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CHAPTER II

LITERARY REVIEW

A. Translation and Culture

The definition of translation is transferring message from source text into

target text. In accordance with that, Bell defined that translation is the expression

into another of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving

semantic and stylistic equivalence (1991:55). It means that translator does not

only transfer the message of the source text into the target text but also find the

equivalent meaning in the target text.

According toTerestyényi, translation has close relation to culture (2010:1).

Culture, according to Newmark (1988), is a way of life and manifestation that are

peculiar to community that uses particular language as it means of expression

(p.94). Newmark (1988 : 95 – 103) explains that there are several types of cultural

terms, such as:

a. Ecology

Newmark states that ecology refers to local flora, fauna, winds, plains,

hills. It does not include the geographical features as follow: mountains,

dams, seas, springs, beaches, island, rivers, and swamps; and also the

name of objects of ecological features.

b. Material Culture

Material culture consists of food, clothes, houses and towns,

transportation and communication.

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c. Social Culture

The cultural term of social culture related to works and leisure.

d. Organizations, Customs, Activities, Procedures and Concepts

It is related to the political, administrative, religious, artistic, social and

legal.

e. Gestures and Habits

Culture is important to language in translation. Ricardo (2002:92) in

(Saleh, 2011) states that one does not translate languages but cultures, and in

translation we transfer cultures not languages. It means that translation is not only

delivering language but also connecting cultures of both languages.

According to Maasoum et al (2011:1769), in translating cultural terms, a

translator faces some difficulties, such as :

a. Lacking of some concepts. It means that there are some concepts in one

language that are not exist in another language.

Example :

Hamburger

Hamburger is a traditional food from Hamburg, German. This food is

spreaded in whole world, including Indonesia. Everyone knows

hamburger but it does not have any equivalent word in Indonesia.

b. Different categorizations of concepts in language. There are two kinds of

categorizations of concepts, such as divergence and convergence.

Divergence is single item in the source text which splits two or more

items in the target text, example :

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ST : Ayah.

TT : Papa, father, dad.

While, convergence is two or more items in the ST which merge into one

item in the TT, example :

ST : Tante, bibi.

TT : Aunt.

Food and beverages, which will be researched, included in the types of

material culture. In analyzing the names of foods and beverages, understanding

the theory of translation of menu is important. Thus, the translation of menu is

presented into the next part.

B. Problems in translation

According to Baker (1992:21) there are some problems that might be

faced by a translator in translating a text. The problems are related to the culture

specific concept, the source language concept that is not lexicalized in the target

language, the source language word is semantically complex, the source and

target language that make different distinction in meaning, the target language that

lacks a superordinate, the target language that lacks a specific term, differences in

physical or interpersonal perspective, differences in expressive meaning,

differences in form, differences in frequency and using specific form and the use

of loan word in the source text.

a. Culture-specific concept.

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Baker (1992 : 51) states that source language word may express a

concept which is not familiar in the target culture. It is probably related to

religious belief, social custom, or types of food.

Example : thanksgiving .

Thanksgiving is not exist in Indonesia. It is related to the history of

United States. Americans celebrate Thanksgiving to memories the succesful

of immigrants from Europe buildU.S. and it is celebrated nationally. In

Indonesia, we have bancakan / syukuran. The context of thanks giving is

different from syukuran. Each of ethnics in Indonesiahave their own way to

celebrate syukuran. Syukuran is done after having something that makes a

person or family happy.This difficulties will make the translator translates it

incorrectly. Thus, the readers will miss the correct perception about the

concept of thanksgiving if it is translated into syukuran.

b. The source of language concept is not lexicalized in the target language.

Baker (1992 : 51) states that target language does not have any

word to transfer the source language, but the word is familiar in the target

language.

Example : Standard

Standard is an adjective word . It means not ordinary. This concept

is understood by most of Indonesian, but Indonesian does not have any

word to tell the concept of standard.

c. The source and target languages make different distinctions in meaning.

