Antibacterial finishes

Antibacterial Finishes for Textiles using Herbal

Sources

by

Shameembanu A. ByadgiShameembanu A. Byadgi

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Introduction

The rapid growth in technical textiles and their end-uses has generated many opportunities for the application of innovative finishes

Novel finishes of high added value for apparel fabrics are also greatly appreciated by a more discerning and demanding consumer market

Antimicrobial textiles with improved functionality find a variety of applications such as health and hygiene products, specially the garments worn close to the skin and several medical applications, such as infection control and barrier material

Although, the synthetic antimicrobial agents are very effective against a range of microbes and give a durable effect on textiles, they are a cause of concern due to the associated side effects on humans and environment

There is a great demand for antimicrobial textiles based on ecofriendly agents which not only help to reduce effectively the ill effects associated due to microbial growth on textile material but also comply with statutory requirements imposed by regulating agencies

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Antibacterial finish

The plant products comprise the major segment among all the natural

antibacterial agents

Healing power of some of the plant materials has been used since

ancient times

Relatively small percentage (1-10%) of these is used as food by both humans

and other animal species

Plants produce secondary metabolites which serve as plant defense

mechanisms against predation by microorganisms, insects and herbivores

Some compounds such as terpenoids give plants their odours; others (quinones

and tannins) are responsible for plant pigment

Many compounds are responsible for plant flavour (terpenoid capsaicin from

chilli peppers)

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Necessity of Antibacterial Finishes

1. To avoid cross infection by pathogenic microorganisms

2. To control the infestation by microbes

3. To arrest metabolism in microbes in order to reduce the formation of odour

4. To safeguard the textile products from staining, discoloration and quality

deterioration

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Requirements for Antimicrobial Finish

Durability to washing, dry cleaning and hot pressing;

Selective activity to undesirable microorganisms;

Should not produce harmful effects to the manufacturer, user and the

environment;

Should comply with the statutory requirements of regulating agencies;

Compatibility with the chemical processes;

Easy method of application;

No deterioration of fabric quality;

Resistant to body fluids; and

Resistant to disinfections/sterilization

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Natural antibacterial agents for textiles

Neem extract

Aloevera

Sericin

Chitosan

Tea tree

Tulsi leaves

Clove oil

Cinnamon

Pomegranate rind

Eucalyptus

Periwinkle

Henna leaves

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Antibacterial finishing methodologies

Exhaust technique

Pad-dry-cure method

Coating technique

Spray technique

Microencapsulation

Nanoencapsulation

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Methods for improving the durability of the finish

1. Solubilisation of the active substances in/on the fibre

2. Treating the fibre with resin or cross-linking agents

3. Micro encapsulation of the antimicrobial agents with the fibre matrix

4. Coating the fibre surface

5. Chemical modification of the fibre by covalent bond formation

6. Use of graft polymers, homo polymers and/or co-polymerization on to the

fibre

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Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity

Qualitative Quantitative

Bacterial reduction method(AATCC 100-2004)

Parallel streak method (AATCC 147-2004)

Agar diffusion plate test(ISO 20645)

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Parallel streak method (AATCC 147-2004)

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Calculations and results

Examine the incubated plates for interruptions of growth along the streaks of

inoculum beneath the specimen and for a clear zone of inhibition beyond the

edge

The average width of zone of inhibition along a streak on either side of test

specimen is calculated by

W = T – D / 2

W = width of clear zone of inhibition (mm)

T = total diameter of test specimen and clear zone (mm)

D = diameter of test specimen (mm)

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Antibacterial effect

Growth Description Assessment No growth Zone of inhibition is seen Diffusible antibacterial

activityNo growth under the fabric

No zone of inhibition Bacteriostatic antibacterial activity

Growth under the fabric

No inhibition zone Antibacterial activity is absent

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Agar diffusion plate test(ISO 20645)

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Examine the incubated plates for absence or presence of bacterial growth in the

contact zone between agar & specimen and inhibition zone around the specimen

H = D – d / 2

H = width of inhibition zone (mm)D = total diameter of test specimen and inhibition zone (mm)d = diameter of test specimen (mm)

