Decentralized Civilizations: Western Europe and Japan 600-1450
Chapter 9 Civilizations in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
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Transcript of Chapter 9 Civilizations in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
Chapter 9Civilizations in Eastern Europe:
Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
Chapter Summary The byzantine Empire in western Asia and SE
Europe expanded into eastern Europe Catholicism influenced western and central
Europe The byzantine empire had territories in the
Balkans, the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean
The Byzantium empire maintained very high levels of political, economic, and cultural life between 500 and 1450 CE
The empire continued many Roman patterns and spread orthodox Christianity
The Byzantine Empire Once part of the greater Roman empire Continued from a eastern Mediterranean
after Roman decline Although there were roman patterns it copied
the empire developed its own form of civilization
The Origins of the empire Emperor Constantine in the 4th cent. CE
established a capital at Constantinople Latin was the court language Greek became the official language after the
6th cent.The empire benefitted from a high level of
civilization in the Hellenistic world It developed a trained civilian bureaucracy
Justinian’s Achievements Attempted to reconquer western territory but
without lasting success Military efforts weakened the empire as Slavs
and Persians attacked the frontiers Justinian rebuilt Constantinople in the
classical style; among the architectural achievements was the church of Hagia Sophia
Justinian codified Roman law which later spread throughout Europe
Arab pressure and the empires Defenses The empire was centered in the Balkans and
western and central turkey This location blended a rich Hellenistic
culture with Christianity The revived empire withstood the 7th cent.
Arab advanceThe wars and permanent Muslim threat had
significant cultural and commercial influences
Arab pressure and the empires Defenses The free rural population, the provider of
military recruits and taxes, was weakened Aristocratic estates grew larger and
aristocratic generals became stronger The empires fortunes fluctuated as it resisted
pressure from Arab and Slavic kingdoms Bulgaria was a strong rival, but Basil II
defeated and conquered it in the 11th cent.
Byzantine Society and Politics Politics resembled the earlier Chinese system An emperor was ordained by god and
surrounded by elaborate court ritual headed by both church and state
Women occasionally held the throne Officials were trained in Hellenistic
knowledge in a secular school system Provincial governors were appointed from
the center and a spy system helped preserve loyalty
Byzantine Society and Politics Military organization defended the empire Troops were recruited locally and given land for
service The empire socially and economically depended on
Constantinople's control of the countryside The bureaucracy regulated trade and food prices A wide spread commercial network extended into
Russia, Asia, Scandinavia, western Europe and Africa Despite the busy trade merchants never developed
political power Cultural life centered on Hellenistic secular traditions
and orthodox Christianity
The split between Eastern and Western Christianity Byzantine culture, political orgainizati0n and economic
orientation help to explain the rift between eastern and western versions of Christianity
Different rituals grew from Greek and Latin versions of the bible
Emperors resisted papal attempts to interfere in religious issues
Charlemagne, the first Frankish king, tried to be recognized as Roman emperor
In 1054 the final break occurred over arguments about the type of bread to use in the mass and the celibacy of the priests
The Empires DeclineDecline began in the 11th cent.Muslim Turkish invaders seized most of the empire’s
provinces in Asia, removing the most important sources of taxes and food
The empire never recovered from the loss of its army at Manzikert in 1071
Independent Slavic states appeared in the Balkans Crusades, led by Venetian merchants, sacked
constantinople in 1204Italian navies were used to secure special trading
priovileges In 1453 the Ottoman turks conquered Constaninople
The spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe Byzantine empire influenced spread among
the people of the Balkans and southern Russia through conquest, commerce and Christianity
9th cent. missionaries, Cyril and Methodius devised a written script, Cyrillic
This script was for the Slavic language to provide a base for literacy in eastern Europe
Unlike western Christians, the Byzantines allowed the use of local languages in church services
The east central borderlands East and west Christians competed in eastern
Europe Roman Catholics and their Latin alphabet
prevailed in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland
A series of regional monarchies- Poland, Bohemia, Lithuania-with powerful land-owning aristocracies developed
Eastern Europe received an influx of Jews from the Middle East western Europe
The emergence of Kievan Rus’Slavic people from Asia migrated into Russia
and eastern Europe during the period of the Roman empire
They possessed iron and extended agriculture in the Ukraine and western Europe
Political organization centered in the family tribes and villages
The Slavs followed an animist religion and had a rich tradition of music and oral legends
The emergence of Kievan Rus’A monarchy emerged at Kiev around 855
under the Danish merchant, Rurik Kiev became a prosperous commercial center Contacts with the Byzantines resulted in the
conversion of Vladimir I (980-1015) to orthodox Christianity
Kiev’s rulers issued a formal law code
Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus Kiev borrowed much from Byzantium but it was
unable to duplicate its bureaucracy or education system
Cultural, social, and economic patterns developed differently from western European experience
Rulers favored Byzantine ceremonials and the concept of a strong central ruler
Orthodox Christian practices entered Russian culture Almsgiving emphasized the obligation of the wealthy
to the poor Literature focused on religious and royal events
Kievan declineDecline began in the 12th cent.Rival princes established competing gov.
while the royal family fought over succession Asian invaders seized territory as trade
diminished because of Byzantine decay Mongol invasions of the 13th cent.
incorporated Russia into its territory
Kievan declineRussian Orthodox Christianity survived
because the tolerant mongol rulers didn’t interfer with Russian religious beliefs or daily life as long as tributes were paid
In the 15th cent mongol control ends and the russian cultural and political tradition incorporating the Byzantine inheritance reemerged
The Russians claimed to be the successors to the Roman and Byzantine states, the 3rd Rome
The end of an era in eastern EuropeMongol invasions, the decline of Russia and
the collapse of Byzantium eastern Europe entered into a difficult period
Border territories such as Poland fell under western influence
The Balkans fell to the Islamic world of the Turks
Western and eastern Europe evolved separately, with the east pushing ahead in power and cross-cultural sophistication