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According to Baker (1992 : 22) a word in source language may

have more than one meanings if it is translated into target language.

Example :

ST : Going out in the rain.

TT1 : Kehujanan

TT2 : Hujan-hujan.

Going out in the rain has two meanings, they are kehujanan and

hujan-hujan. Kehujanan means accidentaly wet because of the rain, while

hujan-hujan means deliberately go to outside while raining. Thus, in

translating this sentence, the translator must know the context. If the

translator miss understand the context, so it will influence the quality of

the translation.

d. The target language lacks a superordinate.

Baker (1992:22) states that the target language may have specific

word (hyponym) but it does not have general word (superordinate) to head

semantic field.

Example :

ST : Serabi

TT:Pancake

Serabi is a traditional food from Solo which is made from rice

flour and coconut milk, while pancake is a western food made from

flavour. In this case, we can see that they are two different things. In

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western country, they do not have any concept of serabi. Thus, if it is

translated into pancake, the reader will miss understand about the concept.

e. The language lacks a specific term (hyponym).

Baker (1992:23) states that languages tend to have general word

but lack specific ones.

Example :

ST : Bungalow.

TT : Penginapan.

Bungalow exist in western country. It is a residential building,

normally detached, which is either single-story or has a second story built into

a sloping roof, usually with dormer windows (one-and-a-half stories). In

Indonesia, we do not have any concept of bungalow. In the text above, it is

translated into penginapan. The word penginapan actually shows the general

word of bungalow, motel, hotel, villa, etc. Thus, if it is translated into

penginapan which means acomodation, the readers will ask the kind of

acomodation meant.

f. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective.

Baker (1992:23) states that it is related to the relationship of a

person to a place and the relationship of two participants to a discourse.

Example :

ST : Memberi

TT1 : Nyaoskaken

TT2 : Ngaturkaken

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Javanese has three levels. Leveling in the javanese shows who are

the participants. The word nyaoskaken is told to a second person who is

younger than or as`old as first person, while ngaturkaken is told to a

second person who is older than first person or a person which is

honoured. Thus, ngaturkaken is smoother than nyaoskaken.

g. Differences in expressive meaning.

Baker (1992 : 23) states that there may be a target language word

which has the same propositional meaning as the source text, but may

have different expressive meaning.

Example :

ST : Exotic

TT : Sawo matang.

Sawo matang , according to the Indonesian’s perspective is not

beautiful, while for foreigner, an Indonesian who has sawo matang skin, is

beautiful. For them, there is not a person who has it in their country. Thus,

they call it as exotic.

h. Differences in form.

Baker (1992 : 24) states that certain suffixes and prefixes often

have no direct equivalence in other languages. It happens because there is

distinction in the formation of word. Suffixes and prefixes is not always

transfered into the same meaning.

Example :

ST : drinkable

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TT : Cocok diminum

Suffix –able is often equivalent with dapat di- , but if it is used in

the word drink, it is more equivalent to be translated into cocok.

i. Differences in frequency and purposes of using specific forms.

Baker (1992:25) states that even a particular form has equivalence

in the target language, there may be a difference in the frequency with

which it is used or the purpose for which it is used.

Example :

I have been studying English for two years.

English has form have / has been +verb-ing. Indonesian does not

have such kind of form. If it is translated into Indonesia it becomes

unnatural.

j. The use of loan word in the source text.

Baker (1992:25) states that using loan word poses several

problems, such as:

a. Lost in translation. It probably happens since it is difficult to find

loan word with the same meaning in the target language.

Example :

Alfresco.

It is a word which is used to show a prestigious style. It is

sometimes lost in translation because finding a loan word in the

same meaning in the target language is impossible.

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b. Translator faces false friends. It is a word or expression which has

the same form in two or more languages but convey different

meaning.

Example :

Feminist.

