7 Utilization of Calamansi Peelings (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) into Homemade Foot Powder.
Chapter 3 Literature Survey - Information and Library...
Transcript of Chapter 3 Literature Survey - Information and Library...
[CHAPTER 3] Literature Review
Department of Pharmacognosy, RCPIPER, Shirpur. 19
3.1 Plant profile - Ficus microcarpa L.f. (Synonym- F. retusa L.)
3.1.1 Vernacular names
English : Indian laurel, Chinese banyan
Hindi : Kamrup, Pinwal
Gujrati : Pilala
Marathi : Nandruk, Tunivriksha
Sanskrit : Kantalaka, Kuberaka
Figure 3.1 Natural habitat of F. microcarpa
3.1.2 Taxonomy
Table 3.1 The taxonomical classification of F. retusa (F. microcarpa)Kingdom Plantae – plantes, Planta, Vegetal, plants Subkingdom Viridaeplantae – green plants Infrakingdom Streptophyta – land plants Division Tracheophyta – vascular plants, tracheophytes Subdivision Spermatophytina – spermatophytes, seed plants,
phanérogames Infradivision Angiospermae – flowering plants, angiosperms, Class Magnoliopsida Superorder Rosanae Order Rosales Family Moraceae – mulberries Genus Ficus L. – fig Species Ficus microcarpa L. f. – laurel fig, curtain fig, Chinese
banyanBotanical name Ficus microcarpa L.f.; synonyms- F. retusa
3.1.3 Part used: Rootlets, bark and leaves
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3.1.4 Distribution
It is well distributed in forests at low and medium altitudes ascending to 1,500 meters.
It occurs throughout India, southern China, and Taiwan.
3.1.5 Description
It is an evergreen tree, full grown to highest of 15 m (50 ft) or more, with a rounded
dense crown, smooth gray bark, milky sap, and long, thin, dangling aerial roots.
Leaves alternate, simple, leathery, deep glossy green, oval-elliptic to diamond-shaped,
13 cm (5 in) long, with short pointed, ridged tips. Flowers tiny, unisexual, numerous,
hidden within the “fig,” a fleshy, specialized receptacle that develops into a multiple
fruit (syco-nium), this green turning to yellow or dark red when ripe, sessile, in pairs
at leaf axils, small, to 1 cm (0.5 in) in diameter.
3.1.6 Chemical composition
It consists of wide range of phytochemicals: sterols, terpenoids, glycoside, flavonoids,
polyphenols, proteins and carbohydrates.
3.1.7 Medicinal properties and uses
The aerial roots used to treat dental caries and odontalgia. The bark and leaves are
astringent, refrigerant, acrid and stomachic. They are useful in wounds, ulcers,
bruises, flatulent colic, diarrhea, dysentery, diabetes, hyperdipsia, burning sensation,
haemorrhages, ulcerative colitis, leucorrhoea, psychopathy and hepatopathy. The bark
is given in buttermilk to cure liver diseases for seven days (Kirtikar and Basu, 1987a;
Warrier et al., 1995).
3.2 Literature review of F. microcarpa (F. retusa)
3.2.1 Phytochemical review
The bark leaves and aerial roots of F. microcarpa were well explored for their
phytochemistry. The different part of plant majorly contains triterpenoids and steroids
along with other phytoconstituents. The Li, Chiang and Kuo have done remarkable
research in phytochemistry.
3.2.1.1Bark
Li and Kuo (1997) were isolated phytoconstituents from F. microcarpa bark. The
methanol extract obtained from cold maceration was partitioned with n-butanol and
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water. The n-butanol fraction was purified by silica gel column chromatography with
a gradient solvent system (hexane-ethyl acetate), yields crude compound 1 and 2.
