK

UK


(1) Greece, France and Malta, not available.


sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)


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Table 1.5: Business demography indicators or industry,construction and services, EU, 2007 (1)

TotalSize class

zero

Share ofsize class

zero intotal

(1 000) (%)

Number o enterprises 21 312 10 912 51.2

Number o enterprise births 2 214 1 403 63.4

Number o persons employed 128 908 11 735 9.1

Number o persons employedin new born enterprises

3 793 1 445 38.1

(1) EU average excludes Ireland, Malta and Poland; EU average includes employment data or theUnited Kingdom or 2006; EU average includes employment data or Portugal or 2005.

Source: Eurostat (online data code: bd_9b_size_cl)

Table 1.6: Business demography employment indicators, EU,2007 (1)

Size class zeroShare o size class

zero in total

Personsemployed

Personsemployed

in new bornenterprises

Personsemployed

Personsemployed

in new bornenterprises

(1 000) (%)

Industry,construction &services

1 1.0 1 451.1 9.1 38.1

Industry 1 021.9 105.2 3.0 26.4

Construction 1 733.4 256.6 12.4 38.1

Services 9 016.8 1 089.3 11.1 39.9

(1) EU average excludes Malta and Poland; EU average includes employment data or Cyprus or

2006; EU average includes employment data or Portugal and the United Kingdom or 2005;EU average or industry, construction and services and or services excludes Ireland.

Source: Eurostat (online data code:bd_9b_size_cl)

Business demography statistics provide inormation on the

dynamics o the enterprise population and its workorce.Entrepreneurship and rapidly growing SMEs are ofen citedas drivers o job creation with particular attention paid to thepotential or employment growth among enterprises with nopaid employees (size class zero). Tese accounted or just overhal (51.2 %) o all EU enterprises in industry, constructionand services in 2007 and or 63.4 % o all new born enterprises

predominantly in deregulated service sectors with relativelylow xed costs or starting a business as a sel-employed person.A total o 3.8 million persons were employed by newly bornenterprises in 2007, with over a third (38.1 %) o these workingon their own see able 1.5.
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bd_9b_size_cl&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bd_9b_size_cl&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bd_9b_size_cl&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bd_9b_size_cl&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bd_9b_size_cl&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bd_9b_size_cl&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bd_9b_size_cl&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bd_9b_size_cl&mode=view


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Te relative contribution o size class zero enterprises to the

industry, construction and services workorce was highestin Italy (20.4 %), the Czech Republic (15.9 %), Spain (12.4 %),Sweden (11.9 %) and Slovakia (11.3 %) none o the remainingMember States reported sel-employed entrepreneurs accountingor more than 10 % o the workorce see Figure 1.5.

Figure 1.5: Share o size class zero in total employment or

industry, construction and services, EU, 2007 (1)(%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

FR

IT

DK

LT

CZ

BE

SE

SI

ES

DE

NL

BG

EU

FI

HU

EE

SK

AT

LV

LU

RO

UK

PT

CY

Persons employed in all enterprises

Persons employed in new born enterprises

(1

) Ireland, Malta and Poland, not available; the United Kingdom, 2006; Portugal, 2005; EUaverage excludes Ireland, Malta and Poland; EU average includes employment data orPortugal or 2005; EU average includes employment data or the United Kingdom or 2005.

Source: Eurostat (online data code: bd_9b_size_cl)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bd_9b_size_cl&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bd_9b_size_cl&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bd_9b_size_cl&mode=view


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Focus on value added and apparent productivity

As with the employment analysis, SMEs within the EU-27sdistributive trades, manuacturing and construction sectorsgenerated the highest levels o added value in 2008 see Figure1.6. Across the whole o the EU-27s non-nancial businesseconomy, SMEs accounted or 58.6 % o the EUR 6 176 thousandmillion o value added generated in 2008.

Te contribution o SMEs to total value added was lower thantheir contribution to employment (66.7 %), resulting in alower level o apparent labour productivity. Tis pattern wasparticularly prevalent among activities such as manuacturing orinormation and communication services. However, it was alsoobserved across most other activities and across most MemberStates suggesting inherent characteristics o SMEs played a role(or example, their inability to benet rom economies o scale,their relatively low level o capital intensity, or their inabilityto adopt or develop innovations). As a result, large enterprisestended to record higher labour productivity ratios than SMEs(Figure 1.9).