The word feminist in English is different from japanese. The

concept of feminist in Japan is to describe a man who is like a

woman in his gestures, while, in English, it is a person who

supports feminism.

The problems which are exist above should be solved by some tehniques

approached by experts. Thus, in this research, researcher defines what translation

technique is and kind of translation techniques.

C. Translation of Menu

According to Andrews (2007:95) in Saleh (2011:9) menu is the range of

food and beverages items offered in a food service outlet. According to

Kotschevar and Withrow (2007:23) in Saleh (2011:10) , there are two functions of

menu :

a. Menu is one of strategic documents which offers dishes and food.

b. It can be a tool to promote, advertise and inform the food and beverages

existed in the restaurant.

Based on the explanation above, menu is used by restaurants to market

their products to the visitors. Since it is a tool to promote their product, some

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restaurants decide to translate their menu into another language. In Indonesia,

some restaurants translate their menu into English.

According to experts from the foreign affairs office in Beijing Zhu

(http://www.theworldofchinese.com/2012/03/the-art-and-science-of-translating-

chinese-menus/) there are several principles in translating dishes :

a. Base the wording on ingredients involved

b. Reference the cooking method

c. Give a feel for how the dish looks or taste

d. Reference the person who invented the dish or where it originated.

In translating menu, translator will find problem. According to Liao

(2008:1-3)first problem found is the odd names of dish which cannot be handled

by translator.

In addition, In translating a food, according to Bassnett-Mc Guire (1980:

19) in Walles (2008:4) , translator faces different meaning of a word in the source

text and target text. It is strengthened by the explanation about translating the

English word “butter”into the Italian burro.Both of butterand burro signify

different thing. Butter is used for bread, while burro is used for cooking. It shows

that a word in source language has different meaning from the target language.

According to Mu (2010) a good translation should convert a word from

one language into another and then it must make the target readers understand to

what they are reading (p.10). Related to the definition above, he adds a good

translation of menu should follow the requirements such as :

a. Information about what is in the food .

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b. Cooking methods such as frying, burning, roasting, steaming, etc.

Different cooking methods will make different dishes. Thus, the exact

cooking method of the dishes should be shown in the name of dishes.

c. Translation of raw materials in the dish name. To translate the dish, first,

the translator should mention the cooking method. After that, translator

mentions the meat. The last, traslator mentions the vegetables. This form

is related to the English custom.

D. Translation techniques

Techniques are procedures used by translators to solve the problems that

emerge when carrying out the translation process with particular objective in mind

(Molina & Albir, 2002).Baker and Newmark propose translation techniques

which are relevant to analyze cultural terms.

Newmark (1988:81-91) proposes several techniques which are used to analyze

translation of cultural terms, such as:

1. Transference

Newmark states that it is applied by translator by borrowing a word

from source language into target language words in order to find the

equivalence words. It is also called as loan word or transcription technique.

Example :

ST : Wayang Orang dan Ketoprak

TT : Puppet Show andKetoprak.

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In the example above, there is a word ketoprak. It has no equivalent

word in English. Therefore, the translator borrows the word ketoprak in

target text.

2. Naturalization

According to Newmark, naturalization is applied by adapting the SL

pronunciation and morphology to the TL pronunciation and morphology.

Example:

ST : Those ethnicmusic performances from delegates of Korea were

absolutely georgeous.

TT : Penampilan musik etnik dari delegasi Korea tersebut sungguh

luar biasa.

The word “ethnic” is adapted by translator through changing the

morphology and pronunciation. It is adapted into “etnik”. The letter h in the

word “ethnic” is ommited, while the letter c is changed into k.

3. Cultural equivalent

Newmark ( 1988 ) states that translating a cultural word in the SL by

using cultural word in the target language.

Example :

ST : Kirab diberangkatkan dari lingkungan RT yang ditunjuk menuju

Sendang Ayu, dengan membawa sesaji berupa hasil bumi serta kelengkapan

sesaji lainnya berupa kemenyan dan ayam putih.