Further purification by HPLC gave pure 1 (Ficuisoflavone) and 2 (Isolupinisoflavone
E). In another study, Kuo and Li (1997) isolated 28 phytoconstituents from the same
fraction. Among them fourteen triterpenoids (friedelin; friedelinol; canophyllol; α-
amyrin acetate; 3β-acetoxy-12-ursen-11-one; 12-oleanene-3,11-dione; lupeol;
betulinic acid; cycloart-23-ene-36β,25-diol; cycloart-25-ene-3β,24-diol and
taraxerone) eight steroids (β-sitosterone; β-sitostenone; β-sitosterol; stigmasterol; 6-
hydroxystigmast-40en-3-one; ergosetrol peroxide, 6΄-(β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-
gucopyranoside) two 4-hydroxy benzoates (methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate;
methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate), one flavones (catechin), one coumarin (marmesin), one
carotenoid like (4,5-dihydroblumenol) and one fatty alcohol (mixture of 1-penta- and
1-heptaeicosanol) were identified.
3.2.1.2 Aerial roots and leaves
Chiang and Kuo (2000), isolated ten new taraxastane-type triterpenes from the aerial
roots of Ficus microcarpa [20-taraxastene-3β,22α-diol, 3β-acetoxy-20-taraxasten-
22α-ol, 3β-acetoxy-22α-methoxy-20-taraxastene, 3β-acetoxy-20α,21α-
epoxytaraxastan-22α-ol, 3β-acetoxy-19α-methoxy-20-taraxastene, 3β-acetoxy-19α-
hydroperoxy-20-taraxastene, 3β-acetoxy-20α,21α-epoxytaraxastane, 3β-acetoxy-11α-
hydroxy-11(12→13)abeooleanan-12-al, 3β-hydroxy-20-oxo-29(20→19) abeolupane,
and 29,30-dinor-3β-acetoxy-18,19-dioxo-18,19-secolupane)], six new triterpenes of
ursane-type (3b -acetoxy-11a-methoxy-12-ursene, 3b -acetoxy-11a-ethoxy-12-ursene,
3b-acetoxy-11a-hydroperoxy-12-ursene, 3b -hydroxy-11a-hydroperoxy-12-ursene),
two oleanane-type triterpenes (3b -acetoxy-11a-ethoxy-12-oleanene, 3b -acetoxy-11a-
hydroperoxy-12-oleanene (Kuo and Chiang2000). Chiang and Kuo (2001), isolated
novel peroxytriterpenes 3 beta-acetoxy-12 beta,13 beta-epoxy-11 alpha-
hydroperoxyursane, 3 beta-acetoxy-11 alpha-hydroperoxy-13 alpha H-ursan-12-one, 3
beta-acetoxy-1 beta,11 alpha-epidioxy-12-ursene, (20S)-3 beta-acetoxy-20-
hydroperoxy-30-norlupane, 3 beta-acetoxy-18 alpha-hydroperoxy-12-oleanen-11-one,
and 3 beta-acetoxy-12-oleanen-11-one; except (20S)-3 beta-acetoxylupan-29-oic acid)
; while in additional study Chiang and Kuo (2003) isolated novel α-tocopheroids (α-
tocospiros A, B, together with α-tocopherol). Ouyanga and Kuo (2006), isolated
ficuscarpanoside B, (7E, 9Z)-dihydrophaseic acid 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and
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ficuscarpanic acid were isolated from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa. Their
structures were elucidated by spectral methods. Chiang et al. (2005) isolated oleanonic
acid, acetylbetulinic acid, betulonic acid, acetylursolic acid, ursolic acid, 3-
oxofriedelan- 28-oic acid, and 3β-acetoxy-25-hydroxylanosta-8, 23-diene isolated
from aerial roots of F. microcarpa, these compounds showed significant cytotoxic
activity against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma HONE-1, oral epidermoid
carcinoma KB, and colorectal carcinoma HT29 cancer cell lines. Wang et al. (2010)
identified orientin, isovitexin-3″-O-glucopyranoside, isovitexin, and vitexin flavone
C-glycosides from leaves. New water-soluble phenylpropanoid constituents,
ficuscarpanoside A, guaiacylglycerol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and erythro-
guaiacylglycerol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, along with known guaiacylglycerol,
erythro-guaiacylglycerol, 4-methoxy guaiacylglycerol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl) propan-1,2-diol, have been isolated from the aerial
roots of Ficus microcarpa (Ouyang et al., 2007).
