Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.
-
Upload
albert-sparks -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
0
Transcript of Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.
![Page 1: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe
AD 330s - 1480
![Page 2: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Roman Transition from West to East
• AD 285: Emperor Diocletian divides administration of Rome into two halves
• AD 330: Emperor Constantine I moves the Eastern Roman capitol from Nicodemia to Byzantium (later called Constantinople)
• AD 610: official language of Eastern Rome changed from Latin to Greek
• AD 476: traditional date for the fall of Western Rome
![Page 3: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Rome at its peak: 117 AD
![Page 4: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Rome before the fall: 460 AD
![Page 5: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Justinian
• Ascended to throne in 533, began rebuilding Constantinople
• Greatest architectural contribution was Hagia Sophia church, long considered a wonder of the world
• Codified Roman law, ultimately spreading to many parts of Europe
![Page 6: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Military Conquests
• Justinian had dreams of re-uniting all of old Rome, and did so briefly
• With the help of his general Belisarius, Justinian re-conquered Italy & North Africa by 555 AD
• Unable to resist pressure from Germanic tribes, or Persia and Arab pressure in the east
• Justinian dies in 565 AD
![Page 7: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Justinian’s Conquests: 555 AD
![Page 8: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Shrinking Empire: 867 AD
![Page 9: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
650 AD
![Page 10: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Arab threats in the 7th Century
• Byzantium strong enough to withstand the Muslim expansion in the 600s and 700s, but took heavy toll
• Arab Muslims built powerful navy to challenge Byzantine dominance of eastern Mediterranean
• Major siege of Constantinople in 717-718 AD• Greek fire: mixture of petroleum, quicklime, &
sulfur; Byzantines used it to destroy Arab ships
![Page 11: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Greek Fire: Napalm before there was Napalm
![Page 12: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Constant Pressures: 700-1100
• Arab Muslim surge after 700• Muslim wars added economic strain; the
invasions and higher taxes weakened small farmers and created greater aristocratic estates
• Kingdom of Bulgaria pressured the Balkans in the 10th & 11th centuries; Byzantines able to combat threat through war and diplomacy
• Despite threats, BE strong imperial core
![Page 13: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Religion, Society & Politics
• Emperor: ordained by God, head of church & state
• Women sometimes held the throne: Empress Theodora (981-1056)
• One of history’s most elaborate bureaucracies• Military: run hereditary leaders, recruited
local troops and “outsiders” (Slavs & Armenians)
![Page 14: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Economy: large peasant class supplied cities with food and paid most of the taxes
• Trade: produced silk & luxury items, trade network established with Asia, Russia, & Scandinavia
• Government controlled trade, merchant class never developed
![Page 15: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Social
• Icon: paintings of saints & other religious figures, often richly ornamented; caused iconoclasm controversy in 8th century
• Wide social class gaps (pg 201)
![Page 16: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Women
• Theodora: wife of Justinian, ambitious courtesan, eager for power; helped convince her husband to re-conquer Rome
• Empress Theodora: Byzantine princess, strong and austere; refused to marry her heir, so he married her sister Zoe; Zoe sends Theo to a monastery
• Popular rebellion makes Theo & Zoe co-empresses• Zoe dies, Theo (aged 70), reasserts her royal rights
![Page 17: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
East/West Split in 1054
• Rome vs. Constantinople; Roman Catholicism vs. Eastern Orthodoxy
• Both religions had been developing independently since the fall of Rome in 476
• In Byzantium, the Emperor controlled church & state; in Rome, the pope controlled church while various kings controlled the state
• Byzantines viewed themselves as true heirs of Rome, resented Charlemagne labeling himself a “Roman Emperor”
• BE recognized the pope as first among equals, but not above any church or state official in the east
![Page 19: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• 1054: Ambitious patriarch raises old issues, like what bread to use during eucharist and celibacy for priests (Orthodox priests could marry, R. Catholic priests could not)
• Delegations from both sides meet, only causes more hostility
• Both sides excommunicate each other
![Page 20: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Decline
• Turkish Muslim invaders in central Asia pressed on BE’s eastern borders
• The Seljuk Turks seized almost all Asiatic provinces in 11th century
• Lost Battle of Manzikert in 1071; empire staggered along for 4 more centuries, but never recovered
• Appeal to the West for help; West is lukewarm at best, actually sack Constantinople in 1204
• 1453: Constantinople conquered by Ottoman Turks; traditional dating of the official end of Byzantium
![Page 21: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Ottoman Empire…
![Page 22: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Eastern Europe & Russia
![Page 23: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Orthodox missionaries based in Constantinople spread Christianity in the Balkans and southern Russia
• Cyril and Methodius: Orthodox missionaries who attempted to spread OC into Czechoslovakia; more successful with the Slavs and southern Russians
• Orthodoxy allowed church services in the vernacular language, Roman Catholicism did not
![Page 24: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Kievan Rus’
• Slavs had moved from central Asia into western Russia during the days of old Rome; Slavs mixed with other peoples and tribes
• Slavs used iron, farmed, believed in animism• Norse traders from Scandinavia set up trade
routes with BE in the 6th & 7th centuries that ran through Slavic lands
• Militarily superior to the Slaves, the Norsemen started to govern Slavic lands from the city of Kiev
![Page 25: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Rurik: native of Denmark; legend says he was the first Kievan Rus’ prince in 855
• Contact between BE & KR increased steadily after the Norsemen moved into Russia
• Vladimir I (980-1015): descendant of Rurik, converted to Orthodoxy personally and on behalf of his subjects; why didn’t he choose Roman Catholicism or Islam????
• Vlad organized mass baptisms and used military pressure on his people to convert
• An independent Russian Orthodox Church developed; who do you think was in charge of it?
![Page 26: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Rus’ Society
• Influenced heavily by BE: issued formal law code, used vernacular language for religious literature (Slavic)
• Russian kings liked the ceremony & pomp of the Byzantine Emperors
• Churches: ornate mosaics of saints, _______?• Architecture: domed churches and cathedrals,
like what famous church in Constantinople?
![Page 29: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Peasants were free farmers in Russia. How was this different?
• Boyars: Russian aristocrats; had less power than those in western Europe
![Page 30: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Decline
• Other Russian principalities started to compete with Kiev after the 12th century
• Byzantine decline cut off trade to Russia• Mongol invasions of 1237-1241: easily defeated Russia;
isolated Russia from western Europe and further cut into trade with BE
• Tatars: Russian term for the Mongols• Mongols only demanded tribute from Russia, allowed
religion and local government to exist• When Mongols left in 15th c., Russian culture was able to
reemerge
![Page 31: Byzantium, Russia, & Eastern Europe AD 330s - 1480.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649e3b5503460f94b2d32d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
“A 3rd, new Rome, under the king’s mighty rule, sends out the Orthodox Christian faith to the ends of the earth and shines more brightly than the sun.”
-Russian monk in 1511-