Figure 1.6: Value added by SMEs, EU-27, 2008(EUR 1 000 million)


sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)

0 200 400 600 800 1 000

Distributive trades

Manufacturing

Construction


Administrativeandsupportservices






Water,sewerage,waste&recyclingMining & quarrying



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Figure 1.7: Analysis o value added by enterprise size class,

EU-27, 2008 (1

)(%)

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%


Construction


&h'holdgoods

Professional,scientic&technicalactivities


Distributive trades


Water supply,sewerage,

waste&recycling


Manufacturing



(1) Mining and quarrying, inormation and communication,and administrative and support services, incomplete.


sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)


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Figure 1.8: Analysis o value added by enterprise size class,

non-fnancial business economy, 2008 (1

)(%)

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

CY

EE

LU

LV

IT

PT

ES

LT

NL

SI

BG

DK

AT

BE

SE

EU-27

CZ

IE

HU

SK

DE

FI

PL

RO

UK


(1) Greece, France and Malta, not available.


sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)


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Figure 1.9: Apparent labour productivity, EU-27, 2008 (1)

(EUR 1 000 / person)

(1) Administrative and support services, not available or large enterprises.


sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)

0 50 100 150 200 250


Mining & quarrying




Prof.,scientic&technicalactivitiesAdministrative&supportservices



Manufacturing

Construction

Distributive trades



SMEs

Large enterprises

Table 1.7: Analysis o apparent labour productivity byenterprise size class, EU-27, 2008


Micro

Small

Medium

sized

Large

Nonfnancial business economy 34.3 41.2 47.9 56.6Mining & quarrying : : 140.4 151.5

Manuacturing 28.3 38.6 45.9 67.1Network energy supply 535.1 181.7 164.9 146.4


74.8 66.7 53.6 69.2

Construction 35.9 39.0 44.2 52.5

Distributive trades 24.6 40.6 46.6 38.0

Transportation & storage 35.0 43.7 45.0 47.0Accommodation & ood services 17.2 19.3 23.8 25.6

Inormation & communication : 59.0 70.1 123.3

Real estate activities 89.3 83.7 100.6 86.9

Proessional, scientifc &technical activities

45.0 55.9 64.5 63.2

Administrative & support services : : 31.0 :

Repair: computers, personal

& hhold goods

18.9 35.2 44.3 78.7


sbs_sc_1b_se_r2)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_1b_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_sc_ind_r2&mode=view


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IStructural overview ofthe business economy

2


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2 Structural overview o the business economy


Figure 2.1: Industrial indicators, seasonally adjusted, EU-27

(2005=100)

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

I/05 I/06 I/07 I/08 I/09 I/10

Index of production (1)

Domestic output price index (2)

Index of employment (3)

(1) Estimates; excludes water collection, treatment and supply.(2) Gross.

(3) Estimates.

Source: Eurostat (online data codes: sts_inpr_q,sts_inppd_q, sts_inlb_q)

Developments in the EU business economy

Te indicators presented at the start o this chapter are derivedrom short-term statistics (SS). Within the industrial economythe index o production is the leading measure o output,presenting the development o value added at constant prices.

Figure 2.1 clearly shows the scale o the impact o the nancial andeconomic crisis in 2008 and 2009 on the EU-27 industrial economy.From its pre-recession high in the rst quarter o 2008 to the bottomo the cycle in the second quarter o 2009, the index o productionell by 18.1 %. Te subsequent rebound in activity resulted in EU-27industrial output returning to its average level or 2005 by the nalquarter o 2010, while industrial employment appeared to havestabilised about 10 % below its pre-recession level.

Some o the biggest reductions in EU-27 output were registeredor traditional manuacturing activities (tobacco products,textiles, leather, wood and urniture), while the level o outputwas less aected or activities with a higher level o technology(pharmaceuticals, computers, electronic and optical products), aswell as or activities characterised as producing necessity goodsor goods where demand may be expected to be less aected or

even rise during a recession (ood products, repair and installationo machinery) see Figure 2.3.
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inpr_q&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inppd_q&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inppd_q&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inlb_q&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inlb_q&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inppd_q&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inpr_q&mode=view


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2Structural overview o the business economy


Figure 2.2: Index o industrial production, working day

adjusted, annual average rate o change 2005 to 2010 (1

)(%)

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

SK

PL

RO

BE (2)

CZ (2)

AT

IE

HU

LT

NL (

2

)DE

EE

SI (2)

FI

MT (2)

CY (2)

LV

EU-27

EA-17

BG

SE

FR

PT

UK

LU

IT

DK

EL

ES

TR

CH (2)

HR

NO

(1) Excludes water collection, treatment and supply.(2) Provisional.