TT : The carnival leave for Sendang Ayu (Ayu Spring) dispatched

from the appointed administrative unit bringing the offering consist of

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agricultural produce along with other complement such as inces (derived

from gun benzoin) and white feather chicken.

Kirab is cultural term which has equivalent in English. It is translated

into carnival because they have similar cultural message in target language.

4. Functional equivalent

Newmark explains that this technique is applied by translator by

giving information in the cultural free word exist in the source language.

Example :

ST : Being a sheriff-security guide is a risky job.

TT : Menjadi sheriff-petugas keamanan adalah pekerjaan yang

beresiko.

In america, sheriff is security guide. In the example above, the

translator gives additional information about sheriff.

5. Descriptive Equivalent

Newmark explains that translator provides description of the cultural

term exists in the text.

Example :

ST : Dalam memperingati HUT kota Pekalongan diadakan kirab

sebagai peringatan atas kelahiran kota Pekalongan dengan membawa

gunungan barokah.

TT: In The occasion of Pekalongan Municipality anniversary, a parade

go around the city bringing Gunungan Barokah (a mountain like arrangement

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of foods and fruits or agriculture products to distribute to people during the

procession).

Gunungan Barokah is translated into Gunungan Barokah (a mountain

like arrangement of foods and fruits or agriculture products to distribute to

people during the procession) by translator. Gunungan doesn’t have

equivalent word in English so the translator adds description what gunungan

is.

6. Compensation

Newmark ( 1988 ) defined that compensating a sentence into another

part is done when the SL loss its meaning, sound effect and metaphor.

Example :

ST : No one knows his / her own destiny, however: the most important thing

for being a good man is to take the rough with the smooth.

TT: Tak ada seorangpun yang mengetahui nasibnya, akan tetapi, menerima

segala pemberian Tuhan dengan sukacita adalah hal yang terpenting untuk

menjadi pribadi yang baik.

Take the rough with the smooth means to accept the difficulties

cheerfully.Translator applied this technique to express it by using appropriate

expression.

7. Couplets

A translator combines two or more procedures to translate a cultural

term.

Example :

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ST : Nama dugderan itu sendiri diambil dari suara bedug “dug”dan

suara meriam “der” yang pada jaman dahulu dibunyikan untuk menandai

datangnya bulan Ramadhan.

TT: The name of event itself was takes from the sound of bedug / big

drum “dug”and the sound of cannon “der” those formerly were sounded to

mark the beginning of Ramadhan.

Bedug is a tranditional music instrument which is used among

moeslems in Java. Bedug is a kind of drums. It is translated into bedug / big

drum “dug”.Here, it can be indicated that the translator used couplet

techniques. He combines transference and cultural equivalence. Bedug which

is translated into bedug shows that the translator used transference, while the

words big drum “dug” show that the translator uses cultural equivalence.

8. Paraphrase

It is done by paraphrasing SL with cultural free word. The ST should

be paraphrased when it is poorly written.

Example :

ST : Tari Kolosal Borobudur biasanya ditampilkan pada Bulan

Purnama Sidi.

TT : Borobudur Colossal Dance is always performed during full moon.

In the example above, the term Bulan Purnama Sidi is translated into

full moon by altering implicit term (Explicit term) into explicit term (full

moon). Bulan Purnama Sidi is special month to celebrate for Buddhists.

9. Addition

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Addition is a technique of translation which give additional

information in the target text. It may takes some various: inserting the

information within the text, notes at bottom of page, notes at end of chapter,

and notes or glossary at the end of book.

Example :

ST : The grand final of Indonesian tourism ambassador 2011 was held

in Palu, Central Sulawesi.

TT : Malam pemilihan Duta Wisata Indonesia 2011 diselenggarakan

di Palu, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah.

