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Transcript of Chapter 4: Nature, Nurture, Human Diversity (Part 1) Eliza Kronenberger, Kayla Russell, Abby...
![Page 1: Chapter 4: Nature, Nurture, Human Diversity (Part 1) Eliza Kronenberger, Kayla Russell, Abby Lagunov.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649dff5503460f94ae84a9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 4: Nature, Nurture, Human Diversity (Part 1)
Eliza Kronenberger, Kayla Russell, Abby Lagunov
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A biological aspect of taste that humans prefer is the taste of sweets.
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We start to fear strangers at around 8 months old.
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3 universal behaviors of humans:
-dancing/feasting
-singing/worshipping
-playing sports/games
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Behavior Behavior Genetics/EnvironmentGenetics/Environment
Study differences and weigh effects in the interplay of heredity and the environment.
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Cell NucleusCell Nucleus Every cell nucleus in the body contains a
genetic master code for the entire body.
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Definitions:Definitions: DNA: Complex molecule containing genetic
information that makes up chromosomes.
Chromosome: Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules, contain genes.
Genome: Complex instructions for making an organism, consisting of all genetic material in an organism’s chromosomes.
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““We shared half our We shared half our genes with the genes with the
banana.”banana.” Proves that slight variation change in
genetics causes vast differences.
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Types of TwinsTypes of Twins Identical Twins: Twins who develop from a
single fertilized egg, splits in 2 creating 2 genetically identical organisms.
Fraternal Twins: Develop from separate fertilized eggs- genetically no closer than ordinary brothers/sisters, but share fetal environment.
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Fraternal TwinsFraternal Twins Fraternal twins are not any more similar
than an ordinary brother/sister.
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Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease If a person has Alzheimer’s disease, an
identical twin has a 60% chance of getting this disease. A fraternal twin has a 30% chance.
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Matt McGue and David Matt McGue and David Lykken Study (1992)Lykken Study (1992)
Followed divorce rates of 1,500 same-sex, middle-aged twin pairs.
Results: Fraternal twin who is divorced- odds of divorce go up 1.6x (compared to not divorced twin)
Identical twin who is divorced- odds of divorce of other twin go up 5.5x
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Importance of GenesImportance of Genes Genes do not matter in explaining individual
differences.
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Quote: BouchardQuote: Bouchard “In some domains it looks as though our
identical twins reared apart are… just as similar as identical twins reared together. Now that’s an amazing finding and I can assure you none of us would have expected that degree of similarity.”
Even if twins are separated, biologically (with genes) interests are similar.
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Bouchard’s Critics Bouchard’s Critics TheoryTheory
Separated fraternal twins do not exhibit similarities comparable to those of separated identical twins.
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Twin StudiesTwin Studies Twin study results give us a greater
appreciation for genetic influences.
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Genetic/Environmental Genetic/Environmental RelativesRelatives
Genetic- Biological parents/siblings
Environmental- adoptive parents/siblings
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Does environment Does environment impact personality?impact personality?
Adoptees more similar to biological parents than to adoptive parents.
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Quote:Quote: “Mom may be holding a full house while Dad
has a straight flush, yet when Junior gets a random half of each of their cards his poker hand may be a loser.”
Child is not guaranteed the best traits of each parent, but gets a random selection… No genetic legacy!
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Adopted ChildrenAdopted ChildrenMost adopted children thrive because…
-Attatched to adoptive parents
Many score higher than biological parents on an intelligence test
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Benefits of AdoptionBenefits of Adoption Children grow up happier
More self-giving than average
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TemperamentTemperament A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
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TemperamentTemperament Temperament persists over time.
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TemperamentTemperament Biologically rooted temperament helps form
our enduring personality: one form of a gene that regulates the neurotransmitter serotonin predisposes fearful temperament and inhibited child.
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HeritabilityHeritability Proportion of variation among individuals
that we can attribute to genes. The heritability traits may vary.
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Environment Environment SimilaritiesSimilarities
As environments become more similar, heredity (as a source of differences) become more important.
