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Experiment 1: Isolation of Polysaccharides Members Present: Author A, Author B, and Author C (Last Name, First Name, Middle Initial) Locker no.:3

Chemistry Department, Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro CityDate Performed: November 11,2011Date Submitted: November 16, 2011

ABSTRACT

The programmed cell death or apoptosis plays both physiological and pathological roles in biology. Anomalous activation of apoptosis has been associated with malignancies. The intrinsicmitochondrial pathway of activation of apoptosis occurs through a multiprotein complex named theapoptosome. We have discovered molecules that bind to a central protein component of theapoptosome, Apaf-1, and inhibits its activity. These new first-in-class apoptosome inhibitors have

been further improved by modifications directed to improve their cellular penetration to yield

compounds that decrease cell death, both in cellular models of apoptosis and in neonatal ratcardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions.

INTRODUCTION

Apoptosis is a fundamental mechanism of programmed cell death that is regulated physiologically and genetically and plays a central role in development, normal cell turnover andimmune system function. Moreover, abnormal apoptotic processes are important and influence theseverity of disease progression in a number of pathologies. Defects in appropriate suppression ofapoptosis are observed in cancer pathogenesis 1 and autoimmune disorders, 2 while anomalous inducedapoptosis plays an important role in acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS) 3, neurodegenerativeand heart diseases. 4,5 The mechanism of apoptosis is executed by a family of highly conserved

proteases known as caspases, 6 which in a cascade of sequential initiator and effector membersdismantle the cell. Different cell death stimuli can initiate the mechanism. In particular, definedapoptotic signals activate the mitochondriamediated or intrinsic pathway that utilizes caspase-9 as itsinitiator. Caspase-9 activation is triggered by the release to the cytoplasm of proapoptotic proteinsfrom the mitochondrial inter-membrane space, in particular cytochrome c and Smac/Diablo. 7,8

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Apoptosis is a fundamental mechanism of programmed cell death that is regulated physiologically and genetically and plays a central role in development, normal cell turnover andimmune system function.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Apoptosis is a fundamental mechanism of programmed cell death that is regulated physiologically and genetically and plays a central role in development, normal cell turnover andimmune system function.

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CONCLUSION

Apoptosis is a fundamental mechanism of programmed cell death that is regulated physiologically and genetically and plays a central role in development, normal cell turnover andimmune system function.

REFERENCES

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Some general considerations:

1. Lab reports should be typed using 1-inch margins.

2. Chemical formulas should use subscripts and superscripts properly. It is convenient tocustomize the toolbar in your word processor to have buttons for these formattingcommands readily available.

3. Please use chemsketch software for writing structures of compounds and chemicalequations. This software can be downloaded from the internet.

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5. Staple your report before submitting it. Loose pages or those with the corner folded overwill not be accepted.

6. Principles of good writing transcend disciplinary boundaries. In scientific writing it isimportant to pay attention to spelling, grammar (comma splices and run-on sentences arecommon errors), and good composition, i.e., put ideas in coherent order and group relatedideas in the same paragraph. You are graded on these aspects as well as the scientificcontent.

7. Avoid too long sentences.

8. Remember: all information in the report that is taken from other sources must be properlyreferenced.

9. Do not include in the author’s section of the lab report the name/s of the member/s of thegroup who were absent during the performance of the experiment.