Source: Eurostat (online data code: sts_inpr_a)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inpr_a&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inpr_a&mode=view


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Figure 2.3: Indices o industrial production,

working day adjusted, EU-27, annual average rate o change2005 to 2010 (1)

(%)

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4

Pharmaceuticals

Computer, electronic & optical prod.

Repair & installation of machinery

Other transport equipment

Other manufacturing

Food products

Metal ores mining

Chemicals & chemical products

Electrical equipment

Beverages


Paper & paper products

Total industry

Machinery & equipmentRubber & plastic products

Coke & rened petroleum

Motor vehicles & (semi-)trailers

Printing & recorded media

Fabricated metal products

Wearing apparel

Basic metals

Wood & wood products

Furniture

Other non-metallic mineral products

Other mining & quarrying

Leather & related products

Coal & lignite mining

Textiles

Crude petrol. & natural gas extraction

Tobacco products

(1) Mining support service activities and water collection, treatment and supply, not available.Source: Eurostat (online data code:sts_inpr_a)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inpr_a&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inpr_a&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_inpr_a&mode=view


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While there were signs that the recovery was underway by 2010

or most industrial activities, EU-27 indices o production orbuilding and civil engineering continued to ollow a downwardpath. Te index o production or construction peaked in the rstquarter o 2008 (the same date as or total industry), since when ithas allen each and every quarter apart rom a temporary respite inthe second quarter o 2010. Output in the nal quarter o 2010 was18.3 % below its pre-recession high see Figure 2.4.

Te relative stability o civil engineering output through mucho 2008 and 2009 during the nancial and economic crisis mayreect inrastructure projects having considerable lead-in times(with the work spread over many years), as well as these projectsbeing largely nanced by the public sector (where spending wasofen maintained or increased during the recession). Nevertheless,it would appear that ewer civil engineering projects have beenundertaken since the start o 2010, perhaps reecting governmentconcerns with controlling public nances.

Te slowdown in building activity reected a downturn in propertymarkets and house buyer condence, as well as a change in theattitude o banks and other lenders, as they were less willing tolend capital without more stringent conditions on making credit

available. Many housing/property markets remained subduedduring 2010.

Figure 2.4: Index o production, seasonally adjusted, EU-27 (1)

(2005=100)

85

90

95

100

105

110

I/05 I/06 I/07 I/08 I/09 I/10

Construction

Building

Civil engineering works

(1) Estimates.

Source: Eurostat (online data code: sts_copr_q)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_copr_q&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_copr_q&mode=view


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Te turnover index reects market sales o goods or services to

third parties. Te eects o the nancial and economic crisis weregenerally less acute within the services sector, as demonstrated bythe smoother development o EU-27 turnover indices. In contrastto output measures or industry or or construction, the turnoverindices or a range o services (shown in Figure 2.5) never ellbelow their average levels or 2005, although it should be stressedthat the turnover indices are in current prices and so reect price

changes as well as the volume o output.Services, as covered by the SS Regulation, saw their sales declinein the EU-27 by 10.8 % between the second quarter o 2008 andthe third quarter o 2009. Te biggest contractions in turnover(among the NACE sections shown in Figure 2.5) were recorded ordistributive trades (in particular, the retail sale o motor vehicles)and or transportation and storage (in particular, air transport),while inormation and communication services was the activitythat was least aected by the downturn.

Figure 2.6 shows that Ireland and Spain were the only MemberStates to record lower turnover indices or services in 2010 thanthey had ve years earlier (-1.6 % and -1.0 % per annum). EU-27sales rose on average by 2.5 % per annum during the period under

consideration, with the astest expansions in Romania, Poland,Bulgaria, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom (all above 5 %growth per annum) see Figure 2.6.

Figure 2.5: Index o turnover, seasonally adjusted, EU-27 (1)

(2005=100)

90

100

110

120

130

I/05 I/06 I/07 I/08 I/09 I/10

Distributive trades


Accommodation & food services

Information & communication

Professional, scientic & technical activities (2)

Administrative & support services (2)

(1) Estimates.(2) As required by the STS Regulation.

Source: Eurostat (online data codes: sts_trtu_q, sts_setu_q)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_trtu_q&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_setu_q&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_setu_q&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_trtu_q&mode=view


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Figure 2.6: Index o services turnover, working day adjusted,

annual average rate o change 2005 to 2010 (1

)(%)

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

RO

PL

BG

LU

UK

LT

CY

HU

LV

SI

EE

SK

FI

NL

SE (2)

AT

EU-27

FR

DK

CZ

MT

DE

EA-17

EL

PT

ES

IE

(1) As required by the STS Regulation; Belgium and Italy, not available.(2) Average rom 2005 to 2009.