3.2.2 Ethnopharmacological review
F. microcarpa dried leaves, aerial roots, and bark are used for diverse health ailments
in traditional and folklore remedies. Traditionally, the bark has a reputation for
efficacy in the treatment of liver diseases (Kirtikar and Basu, 1987a). In China,
adventitious rootlets used for toothaches, for which they are dried, powdered and
applied to the decaying or aching tooth. The ash from F. microcarpa provides the best
quality lye for preparing Okinawa Soba, the famous traditional food of Okinawa
(Nakama, 2003). In Kerala, plant used for treatment of leucoderma, ulcers, leprosy,
itching, and biliousness. Bark used for liver diseases. Powdered leaves and bark used
for rheumatic headaches. Leaves and roots used for wounds and bruises (Sasidharan et
al., 1985).
3.2.3 Pharmacological review
3.2.3.1 F. microcarpa bark (FMB)
Antioxidant and hyaluronidase activity
In preliminary antioxidant studies on different parts of F. microcarpa, the methanol
extract of FMB showed strong antioxidant activity. The study on methanol extract of
FMB was extended, where methanol extract was fractioned with solvents of different
polarity such as hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. The highest antioxidant
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activity was observed in ethyl acetate fraction. This fraction was subjected for
isolation of phytoconstituents using preparative HPLC and purified on Sephadex LH-
20 column chromatography. Seven compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate
fraction and identified as protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, methyl chlorogenate,
catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin. All isolated compounds
showed strong antioxidant activity while catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and
procyanidin B3 exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against hyaluronidase (Ao et al.,
2010).
Antibacterial and antioxidant activity
Ao et al. (2008) studied the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different part of F.
microcarpa. The methanol extracts of bark, fruits and leaves of F. microcarpa
exhibited excellent antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity against tested gram-
positive and gram-negative bacteria. Amongst extracts, methanol extracts of F.
microcarpa bark exhibited strongest antioxidant activity and shown to posses highest
total phenolic content. Furthermore, methanol extract of bark were fractioned with
hexane, ethyl acetate and water; ethyl acetate fraction of bark extract exerted strong
antioxidant and antibacterial effects with high amount of total phenolics (436 GAE
mg/g extract). EC50 values of bark ethyl acetate fraction were 4.83, 1.62 and 63.2
µg/ml in DPPH, ABTS·+, superoxide radicals scavenging methods, respectively.
Inhibition zones of ethyl acetate fraction against Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus,
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Achromobacter polymorph were 18.0, 15.5,
16.5, 16.0 and 8.0 mm, respectively. Twelve phenolic compounds (Catechol;
coumaran; p-vinylguaiacol; syringol; p-propylphenol; vanillin; p-propylguaiacol;
isovanillic acid; 4-n-propylresorcinol; syringaldehyde; protocatechuic acid; oleanolic
acid) were identified in ethyl acetate fraction by GC–MS and HPLC analyses. Ao et
al. (2009) extended antioxidant and antibacterial study on aerial roots of F.
microcarpa, with similar kind of extraction and fractionation scheme. The ethyl
acetate fraction possessed the highest amount of phenolic content, antioxidant
potential and antibacterial activity against gram positive and negative bacteria. The
similar twelve phenolic compounds were identified using GC-MS and HPLC analysis.
The study concluded that high level of phenolic compounds may be responsible for
strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities of F. microcarpa bark extract.