The above shows addition technique applied by the translator. The

word Provinsi is added in the TT in order to make clear information that

Central Sulawesi is one of the provinces in Indonesia.

10. Synonymy

This procedure is used for a source language word when there is no

clear one to one equivalent, and the word is not important in the text.

Example :

ST : One of the most important aspects to win this competition is to be

a genuinely versatile contestant.

TT : Salah satu syarat utama untuk memenangkan kompetisi ini adalah

menjadi kontestan yang sangat berbakat.

In the example above, the word “versatile” is translated into

berbakat. Versatile means having more than one ability. It also means

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multitalented. Here, versatile is changed into berbakat because it has close

meaning into multitalented.

11. Modulation

Modulation is a change of point of view.

Example :

ST : I let my hair cut in Rudy Hadisuwarno saloon, yesterday.

TT : Saya potong rambut di salon Rudy Hadisuwarno, kemarin.

Literally, “I let my hair cut” means saya membiarkan rambut saya

memotong. It is unnatural translation. Therefore, the translator change the

point of view Thus, it is translated into saya potong rambut.

12. Reduction

Reduction is a technique which is done by cutting information from source

language to translate in target language text.

Example :

ST :Batik dengan nuansa cerah merupakan salah satu ciri khas batik

Kota Pekalongan.

TT : A brigh-coloured batik is one of the characteristics of batik from

Pekalongan.

In the example above, there is a reduction technique applied by the

translator in a word Kota in target text. The reduction of kota does not give

a big impact to the translation of the sentence. Pekalongan is the name

municipality in Central Java, Indonesia which is famous for its batik.

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To complete the tehniques above, Baker (1992 : 26-42) proposes eight

techniques, they are :

1. Translation by a more general word.

Baker (1992:26-42) states thatit is applied by using a general word to

express a relative lack of specifity.

Example :

ST : Shampoo your hair with wella.

TT :Cuci rambutmu dengan wella.

The word ‘shampoo’ has similar meaning to ‘wash’. The meaning of

‘shampoo’ is only related to hair while the meaning of ‘wash’ can be related

to many things. In this case shampoo is replaced by cuci because cuci is

more general.

2. Translation by more neutral / less expressive word.

Baker defines that this strategy is used if a word has no direct

equivalent in a target language, or target language does not have a concept

of that word. It also used when the translation of expressive word will sound

impolite for target reader.

Example :

ST : She is a fussy girl.

TT : Dia gadis yang ramah.

The Word ‘fussy’ refers to the person who is talkative. The translator

decides to translate it into ‘ramah’ because it is more polite than talkative.

The word ‘ramah’ conveys less expressive meaning.

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3. Translation by cultural subtitution.

This strategy is apllied by translator by replacing a cultural specific

item in the source text with expression which does not have propositional

meaning in the target text.

Example :

ST : Tomorrow will be halloween party.

TT : Besok akan diadakan pesta topeng.

‘Halloween party’ is a cultural ceremony which is held in western

country every 31 October. It is held by wearing mask and costume. The

translator translates it into ‘pesta topeng’ since halloween party is not

Indonesian culture. Most of Indonesian addapt this culture by using a mask

during the party. Thus, pesta topeng is not familiar.

4. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation.

Translator keep the cultural term or keep the word and it is followed

by explanation. The function of explanation in this technique is to make the

reader understand the term.

Example :

ST : Dan Bendoro telah menyelesaikan “Bismillahirohmanirrohim”,

sekali lagi menatapnya dari atas permadani saja.

TT : The Bendoro finished the prayer : “Bismillahirohmanirrohim”.

In the name of Allah, the Merciful and the Compassionate.

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Bismillahirrohmanirrohim is a loan word. It is taken from arabic.

Some English do not know the meaning. However it is meaningful after

adding some explanation to know the meaning.

5. Translation by paraphrase using related word

This strategy tend to be used when the concept expressed by the

source item is lexicalizedin the target language but in a different form.