Source: Eurostat (online data code: sts_trtu_a)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_trtu_a&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sts_trtu_a&mode=view


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Size and structure o the non-fnancial

business economy

In 2008 a total o EUR 6 155 700 million o gross value added wasgenerated in the EU-27s non-nancial business economy, whichwas equivalent to 63.4 % o the whole economys value addedat actor cost. Te non-nancial business economy workorcereached 136.3 million persons employed, around three fhs

(60.2 %) o those employed in the EU-27.Te sectors that make up the non-nancial business economyare shown in Figure 2.7 which provides an overview o theircontribution in terms o labour input (employment), output(value added), and the enterprise population. In broad terms,manuacturing and distributive trades were the largest sectors,

combining or two fhs or more o each o the three indicators.Apparent labour productivity averaged EUR 45 200 per personemployed in the EU-27s non-nancial business economyin 2008, ranging rom EUR 20 000 per person employed inaccommodation and ood services to EUR 151 000 per personemployed in mining and quarrying. Average personnel costswere also lowest in the accommodation and ood services sector

(EUR 16 000 per employee), and joint highest in network energysupply and inormation and communication services (aroundEUR 50 000 per employee); the non-nancial business economyaverage was EUR 31 000 per employee. It should be noted thatboth o these indicators are based on a simple head count oemployment and so are inuenced, at least in part, by the extent opart-time employment. Te inuence o part-time employment islargely removed by combining these two measures into the wageadjusted labour productivity ratio: or the non-nancial businesseconomy this ratio was valued at 146.3 %, indicating that average

Table 2.1: Key indicators, non-fnancial business economy,EU-27, 2008

Indicator Units Value

Number o enterprises thousands 21 004Persons employed thousands 136 281

Turnover EUR million 24 915 339

Value added EUR million 6 155 686

Gross operating surplus EUR million 2 539 250

Apparent labour productivity EUR 1 000/person 45.2

Average personnel costs EUR 1 000/person 30.9

Wage adjusted lab. productivity % 146.3

Gross operating rate % 10.2

Source: Eurostat (online data codes: sbs_na_ind_r2, sbs_na_con_r2,sbs_na_dt_r2,

sbs_na_1a_se_r2)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=view


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Figure 2.7: Structure o the non-fnancial business economy,EU-27, 2008

(% share o non-fnancial business economy total)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Manufacturing

Distributive trades

Construction



Professional,scientic

&technicalactivities




Watersupply,sewerage,

waste&recycling


Mining & quarrying


&h'holdgoods

Employment

Value added (1)

Number of enterprises (2)

(

1

) Water supply, sewerage, waste and recycling, not available.(2) Network energy supply, not available.

Source: Eurostat (online data codes:sbs_na_ind_r2,sbs_na_con_r2, sbs_na_dt_r2,

sbs_na_1a_se_r2)

labour productivity was 46.3 % higher than average personnel

costs. Tis indicator was below 100 % or the small sector o repairo computers, personal and household goods, and rose as high as430 % or the mining and quarrying sector.

As can be seen rom Figure 2.8 a Member States share o theEU-27s non-nancial business economy varies substantiallydepending whether it is measured in terms o value added oremployment. Tose with higher shares o EU-27 value added thanthe workorce (such as Germany and the United Kingdom) hadabove average apparent labour productivity.
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=view


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Table 2.2: Key indicators, EU-27, 2008

No. oenterprises

Personsemployed

(thousands)

Non-nanical business economy 21 004 136 281

Mining & quarrying 20 670

Manuacturing 2 123 32 961

Network energy supply : 1 200

Water supply, sewerage, waste & recycling 60 1 266

Construction 3 285 15 047Distributive trades 6 144 32 816

Transportation & storage 1 118 10 863Accommodation & ood services 1 696 9 612

Inormation & communication 797 5 798

Real estate activities 1 097 2 500

Proessional, scientic & technical activities 3 392 10 752

Administrative & support services 1 054 11 864

Repair: computers, personal & hhold goods 176 377


sbs_na_1a_se_r2)

TurnoverValueadded

Invest-ment

(EUR million)

Non-nanical business economy 24 915 339 6 155 686 :