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Anti-secretary activity
Anti-secretary activity of ethanolic extract of Ficus retusa L. stem bark was evaluated
using ethanol, and cold-restraint stress induced gastric ulcer models in albino Wistar
rats (Rao and Kumar, 2012). Ethanol extract showed dose dependent inhibition in
ethanol induced gastric lesions (70.02 and 59.75% protection; 500 and 250 mg/kg)
and cold-restraint stress induced gastric lesions (69.67 and 60.28% protection; 500
and 250 mg/kg) indicating anti-secretary potential.
3.2.3.2 Leaves and aerial roots
Anti-inflammatory activity
Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity of ethyl acetate and methanol extract
(100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) of F. microcarpa leaves was assessed in carragennan
induced rat paw odema and carbon tetra chloride induced hepatotoxicity, respectively.
The extracts showed dose dependant pharmacological response. Amongst them, ethyl
acetate extract showed potent anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity in
experimental animal models (Jayaraju and Sreekanth 2011a, b). In the similar study,
Bairagi et al. (2012) observed the significant anti-inflammaotry and analgesic activity
for crude methanol extract of leaves.
Antidiabetic activity
The methanol and water extracts of Ficus retusa leaves were evaluated for anti-
diabetic potential in experimental animals. The extracts showed significant blood
glucose lowering ability in a dose-dependent manner. No over sign of hepatotoxicity
and renotoxicity were observed in chronic toxicity studies. The study established F.
retusa leaves as a potential and safe alternative diabetic (Joshi et al., 2010).
Anti-histaminic activity
Li et al. (2009) studied the antiasthmatic activity of F. microcarpa leaves water
extracts and their fractions. The some of the water extract was filtered through
membrane filter to obtain membrane fraction, and remaining half was dried and
extracted successively with n-butanol, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions. These
fractions and extracts were evaluated for antitussive and expectorant activity in
experimental animals. The membrane fraction had remarkable antitussive and
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expectorant activities. The water and methanol fractions able prolong latency time of
cavy and thus reported as effective anti-asthmatic fractions.
Antihyperlipidemic activity
Awad et al. (2011) has evaluated hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects of
unsaponifiable fraction of hexane extract of Ficus microcarpa leaves in
hypercholesterolemic rats (cholesterol administration; 30 mg/0.3 ml 0.7%
tween/animal). The leaves extract (500 mg/kg body weight) was administered 5
times/week for 9 weeks to animals.The effect of the extract on the lipid profile was
recorded by measuring the levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and
total lipids. The Lipid peroxides, glutathione and superoxide dismutase were
measured as antioxidants. The study demonstrated the unsaponifable fraction of
hexane extract possess significant antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity through its
role in counteracting LDL oxidation, enhancement of HDL synthesis and inhibition of
lipid peroxidation.
Antioxidant activity
Abdel-Hameed (2009) reported strong antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate fraction
followed by n-butanol of methanolic extract F. microcarpa leaves. Further, it was
concluded that the antioxidant property was attributed due to presence of high
phenolic content.
Antifungal activity –latex
Taira et al. (2005) identified and reported new three chitinases from the latex of
gazyumaru (Ficus microcarpa), designated gazyumaru latex chitinase (GLx Chi)-A, -
B, and -C. GLx Chi-A,-B, and -C are an acidic class III (33 kDa, pI 4.0), a basic class
I (32 kDa, pI 9.3), and a basic class II chitinase (27 kDa, pI > 10) respectively. All
GLx Chi showed effect on antifungal activity based on ionic strength. The chitin-
binding activity of GLx Chi-B was enhanced by increasing ionic strength. The results
suggested that the chitin-binding domain of basic class I chitinase binds to the chitin
in fungal cell walls by hydrophobic interaction and assists the antifungal action of the
chitinase.
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3.3 Plant profile - Luffa acutangula(L.) Roxb var. amara C.B. Clarke
(Synonyms: L. amara)
3.3.1 Vernacular names
English : Ridged gourd, angled loofah, ribbed gourd, Chinese okra, silk squash
(En)
Hindi : Turai, Kadaviturai.
