Chapter 6

What is a noun?

persons, places, things, ideas, states or qualities

Marcus cibum conspicit.Marcus catches sight of the food.

Flavia ancillam conspicit.Flavia catches sight of the slave-

woman.Pollux arborem conspicit.Pollux catches sight of the tree.

declensio

ns

1st 2nd 3rd

sing. plural sing. plural sing. plural

nominati

ve

genitive -

dative

accusativ

e

ablative

Cases = part of speech

nominative subject

genitive shows possession - 's, of . . .

dative indirect object - to, for . . .

accusativedirect object, object of a preposition

ablative object of a preposition

What is a verb?a word that expresses an action, state or condition

What does a verb tell?

what a subject is or does

What does tense mean?time of the verb

How many persons do verbs have?

three

How does English indicate the person of a verb?

use of a personal pronoun

Latinsingular

English singular

Latinplural

Englishplural

1st: -o I -mus we

2nd: -s you -tis you all

3rd: -t he, she, it

-nt they

nos we

ego I

tu you

vos

you all

What is an verb infinitive?

a form a verb without person or number

to walkto love

to prepareto watchto carry

What two letters does a Latin infinitive end in?

-reto walk ambulāreto love amāreto prepare parāreto watchspectāreto carry portāre

volo

nolo

paras

potest

vult

parat

non vult

I want . . .

I don’t want . . .

you prepare . . .

he is able . . .

he wants . . .

he prepares . . .

he doesn't

want . . .

Activity 1 - underline the infinitive, circle the verb it completes and translate

1. Ego ad villam currere volo.

2. Ancilla cibum coquere vult.

3. Ego cubiculum purgāre nolo.

4. Servus in agris laborāre non vult.

5. Tu cibum coquere paras.

6. Sub arbore sedēre potest.

What is an impersonal verbal phrase?

a phrase that uses it for the person of the verb

What type of verb does a verbal phrase usually occur with?

an infinitivereprehendere

How is an impersonal verbal phrase always

translated?

with the pronoun it

necesse est

it is necessary

Necesse est Latinos verbos studere.

It is necessary to study Latin words.

What is meant by gender?

grammatical classification of a word as either masculine, feminine or neuter

In English: nouns are not classified according to grammatical

gender, some nouns however have natural gender based on the biological sex of the person or animal.

In Latin:natural gender - all

words referring to males are masculine

deus god puer boyJuppiter Jupiter vir man

all words referring to females are feminine:

mater mother regina queenJuno Juno femina woman

most nouns ending in -a are feminine

most nouns ending in -us are masculine

Grammatical gender - unrelated to biological sex

masculine feminineneuterbook boat riverchariot treetemplearmy courage giftfield countryanimal

What is an adjective?

a word used to describe a noun or tell about its

character

tired slave slow horse

What three things must an adjective agree with

the noun it is describing?

case - nominative or accusativenumber - singular or plural

gender - masculine, feminine, neuter

laetus, laetadefessus, defessairatus, iratamagnus, magnainfirmus, infirmafrigidus, frigidatemerarius, temeraria

happytiredangrylarge, loudweak, shakycold, coolrash, reckless

vicinus, vicinastrenuus, strenuamolestus, molestasollictus, sollictacalidus, calidaignavus, ignavaperterritus, perterrita

neighboringactive, energeticannoyinganxious, worriedwarmcowardly, lazyfrightened

Davus est servus defessus.

Davus is a tired slave.

Ancilla est defessa.

The slave woman is tired.

Pueri sunt molesti.

The boys are annoying.

Puellae sunt laetae.

The girls are happy.

The _______ of many

nouns is difficult to predict,

but you can tell by looking

at the _________used to

describe the noun.

gender

adjective

Magnus clamor in horto est.

A loud noise is in the garden.

The -us of magnus shows the clamor is masculine

Arbor est magna.

The tree is large.

The -a of magna tells us the arbor is feminine

Activity 2 – Tell the gender of each noun below, F for

feminine and M for masculine:

1. Aurelia ______ 6. piscina _______ 11. amica ______

2. stola ______ 7. toga ______12. Sextus ______

3. Davus ______ 8. ramus ______ 13. servus ______

4. amicus ______ 9. vir ______ 14. palla ______

5. Cornelius_____ 10. aqua ______ 15. cibus ______

 

1. Davus semper est sollicitus. Gender: _____

2. Multae arbores in agris sunt. Gender: ____

3. Sextus magnam arborem ascendit. Gender: ___

Activity 3 – In each of the following sentences, write N over each noun and ADJ over each adjective. Draw arrows from adjectives to the nouns they describe. Give the gender (m = masculine or f = feminine) of the modified noun. Then translate sentence.

4. Puellae defessae iam dormiunt. Gender: ___

5. Rami sunt infirmi. Gender: _____

6. Sextus ignavus non est. Gender: ______

7. Nihil puerum laetum terret. Gender: _____

8. Sextus ex arbore cadit et magnum fragorem facit. Gender: _____

9. Puellae magnam vocem audiunt. Gender: ____

10. Puellae sollicitae sunt et ad Sextum currunt. Gender: _________

11. Sextus est salvus. Gender: _________

12. Aqua est calida. Gender: _________

13. Cibus est frigidus. Gender: _________

14. Pater in villā scribit sollicitus. Gender: _____

1. Cornelia magnum fragorem audit.

2. Pueri sunt laeti.

3. Puella sollicta magnam vocem audit.

4. Sextus est puer strenuus.

5. Davus puerum strenuum non amat.

Activity 4 – Translate each sentence:

Cornelia hears the loud crash.

The boys are happy.

The anxious girl hears the loud voice.

Sextus is an energetic boy.

Davus does not like the energetic boy.

6. Pueri ad villam vicinam currunt.

7. Puellae laetae in agris errant.

8. Nunc necesse est surgere quod lucet.

9. Mox omnes surgunt quod strenue laborāre necesse est.

The boys run to the neighboring house.

The happy girls wander in the fields.

It is now necessary to rise because it is light.

Soon all get up because it is necessary to work hard.