Mining & quarrying 250 000 100 000 21 000

Manuacturing 7 136 428 1 669 537 240 078

Network energy supply 1 100 000 199 849 :Water supply, sewerage, waste & recycling 218 103 : 32 426

Construction 1 907 138 604 362 97 287

Distributive trades 9 117 514 1 153 272 132 683Transportation & storage 1 305 077 476 619 126 012

Accommodation & ood services 461 343 194 131 29 112

Inormation & communication 1 141 269 502 495 57 279

Real estate activities 420 000 220 000 140 000

Proessional, scientic & technical activities 1 168 753 573 128 42 594

Administrative & support services 810 000 390 000 70 000

Repair: computers, personal & hhold goods 26 227 10 569 :


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Table 2.2 (continued): Key indicators, EU-27, 2008

Apparentlabour

productivity

Averagepersonnel

costs


Non-nanical business economy 45 31

Mining & quarrying 151 35

Manuacturing 51 35

Network energy supply : 50

Water supply, sewerage, waste & recycling : 32Construction 40 31

Distributive trades 35 25

Transportation & storage 44 32

Accommodation & ood services 20 16

Inormation & communication 87 50

Real estate activities 87 31

Proessional, scientic & technical activities 53 43

Administrative & support services : 24Repair: computers, personal & hhold goods 28 29


sbs_na_1a_se_r2)

Wageadjusted

labourproduct-

ivity

Grossoper-atingrate

Invest-mentrate

(%)Non-nanical business economy 146.3 10.2 :

Mining & quarrying 430.0 31.0 21.3

Manuacturing 145.3 8.3 16.4

Network energy supply : : :

Water supply, sewerage, waste & recycling 200.0 : :

Construction 127.8 12.6 18.9

Distributive trades 139.1 5.1 13.5

Transportation & storage 139.0 12.7 31.4Accommodation & ood services 123.5 13.8 17.9

Inormation & communication 172.6 21.0 13.3

Real estate activities 283.0 39.7 :

Proessional, scientic & technical activities 124.5 19.9 8.8

Administrative & support services 140.0 16.0 21.0

Repair: computers, personal & hhold goods 97.5 14.4 7.0
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=view


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Table 2.3: Key indicators or the non-fnancial business

economy, 2008No. o

enterprisesEmployment Turnover

Valueadded

(thousands) (EUR 1 000 million)

EU-27 21 003.9 136 281.0 24 915.3 6 155.7

BE 450.0 2 564.1 888.9 166.8

BG 276.7 2 064.6 106.1 18.0

CZ 907.3 3 665.1 431.9 89.0

DK 213.1 2 067.8 445.2 120.5DE 1 914.0 23 791.2 4 677.2 1 252.4

EE 50.6 439.7 42.9 8.3IE 166.9 1 265.8 358.8 92.1

EL : : : :

ES 2 652.9 13 509.9 2 139.3 557.0

FR 2 361.8 : 3 580.4 867.2

IT 3 948.7 16 006.1 3 049.9 673.8

CY 47.0 242.6 28.3 9.3LV 76.9 680.0 49.1 10.7

LT 139.5 992.1 66.9 12.9

LU 26.4 233.5 106.7 19.9

HU 573.3 2 650.8 298.7 51.3

MT : : : :

NL 577.8 5 578.9 1 342.3 297.4

AT 293.9 2 593.2 590.2 154.2

PL 1 556.4 8 708.3 834.5 184.9

PT 783.5 3 310.2 354.0 78.4RO 506.4 4 413.8 257.4 58.8

SI 107.7 647.8 86.1 19.4

SK 62.7 1 100.2 134.4 24.6

FI 224.5 1 436.0 381.1 88.2

SE 580.8 2 960.6 668.3 175.1

UK 1 730.6 18 457.7 3 662.5 1 046.6HR (1) 167.3 1 157.7 91.1 23.6

(1) Excluding mining and quarrying and repair o computers and personal and householdgoods.


sbs_na_1a_se_r2)


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Figure 2.8: Share o value added and employment,

non-fnancial business economy, 2008 (1

)(% share o EU-27 total)

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

DE

UK

FR

IT

ES

NL

PL

SE

BE

AT

DK

IE

CZ

FI

PT

RO

HU

SK

LU

SI

BG

LT

LV

CY

EE

Value added

Employment

(1) Greece and Malta, not available; France, persons employed, not available.