Gujarat : Kadvanturian, Kadvighisodi
Marathi : Dodaki
Sanskrit : Tiktakoshataki, Katukoshataki
Figure 3.2 Natural habitat of L.amara and fruit of L. amara
3.3.2 Taxonomy
3.2 Table The taxonomical classification of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. var. amara C.B. Clarke
Kingdom Plantae – plantes, Planta, Vegetal, plants Subkingdom Viridaeplantae – green plants Infrakingdom Streptophyta – land plants Division Tracheophyta – vascular plants, tracheophytes Subdivision Spermatophytina – spermatophytes, seed plants,
phanérogames Infradivision Angiospermae – flowering plants, angiosperms Class Magnoliopsida Superorder Rosanae Order Cucurbitales Family Cucurbitaceae – gourds, squashes, citrouilles, gourdes Genus Luffa Mill. – Luffa Species Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. – sinkwa towelsponge
Varity Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. var. amara C.B. ClarkeBotanical name Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. var. amara C.B. Clarke
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3.3.3 Part used: leaves, fruits
3.3.4 Distribution
Luffa amara (LA) is believed to have originated in India, distributed in south India
and West Bengal
3.3.5 Description
It is monoecious, annual, climbing or trailing herb, with acutely 5-angled stem;
tendrils up to 6-feet, hairy. Male inflorescence racemose with 15–35 cm long
peduncle.
Leaves alternate, simple; stipules absent; petiole up to 15 cm long; blade broadly
ovate to kidney-shaped in outline, 10–25 cm × 10–25 cm, shallowly palmate 5–7-
lobed with broadly triangular to broadly rounded lobes, cordate at base, shallowly
sinuate-dentate, pale green, scabrous, palmately veined.
Flowers unisexual, regular, 5-merous, 5–9 cm in diameter; 0.5 cm long, lobes
triangular, 1–1.5 cm long; petals free, pale yellow; male flowers with 3 free stamens
inserted on the receptacle tube, connectives broad; female flowers solitary, on pedicels
2–15 cm long, with inferior, densely pubescent, longitudinally ridged ovary, stigma 3-
lobed.
Fruit a club-shaped, dry and fibrous capsule 15–50 cm × 5–10 cm, acutely 10-ribbed,
brownish, dehiscent by an apical operculum, many-seeded. Seeds are broadly
elliptical.
3.3.6 Chemical composition
All the parts of plant are extremely bitter due to presence of triterpenoids; major
cucurbitacin-B. Seed contains maximum concentration i.e. 0.12%. It also consists of
steroids and α-amyrin, flavonoids, carotenoid like compounds and phenolic acids.
Seed consist of mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
3.3.7 Medicinal properties and uses
The wild verity, i.e. L. acutangula var amara has high value in traditional system of
medicine; this is widely used by local healers and traditional practitioner for treatment
of various diseases. The plant posses laxative and purgative properties and reported to
be useful in skin diseases and asthma. It is used as a diuretic and given in splenic
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enlargements. The 2-3 drops of juice of the fresh fruit or decoction of the dried fruits
without seed recommended as nasya in jaundice. Seeds are used emetic, expectorant
and demulcent (Kirtikar and Basu, 1987b).
3.4 Literature review of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb var. amara C.B. Clarke
3.4.1 Phytochemical review
In the phytochemical screening, Torvi and Hunashal (2012) noted the presence of
important secondary metabolite such as, steroid and glycoside in L. amara fruits.
Nagao et al. (1991) isolated and identified the seven oleanane type of triterpenoids
saponins, acutoside A-G and H-I, from the 50% methanolic extract of LA fruits. In
Recent studies on fruit Wang et al. (2002), isolated luffanguline from LA seeds as a
novel ribosome inactivating peptide. The plant also reported to present β-carotene,
luffin, amarin and 2-deoxy cucurbitacin (Nardkarni, 1994). The flavonoids
distribution among the luffa species was studied by Schilling and Heiser (1981), they
found the presence of luteolin and apigenin in leaves and flowers.