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Self Regulating GenesSelf Regulating Genes Genes react, rather than acting.
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Eating DisordersEating Disorders Human differences result from both genetic
and environmental influences.
For example, eating disorders are genetically influenced- some people are at more of a risk than others.
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Gene-Environment Gene-Environment InteractionInteraction
Genes and experiences are both important, but they interact.
Interaction: Interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as the environment) depends on another factor (heredity).
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““Heredity deals the Heredity deals the cards; environment plays cards; environment plays
the hand.”the hand.” Biology starts off a person’s life- personality
develops and changes them from the society around them.
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Nature/NurtureNature/Nurture Think “Nature VIA Nurture” instead of
“Nature Vs. Nurture”.
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Molecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics Subfield of biology that studies molecular
the molecular structures and functions of genes.
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Molecular Behavior Molecular Behavior GeneticsGenetics
Goal: to find some of the many genes that influence normal humane traits, such as baby weight, sexual orientation, extraversion, and also explore mechanisms that control gene expression.
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““Missing Women”Missing Women” Men/boys are favored in India and China...
Girl children are often killed or given away. This is a problem now because there are too many boys in this area and a shortage of girls.
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Evolutionary Evolutionary PsychologistsPsychologists
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
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Natural-SelectionsNatural-Selections The principle of the survival of the fittest
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Belyeav & Trut: Fox Belyeav & Trut: Fox StudyStudy
In this study, wild foxes were collected and the most tame of these were mated with one another. Over a few decades, these animals became completely domesticated.
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MutationsMutations A random error in gene replication that leads to a change
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Universal ActionsUniversal Actions Example: A loved one of any culture in the
world is greeted in the same way.
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Predisposition to Predisposition to TastesTastes
Humans are predisposed to love sweet and fatty tastes.
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Outcome? Outcome? This love of sweet/fatty foods has led to obesity in Western cultures.
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Harms of Industrial Harms of Industrial RevolutionRevolution
Our bodies are not wired for this type of world- with such mass productions.
It has also adjusted us to live by a clock schedule.
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DarwinDarwin All current scientists agree with Darwin’s
ideas.
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Two Questions of Two Questions of Evolutionary Evolutionary
Psychologists?Psychologists? What are the mental differences between men and women?
How do genes shape our current environment? (Nature VIA Nurture)
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Gender difference in Gender difference in SexualitySexuality
Men have a much stronger sex drive than women.
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Pryor’s study on Pryor’s study on attitudes towards attitudes towards
casual sex:casual sex: Discovered that about 58% of men favored casual sex,
while only 34% of women did.
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Fischstein’s study on Fischstein’s study on sexual thoughts:sexual thoughts:
About 46% of men think about sex throughout the whole day.
This is about the same for both Canadians and Americans.
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3 Differences between 3 Differences between gay men and lesbian gay men and lesbian
women:women: Gay men report more interest in un-committed sex
compared to women
More responsive to sexual stimuli
More concerned with physical attractiveness
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Clark and Hatfield’s Clark and Hatfield’s Study:Study:
Had university students wander around the campus and say that other random students were attractive.
¾ of men agreed: 50% to a cup of coffee, 75% to sex
No women agreed.
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Approaches to sex:Approaches to sex: Men: Approach is more recreational
Women: Approach is more relational
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4 characteristics that 4 characteristics that men find attractive:men find attractive:
Healthy women
Fertile (young)
Smooth skin
Youthful shape
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Women preferences of Women preferences of men: men:
13 year old boy 17/18 year old girl
25 year old boy Same age girl
50 year old boy Younger women
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2 Characteristics that 2 Characteristics that women find attractive:women find attractive:
Being affluent/wealthy
Dominant
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Long-Term MatesLong-Term Mates Evolutionary psychologists believe that women prefer long term
mates because of their investments in joint offspring.
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Roney’s Study on Roney’s Study on Women and Baby Women and Baby
Pictures:Pictures: In this experiment, women skillfully discerned which men
most liked looking at baby pictures, and they rated those men higher as potential long-term mates.