Source: Eurostat (online data codes:sbs_na_ind_r2,sbs_na_con_r2, sbs_na_dt_r2,sbs_na_1a_se_r2)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=view


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National specialisation and concentration

Te share o the ve largest Member States in the EU-27s valueadded gives an impression o geographical concentration; theaverage share or the non-nancial business economy was 71.4 %in 2008. An analysis at the level o detail shown in Figure 2.9indicates that the highest concentration was or mining andquarrying and the lowest or distributive trades; network energy

supply had a lower level o concentration by this measure, but itshould be noted that German data is not available or this sector,thus strongly inuencing the results. Generally, in each sector theve largest Member States were the ve Member States with thelargest overall economies, with the mining and quarrying sectorthe main exception.

Te most specialised country in an activity is the one where thatactivitys share o the non-nancial business economy is highest.In contrast to concentration measures that typically highlight thelargest Member States, measures o specialisation ofen identiysmaller or medium-sized Member States. In none o the activitiespresented in ables 2.4 or 2.5 were large Member States the mostspecialised in employment terms and only in two cases (both the

United Kingdom in service activities) in value added terms. Somespecialisations are due to the availability o natural resources, orexample mining and quarrying in Denmark and Poland.

able 2.6 shows the activities in which each o the MemberStates are the most specialised, relative to the EU-27, basedon value added shares in the non-nancial business economy.About hal o the Member States were specialised in one o the

industrial activities. Construction was the most specialisedactivity in Spain and Italy, transportation and storage in the BalticMember States, accommodation and ood services in Cyprusand Austria, inormation and communication services in Irelandand Luxembourg, and real estate activities in Germany andSweden. Belgium was the only Member State most specialised inadministrative and support services, while France was the onlyone most specialised in the repair o computers, personal andhousehold goods some activities are relatively small across thewhole o the EU, which means that even in a Member State witha high specialisation relative to the EU-27 average this activitymay in act only contribute a small proportion o non-nancialbusiness economy value added, as in this case or France. It shouldbe noted that none o the Member States were most specialisedin water supply, sewerage, waste and recycling, nor in distributivetrades, nor proessional, scientic and technical activities.


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Figure 2.9: Cumulative share o value added or the fve largest

contributors among EU Member States, 2008(% share o value added)

FR

UK

UK

DE

UK

UK

DE

DE

UK

UK

DE

UK

DE

UK

DE

DE

UK

DE

FR

FR

UK

ES

FR

IT

NL

UK

DE

FR

FR

FR

FR

ES

UK

FR

FR

IT

FR

PL

FR

IT

ES

IT

IT

IT

IT

IT

IT

IT

ES

UK

DK

IT

ES

IT

ES

ES

ES

DE

ES

ES

DE

PL

ES

DE

ES

0 25 50 75 100

Non-n. business economy

Mining & quarrying

Manufacturing

Network energy supply (1)

Water supply, sewerage,

waste & recycling (2)

Construction

Distributive trades





Professional, scientic

& technical activities

Administrative & support services

Repair: computers, personal

& h'hold goods

Largest Second Third Fourth Fifth

(1) Germany, not available.

(2) Germany and EU-27, not available; largest Member States were the United Kingdom, France,Italy, Spain and the Netherlands.


sbs_na_1a_se_r2)


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Table 2.4: Relative specialisation by activity in terms o value

added, 2008 (1

)(% o non-fnancial business economy value added)

Mostspecialised

MemberState

Share o sectorin the nationalnon- fnancial

businesseconomy

Mining & quarrying DK 7.1

Manuacturing HU 37.6Network energy supply SK 10.8

Water supply, sewerage, waste & recycling BG 1.9

Construction CY 23.4

Distributive trades LT 25.7

Transportation & storage LV 13.9

Accommodation & ood services CY 10.9

Inormation & communication LU 11.4

Real estate activities SE 7.5Proessional, scientic & technical activities UK 12.6

Administrative & support services UK 8.6

Repair: computers, personal & hhold goods SK 0.3

(1) Greece and Malta, not available; Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg, incomplete.


sbs_na_1a_se_r2)

Table 2.5: Relative specialisation by activity in termso employment, 2008 (1)

(% o non-fnancial business economy employment)

Mostspecialised

MemberState

Share o sectorin the nationalnon- fnancial

businesseconomy

Mining & quarrying PL 2.1

Manuacturing SK 40.0Network energy supply RO 2.0

Water supply, sewerage, waste & recycling SK 1.9

Construction LU 17.2

Distributive trades IE 29.1

Transportation & storage DK 15.5

Accommodation & ood services CY 17.2Inormation & communication FI 6.7

Real estate activities LV 5.4

Proessional, scientic & technical activities NL 11.8

Administrative & support services NL 17.0

Repair: computers, personal & hhold goods PL 0.5

(1) Greece and Malta, not available; Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg, incomplete.


