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Chapter Report

Kelompok 8

1.Yunia Sri Lestari

2.Anisa Firda

3.Novi Nur Hasanah

Chapter 8 Does Instruction make a difference?

There are 4 possible positions :

1.Instruction makes no difference

.Instruction is contrained

!.Instruction is beneficial

4.Instuction is necessar"

1.Instruction makes no difference

In the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis o the !onitor "heory# $rashen %1&'2#ande(se)here* distinguishes +et)een conscious (earning and unconscious acquisition o an

L2 and argues that these t)o processes are autono,ous and unre(ated. the t)o# he

argues that acquisition is the ,ore i,portant one# the process responsi+(e u(ti,ate(y or 

(anguage use %see acquisitionacquisition versus (earning# !onitory "heory*. According

to $rashen%1&'2* or,a( instruction has a very (i,ited ro(e in SLA since the (earned

/no)(edge that is the resu(t o instruction does not he(p (earners in the acquisition o the

target (anguage.

0vidence or instruction ,a/ing no dierence e,erges ro, studies conducted to

investigate the eects o or,a( instruction on the route o acquisition and accuracy. yroute )e ,ean acquisition orders and deve(op,enta( sequences. "he or,er reers to

the order in )hich particu(ar ,orphe,es such as p(ura( -s, past tense -ed, and third-

 person -s are acquired over ti,e.

ther researchers %e.g.# 4oo/# 1&&1* have a(so argued that instruction is not

necessary as (earners have access to 5niversa( 6ra,,ar princip(es and thereore do not

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need instruction. Acquisition o an L2 occurs through the interaction +et)een these

universa( princip(es and input. "hus# (earners reset para,eters not +ecause they are

taught# +ut +ecause the avai(a+(e evidence in the input (eads the, to do so.

.Instruction is contrained

7iene,ann %1&&'* has a(so advanced a series o hypotheses concerning the eects o 

instruction on SLA. He has argued that instruction )i(( not ena+(e (earners to acquire any

deve(op,enta( eatures out o sequence +ecause processa+i(ity constrains acquisition and thus

any instructiona( eorts.

Here is the deve(op,enta( sequence or 0SL question or,ation8

- Stage 1 9 S: %He (ive here;*

- Stage 2 9 )h- < S: %=here he is;*

- Stage 3 9 4opu(a inversion %=here is he;*

- Stage > 9 A5? %=here has he +een;*

%S: 9 su+@ect-ver+-o+@ect A5? 9 AuBi(iary*

According to 7iene,ann# each stage i,p(ies certain output processing procedures

that the (earner has acquired. Ho)ever# the stages are hierarchica( in order and cannot +e

s/ipped.

In 7ie,anCs vie) 8

- instruction can pro,ote (anguage acquisition in that i the (earner is at stage 2

- the (earner can +e taught to produce the structure in stage 3.

"hereore# according to 7iene,ann# instruction can aci(itate the SLA process i it

coincides )ith the point at )hich the (earner isready to acquire the neBt stage.

!.Instruction is beneficial

Instruction is +eneicia( or adu(ts %inter,ediate and advance stages* as )e(( as or chi(dren.

Instruction is +eneicia( +oth in acquisition-rich environ,ents %i.e.# conteBts in )hich (earners are

eBposed to the target (anguage outside the c(assroo, conteBt* and acquisition-poor 

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environ,ents%i.e.# conteBts in )hich (earners are eBposed to the target (anguage on(y in

ac(assroo, conteBt*.

4.Instuction is necessar"

"his position )as so,e)hat popu(ar in the 1&'Ds# especia((y a,ong oreign

(anguage educators in the 5nited States %e.g.# Higgs E 4(iord# 1&'2*# +ut has since

a((en to the )ayside in ,ainstrea, SLA research. First# nonnativeness is a )ide(y

accepted pheno,enon %see 4an L2 (earners +eco,e native-(i/e;* (earners @ust donCt

see, to +eco,e native-(i/e in a variety o do,ains. Second# the concept o instruction

 +eing necessary is not operationa(ia+(e in L2 research. Ho) )ou(d so,eone prove that

instruction is necessary# especia((y given that ,ost L2 (earners are not native-(i/e

any)ay; ne )ou(d have to ind (earners )ho )ere native-(i/e and on(y +eca,e (i/e that

 +ecause o instruction. ecause o a(( the other intervening varia+(es %e.g.# i,,ersion#

input and interaction# persona(ity traits*# it )ou(d +e i,possi+(e to de,onstrate the actua(

eects o instruction. In short# the idea that instruction is necessary or (earners canCt (earn

)ithout it is untena+(e.