Figure 3.3 Phytoconstituents of L. amara
3.4.2 Ethnopharmacological review
During the ethnopharmacological survey in Rajasthan, Katewa et al. (2008) collected
the information on uses of medicinal plants, based on the exhaustive interviews with
local physicians practicing indigenous system of medicine in tribal folks of Aravalli
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hills of Mewar region tribes; Bhil, Garasia, Damor and Kathodia. They found that half
tea spoon of L. amara seed powder is taken orally with water for 3–4 days for urinary
bladder stone.
Samvatsar and Diwanji. (2000), documented plant utilized for jaundice by tribes of
Western Madhya Pradesh of India. Where, LA commonly known as Kadwiturai, and
their leaf and fruit parts was used for treatment of jaundice. About 2-3 drops of leaf
or green fruit juice without using water dropped into one of the nostrils for 4 days.
Kanaka et al. (2013) documented that local inhabitants of reserve forests of
Mahadevpur, Karimnagar utilizes L. amara fruit for treatment of diabetes.
3.4.3 Pharmacological review
Antioxidant activity
Kalyani et al. (2011) reported Luffa amara seed oil from petroleum extracts contains
fatty acids such as lauric, myristic, plametic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid.
Furthermore, the study demonstrated significant antioxidant activity of this extract.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Gill et al. (2011) evaluated ethanol extracts of Luffa amara seeds for analgesic and
anti-inflammatory activity. The ethanol extracts reduced paw edema in a dose-
dependent manner, with a maximum inhibition of 60.8% at 300 mg/kg and
comparable with standard diclofenac sodium. Further, extract showed significant
analgesic activity with reaction time 6.25 ± 0.52 and 5.80 ± 0.52 at 400 mg/kg in tail
flick and tail immersion experimental models, as compared with standard
(pentazocin).
In another similar study, Iyyamperumal et al. (2013) evaluated the antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory effect in acute and chronic animal models. The study results
revealed that ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of LA leaves possess significant dose
dependent manner activity. Ethanol extracts demonstrates the highest anti-
inflammatory activity i.e. 72.5% (500 mg/kg) at 5th hrs after carrageenan
administration when compared with ethyl acetate extract (65%; 500 mg/kg). Likewise,
in chronic cotton pellet granuloma model, ethanol extracts exhibited maximum
inhibition i.e. 56.9% (500 mg/kg) compared with ethyl acetate extract (52%).
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Similarly, the antioxidant ability of ethanol extract was better than ethyl extract of LA
leaves.
Anti-diabetic and gastroprotective activity
Pimple et al. (2011) investigated antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic potential of
petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous extracts of Luffa acutangula (LA) fruits. The
methnolic extracts of fruits showed the highest antioxidant activity, which may be due
to high polyphenolic content. The methnolic and aqueous extracts showed potent
antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic in streptozotocin induced non-insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus in rats. In another study of Pimple et al. (2012) reported that
methanol extract gave ulcer maximum protection in diabetic rats.
Hepatoprotective activity
Jadhav et al. (2010) demonstrated hepatoprotective activity of hydro-alcoholic
extracts edible species of L. acutangula in CCl4 and rifampicin induced
hepatotoxicity. The hydro alcoholic extracts prevented the elevation of serum
biochemical marker enzymes and restore the total protein, in dose dependent manner,
in both the models. The study revealed the hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcholic
extract by potentiating the endogenous antioxidant system and inhibition of lipid
peroxidation.
Antimicrobial activity
Dandge et al. (2012) examined antimicrobial activity of Luffa amara fruit and leaf
water extracts. The fruit exhibited more potent antibacterial and antifungal activity
than leaf extract. E. coli showed highest sensitivity than Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonas aeroginosa; while fungi Curvularia lunata was found highly sensitive
to leaf and fruit extract.
In another study, chloroform and aqueous extract of LA fruit were evaluated for
antimicrobial potential. Chloroform extract showed higher antimicrobial potential
compared with aqueous extract (Torvi and Hunashal, 2012).