sbs_na_1a_se_r2)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_1a_se_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_dt_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_con_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_na_ind_r2&mode=view


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Table 2.6: Relative specialisation by Member State

in terms o value added, 2008 (1

)Most specialised activitywithin the non-fnancial

business economy

Share o activityvalue added in the

non-fnancial businesseconomy total (%)

BE (2) Administrative & support services 7.1

BG Network energy supply 5.7

CZ Network energy supply 6.4

DK Mining & quarrying 7.1DE (2) Real estate activities 5.2

EE Transportation & storage 10.5

IE Inormation & communication 11.0

EL : :

ES Construction 17.8

FR Repair: computers, personal & hhold goods 0.3

IT Construction 12.1

CY Accommodation & ood services 10.9LV Transportation & storage 13.9

LT Transportation & storage 11.6

LU (2) Inormation & communication 11.4

HU Network energy supply 4.8

MT :

NL Mining & quarrying 3.0

AT Accommodation & ood services 4.5

PL Mining & quarrying 4.7PT Network energy supply 4.5

RO Mining & quarrying 6.8

SI Manuacturing 34.7SK Network energy supply 10.8

FI Manuacturing 36.4

SE Real estate activities 7.5

UK Mining & quarrying 4.3

(1) Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities, not available.(2) Activity coverage, incomplete.


sbs_na_1a_se_r2)


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Regional specialisation and concentration

Te reasons or the relative specialisation o a region in an activityare varied and include, among others, the availability o naturalresources (or example, or mining and quarrying activitiesand orest-based manuacturing activities), the availability oskilled employees, costs, inrastructure, legislation, climatic andtopographic conditions (particularly regarding tourism-related

activities) and proximity to markets.Figure 2.10 indicates that the widest spread (rom lowest to highest)in the share o an activity in each regions non-nancial businesseconomy workorce concerned manuacturing activities. Incontrast, the employment spread or activities like construction anddistributive trades (which tend to serve more local clients and arelarge, basic activities present in each region) were much narrower.

Te shares o the non-nancial business economy workorceoccupied within the industrial sector and in the non-nancialservices sector in 2008 are shown in Maps 2.1 and 2.2. Relativelyhigh shares o industrial employment were ound in regions oBulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romaniaand Slovakia, with the Slovakian region o Zpadn Slovensko

recording the highest share at 60.2 %. Non-nancial servicesemployment accounted or over 80 % o the non-nancial businesseconomy workorce in at least nine regions, mainly in or borderingmajor urban areas such as Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne in Germany,Copenhagen in Denmark, Amsterdam in the Netherlands, andLondon and the surrounding south-east o England. Te highestshare o non-nancial business economy employment recorded or

non-nancial services was 92.5 % in inner London.

Map 2.3 is based on the aggregate employment share o the velargest NACE divisions in each region, providing an analysis oactivity concentration by region. It shows that several o themost concentrated regions by this measure were in regionso Spain, Italy and Portugal traditionally associated with tourism

(underlining the importance o construction, retail trade,accommodation and ood services, and transport services ortourism supply), as well as the particular case o the land islandso Finland which had the highest concentration due in large partto its specialisation in water transport.

Te most specialised region in the EU-27 or each o the mainsectors within the non-nancial business economy is shown inable 2.7.


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Figure 2.10: Degree o regional specialisation by activity (NACE

Sections), by NUTS 2 regions, EU-27 and Norway, 2008 (1

)(% sectoral share o non-fnancial business economy employment oNUTS 2 regions)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Distributive trades

Manufacturing

Construction

Admin. & support services; repair:

computers, personal & h'hold goods



Professional, scientic

& technical activities



Water supply, sewerage,

waste & recycling


Mining & quarrying

Ciudad Autnomade Melilla (ES64)

Zpadn Slovensko(SK02)

Regio Autnoma dosAores (PT20)

Flevoland (NL23)

land (FI20)

Algarve (PT15)

Inner London (UKI1)

Rgion de Bruxelles-Capitale/Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (BE10)

Latvija (LV00)

Vchodn Slovensko (SK04)

Sud-Vest Oltenia (RO41)

North Eastern Scotland (UKM5)

(1) Minimum to maximum share (horizontal line), inter-quartile range covering hal o all regions(box), median share (vertical line in box); excluding Greece, France, Latvia (construction),