Example :

ST : Kauman pantai, kuatir menjawab tanpa menengok pada lawan

bicaranya sejak awal percakapan.

TT : With fisherfolk, he answered firmly, without turning to look at

her .

We can not find the concept of “kauman pantai” in English. It is

translated into fisherfolks, and it is lexicalized to the environment of

fishermen. However, it is not not in the form of word. It consists of two

words, but still represent its concept.

6. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word

When the concept is not lexicalized in the target language,

paraphrasing strategy can be used by modifying a simply meaning of the

source text, especially if it is semantically complex.

Example :

ST : Kuda sahaya juga tidak merokok, Bendoro Putri, tapi sahaya

sendiri menyisik.

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TT: No, Bendoro Putri . Neither does my horse . But I’ve chewed a

lot of tobbaco in my time.

Menyisik is translated by explaining the meaning of the word. As can

be seen, no word in the the translation is directly related to the word

menyisik.

7. Translation by omission.

Translator translate the source text by omitting a particular term

which is not vital in the text.

Example :

ST : Beberapa diantaranya yaitu kain kasang, tenun ikat lungsi yang

ada di jawa barat dan jawa tengah.

TT : Among these are the kain kasang of west and central java.

The term ‘tenun ikat lungsi’ is omitted in the target text because

‘kain kasang’ as one form of ‘tenun ikat lungsi’. It only functions as

information of kain kasang which is not vital in the text.

8. Translation by illustration.

Translator translates the source text by providing pictures.

Example :

ST : ‘Kain jarik’

TT :

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Khrisna (2011:927) in her resesearch about translating indonesian menu

found that the translator used the following techniques :

1. Translation by a more general word

Example :

SL : Ayam goreng renyah ala Sunda.

TL : Chrispy traditional fried chicken.

In this case, ala Sunda means food from Sunda

2. Translation by addition

Example :

SL : Mie Goreng

TL : Traditional fried noodle.

From the translation above, it can be seen that translation add the word

traditional. The word traditional here does not refer to anything. However,

it indicates how the food is cooked and served.

3. Translation by cultural subtitution.

Translation by subtitute the cultural term exist in the ST into TT.

Example :

SL : Daging Empal Gepuk.

TL : Dried beef Indonesian style.

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Daging empal gepuk means a food made from beef which is proceesed

by boiled the beef and its season and hit it. While, dry beef is cold -

smoked for weeks in the smokehouse and is very dry.

The word Indonesian style replaces the word gepuk. Indonesian style

refers to how the food is cooked but it does not give information the

procees of making it explicitly.

4. Translation by considering the food’s taste

This technique is done by the translator by expressing the taste of the food.

Example :

ST : Sayur asem

TT : Spicy vegetables soup

Sayur asem is one of traditional food in Indonesia. The ingredients of it

are pumpkin, long bean, melinjo and jackfruit. It is sweet, sour and a little

bit hot. The sour taste is influenced by tamarind. Here, it can be seen that

the translator changed the word asem which means sour into spicy. It is

done because sour and spicy have close character.

5. Translation by considering the food’s ingredients

Translator use tis technique by informing the ingredients of the food.

Example :

ST : Mie rebus ayam disajikan dengan telur bacem.

TT : Soup noodle with chicken, egg, and vegetables in aromatic garlic

shrimp paste.

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Mie rebus ayam disajikan dengan telur bacem is translated into

Soup noodle with chicken, egg, and vegetables in aromatic garlic shrimp

paste. It shows that the ingredients of it are chicken, egg and

vegetables.The omission is shown by omitting the word bacem in the telur

bacem. There is also an addition in this translation. It is shown by

vegetables in aromatic garlic shrimp paste.

6. Translation by considering the food’s taste and ingredients

7. Translation by considering the food processing

The translator uses this technique by informing the process of the food.

Example :

SL : Nasi putih.

TL : Steamed rice.