CNS depressant activity
Missar et al. (2004) evaluated CNS depressant activity of ethanol extract of LA fruits
using behavioral changes, exploratory activity, barbiturates sleeping time in animal
models. The extract exhibited dose-dependent CNS depressant activity.
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Ameliorative activity
Jadhav et al. (2013) reported protective effect of hyroalcoholic effect of L. acutangula
in doxorubicin induced cardiac and nephrotoxicity in mice. Pretreatment with hydro-
alcoholic extracts significantly reversed the serum biomarkers such as alanine amino
transferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine phophokinasein heart and kidney
tissue in doxorubicin treated mice. In addition, the LA extract demonstrated
inhibition of elevated MDA level and restored depleted glutathione, catalase, and
superoxide dismutase in heart and kidney tissue. The ameliorative effect in cardio and
nephro-toxicity in mice was found to be related to its antioxidant property which
finally results in membrane stabilization.
3.5 Conclusion
The detail literature review showed that the selected plants are traditionally and in folk
used for liver diseases. The phytochemistry of F. microcarpa was extensively studied.
The plant was not yet standardized for pharmacognostically. The pharmacological
activity limited to antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic studies; while no reports
were available for hepatoprotective evaluation and phytochemical correlation.
The L. acutangula has two variety that are edible known as L. acutangula var.
acutangula and other wild i.e. L. acutangula var. amara (L. amara). Their
morphology and phytochemistry is distinct. The most of literatures were published
without clear identification. The fruit of the plant is highly recommended in traditional
and folk medicine for liver disease. Despite of this, the plant has not standardized for
pharmacognostically and pharmacologically. The preliminary reports on
phytochemistry of L amara fruit were available. Thus, indicates the need of
pharmacological evaluation with phytochemical correlation.
3.6 References
Abdel-Hameed, E. S. S. (2009). Total phenolic contents and free radical scavenging
activity of certain Egyptian Ficus species leaf samples. Food Chemistry, 114(4),
1271-1277.
Ao, C., Deba, F., Tako, M., and Tawata, S. (2009). Biological activity and
composition of extract from aerial root of Ficus microcarpa L. fil. International
Journal of Food Science and Technology, 44(2), 349-358.
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Department of Pharmacognosy, RCPIPER, Shirpur. 32
Ao, C., Higa, T., Ming, H., Ding, Y. T., and Tawata, S. (2010). Isolation and
identification of antioxidant and hyaluronidase inhibitory compounds from
Ficus microcarpa L. fil. bark. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal
Chemistry, 25(3), 406-413.
Ao, C., Li, A., Elzaawely, A. A., Xuan, T. D., and Tawata, S. (2008). Evaluation of
antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Ficus microcarpa L. fil. extract. Food
Control, 19(10), 940-948.
Awad, N. E., Seida, A. A., Hamed, M. A., and Elbatanony, M. M. (2011).
Hypolipidaemic and antioxidant activities of Ficus microcarpa (L.) in
hypercholesterolemic rats. Natural product research, 25(12), 1202-1207.
Bairagi, M. S., Aher, A. A., Pathan, B. I., and Nema, N. (2012). Analgesic and anti-
inflammatory evaluation of Ficus microcarpa L. leaves extract. Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5(4), 258-261.
Chiang, Y. M., and Kuo, Y. H. (2000). Taraxastane-type triterpenes from the aerial
roots of Ficus microcarpa. Journal of natural products, 63(7), 898-901.
Chiang, Y. M., and Kuo, Y. H. (2001). New Peroxy Triterpenes from the Aerial Roots
of Ficus microcarpa. Journal of Natural Products, 64(4), 436-439.
Chiang, Y. M., and Kuo, Y. H. (2003). Two novel α-tocopheroids from the aerial
roots of Ficus microcarpa. Tetrahedron Letters, 44(27), 5125-5128.
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