Luxembourg and Malta.Source: Eurostat (online data code: sbs_r_nuts06_r2)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_r_nuts06_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_r_nuts06_r2&mode=view


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0 600 kmEmploymentin the industrial economy,by NUTS 2 regions, 2008 ()

Cartography: Eurostat GISCO, 03/2011 EuroGeographics Association, for the administrative boundaries

(%, share in total non-financialbusiness economy employment)

Guadeloupe (FR)

0 25

Martinique (FR)

0 20

Guyane (FR)

0 100

Runion (FR)

0 20

Aores (PT)

0 50

Madeira (PT)

0 20

Canarias (ES)

0 100

Malta

0 10

0 100

slandLiechtenstein

0 5

EU-27 = 26.2

40

Data not available

Map 2.1: Employment in the industrial economy,

by NUTS 2 regions, 2008 (1

)(%, share in total non-fnancial business economy employment)

(1) EU-27, excluding Greece, France, Latvia (Section F), Luxembourg and Malta.

Source: Eurostat (online data code:sbs_r_nuts06_r2)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_r_nuts06_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_r_nuts06_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_r_nuts06_r2&mode=view


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0 600 kmEmployment in the non-financialservices economy,

by NUTS 2 regions, 2008 ()

Cartography: Eurostat GI SCO, 03/2011 EuroGeographics Association, for the administrative boundaries

(%, share in total non-financialbusiness economy employment)

Guadeloupe (FR)

0 25

Martinique (FR)

0 20

Guyane (FR)

0 100

Runion (FR)

0 20

Aores (PT)

0 50

Madeira (PT)

0 20

Canarias (ES)

0 100

Malta

0 10

0 100

slandLiechtenstein

0 5

EU-27 = 63.6

70

Data not available

Map 2.2: Employment in the non-fnancial services economy,

by NUTS 2 regions, 2008 (1

)(%, share in total non-fnancial business economy employment)


Source: Eurostat (online data code: sbs_r_nuts06_r2)


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0 600 kmRegional businessconcentration,

by NUTS 2 regions, 2008 ()

Cartography: Eurostat GISCO, 03/2011 EuroGeographics Association, for the administrative boundaries

(%, share of five largest activities (NACE divisions)in total non-financial business

economy employment)

Guadeloupe (FR)

0 25

Martinique (FR)

0 20

Guyane (FR)

0 100

Runion (FR)

0 20

Aores (PT)

0 50

Madeira (PT)

0 20

Canarias (ES)

0 100

Malta

0 10

0 100

slandLiechtenstein

0 5

EU-27 = 36.4

47

Data not available

Map 2.3: Regional business concentration, by NUTS 2 regions,

2008 (1

)(%, share o fve largest activities (NACE divisions)in total non-fnancial business economy employment)


Source: Eurostat (online data code:sbs_r_nuts06_r2)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_r_nuts06_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_r_nuts06_r2&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=sbs_r_nuts06_r2&mode=view


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Table 2.7: Regional specialisation in employment terms, by

NUTS 2 regions, 2008 (1

)(% share o non-fnancial business economy workorce)

Most specialised region (%)

Mining & quarrying N E Scotland (UKM5) 11.1

Manuacturing Zpadn Slovensko (SK02) 54.7

Network energy supply Sud-Vest Oltenia (RO41) 3.8


Vchodn Slovensko (SK04) 2.9

Construction Regio Autnoma dos Aores (PT20) 22.7Distributive trades Ciudad Autnoma de Melilla (ES64) 39.4

Transportation & storage land (FI20) 46.4

Accommodation &ood services

Algarve (PT15) 23.1

Inormation &communication

Rgion de Bruxelles-Capitale/Brussels Hoodstedelijk Gewest (BE10)

15.0

Real estate activities Latvija (LV00) 6.2

Proessional, scientic &technical activities

Inner London (UKI1) 24.3

Administrative &support services

Flevoland (NL23) 18.9

Repair: computers,personal & hhold goods

Prov. Vlaams-Brabant (BE24) 0.7

(1) Excluding Greece, France, Latvia (construction), Luxembourg and Malta.

Source: Eurostat (online data code: sbs_r_nuts06_r2)


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ISectoral analysis

3


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3 Sectoral analysis


Figure 3.1: Sectoral analysis, mining and quarrying, EU-27, 2008 (1)

(% share o mining and quarrying total)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Crude petroleum &

natural gas extraction

Other mining & quarrying

Chiffres clés Bussiness en UE 2011

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