Nasi putih is made from rice which is steamed. In this example,

nasi putih is translated into steamed rice not white rice. It can be seen that

translator translated it by showing the process of cooking this food.

8. Translation by considering how the menu is served

The translator translate the menu by defining the way the cook served the

food.

Example :

SL : Pepes ikan patikoli bakar ala chef.

TL : Roasted wrapped whole fish silver patikoli in banana leaves.

It has no equivalent word in the target language problem. Thus, it creates

problem to the translator. To solve the problem, translator translates the

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menu by expressing how the menu is served . It can be seen from the word

in banana leaves.

9. Translation by using loan word plus explanation

It is done by borrowing a word from the source text and explain the

meaning of the word.

Example :

SL : Sop buntut.

TL : The famous of sup buntut with vegetables in rich traditional flavor.

In the example above, the translator keep the term sup buntut by using

loan word. It may create a problem for reader since they do not understand

about the term.

10. Translation by using loan word and omission.

Example :

SL : Udang goreng sambal ulam.

TL : Prawn sambal.

In the example above, there is loan word sambal. It may create problem

for the readers. Sambal has equivalent word “sauce”.

E. Quality Assessment of Translation

Weber defines that translated version must be accurate in meaning,

contains all nuances of original, and must be written in clear, elegant language

that can be easily understood by the readers (1984 : 3). It means that a good

translation must fulfill three aspects as follows :

1. Accuracy

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Nababan et al (2012 : 44) states that :

Keakuratan merupakan sebuah istilah yang digunakan dalam

pengevaluasian terjemahan untuk merujuk pada apakan teks

bahasa sumber dan teks bahasa sasaran sudah sepadan ataukah

belum.

It can be define that accuracy is a term which is used to evaluate the

translation which refers to the equivalence of source text and target text.

According to Nababan et all (2012:44), a text is considered as accurate if there is

no distortion meaning, deletion and addition.

Related to the accuracy in translation, to asses the accuracy of English

translation of the food, the researcher should examine that source text is

successfully adapted into the target text. The target text also must have same

cultural expectations and thinking patterns to the source text.The target text must

convey the essence of the source text as well as fulfill the translation skopos

(Yue, 2013 : 62).

2. Acceptability

Acceptability refers to the naturalness of a translated text. Nida and Taber

(1974 : 12) state that the best translation does not sound like a

translation.Morerover, Nababan et al state that acceptability refers to the norms

and culture of the target text, even to macro and micro (2012 : 44).

It means that a translation can be acceptable if the text sounds natural for

target readers. To make a translation acceptable, translator must think the norms

and culture of the target text.

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A text can be determined as natural if it conforms to these criteria (Larson,

1998:525):

a. The meaning is expresed in correct grammatical pattern

b. The sentence is expressed shortly.

c. Correct order

d. The meaning does not seem strange

An acceptable translation of menu list must be informative. It means that

translation must render the context of the text (Newmark 1988 : 48-49) in (Mu

2011 : 3).The translator will have to interpret correctly not only the semantic

information, but also the inherent cultural codes. Thus, an acceptable translation

menu should be expressed in correctly and shortly.

3. Readability

According to Nababan et al (2012:45) readability related to the ability

of readers in undetanding a target text. Richard et al (1985 : 238) (in nababan

2008 : 63) explain that a readable text can be analyzed from the length of a

sentence, the number of new words and grammatical complexity. Thus, if a

translation product is understood and easily read by readers without making the

readers confused, the translation is readable.

A menu is read well if it is translated closely into the target text.

Readability of translation of menu is needed by the readers to order the foods and

beverages. Here, the readers know exactly what menu they want and they can

describe it. Thus, they do not misunderstand to the food they have.

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Readability of menu list is assesed by doing an interview with a foreigner.

The foreigner is asked to express the translation of the menu. In this case, the

foreigner must explain what he reads (Mu, 2010 :5).

.