Examine the contact zones under the specimen for bacterial growth

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Antibacterial effect

Inhibition zone (mm)Mean value Growth Description Assessment

> 1 None Inhibition exceeding 1 mm, no growth

Good effect

1 - 0 None Inhibition zone up to 1mm, no growth

0 None No inhibition zone, no growth0 Slight No inhibition zone, only some

restricted colonies, growth nearly totally suppressed

Limit of efficacy

0 Moderate No inhibition zone, compare to control growth reduced to half

Insufficient effect

0 Heavy No inhibition zone, compare to the control no growth reduction or only slightly reduced growth

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Bacterial reduction method(AATCC 100-2004)

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Report bacterial counts as the number of bacteria per sample

Percent reduction of bacteria by the specimen treatment is calculated by

R = [(B – A)/ B] x 100

R = percent reduction

A = no. of bacteria recovered from inoculated treated test specimen swatches in

the

bottle incubated over desired contact

B = no. of bacteria recovered from inoculated treated test specimen swatches in

the

bottle immediately after inoculation

Antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric treated with Quercus infectoria extract

Gupta and Laha, 2007New Delhi, India

Objective

To study the antimicrobial properties of cotton fabric treated with QI

extract against selected bacterial species that cause infections in hospitals and

unpleasant odour on textiles

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Methodology

Plain weave cotton fabric 107 g/m2 weight, 40 ends/cm and 35 picks/cm

Application of QI extract

Samples were rinsed with cold water, soaped with 0.5 g/L non-ionic detergent (Lissapol N) and dried

MLR 1:30 at 60ºC and neutral pH

Pretreatment with alum (1 & 5% owf) at 80ºC and later treated with QI for 45 mins

Post mordanting of QI treated samples with copper sulphate (1 & 5% owf)

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Scoured cotton was also treated with 0.5% (owf) Fabshield (commercial

antimicrobial agent) at 50ºC and 4.5 pH for 20 min followed by curing at

130-135ºC

Wash fastness (ISO II test)

Wash durability for retention of antimicrobial finish after single and 5 launderings

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Assessment of antibacterial activity

Qualitative : Parallel streak method (AATCC 147-1993)

Quantitative : Agar plate method (AATCC 100-1993)

Microbial inhibition was determined by the reduction in number of colony forming units (CFU)

Reduction in microbial colonies = B – A x 100 B

where A = CFU/ml for treated sample after 24h incubation B = CFU/ml for untreated sample incubated under identical conditions

Table 1. Effect of dye and mordant on antimicrobial activity of treated cotton fabric

+ = growth under fabric Nil = no growth under fabric

Results and Discussion

Cotton fabricGrowth Zone of inhibition (mm)

E. coli B. subtilis E. coli B. subtilisControl + + 0 0Fabshield treated Nil Nil 0 0Treated withQI Nil + 4.0 3.0QI + 1% alum Nil + 1.0 0.5QI + 5% alum Nil + 2.0 1.0QI + 1% CuSO4 Nil Nil 1.5 0QI + 5% CuSO4 Nil + 1.5 1.5

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Figure 1. Parallel streak test on cotton against S. aureus[(a) control and (b) sample treated with QI]

Figure 2. Antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric treated with QI against E. coli

Figure 3. Antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric treated with QI on B. subtilis 24

a b

Table 2. Retention of antimicrobial activity by treated cotton after sample launderings

Bacteria Cotton fabricAfter single laundering After 5 launderings

Reduction in cfu %

Activity retention (%)

Reduction in cfu %

Activity retention (%)

B. subtilis Control Nil Nil Nil NilTreated with QI 33 55 0 0QI + 5% alum 83 99.1 75 89.6QI + 1% CuSO4 84.1 100 83 99.6

E. coli Control Nil Nil Nil NilTreated with QI 55.6 65.4 61.1 62QI + 5% alum 30.2 84.4 27.1 75.6QI + 1% CuSO4 50.6 75.1 56.0 77.4

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12% QI extract (owf) was found to be effective concentration against

selected microbes

The activity was greatly enhanced when 5% alum or 1% copper sulphate

was used as a mordant

Studies on durability of the treatment showed that the QI treatment was not

durable to washing and the antimicrobial activity was lost completely after 5

launderings

Mordanted samples showed 80-100% retention of activity even after 5

washes

Conclusion

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Application of Prickly chaff (Achyranthes aspera Linn.) leaves as herbal antimicrobial finish for cotton fabric used

in healthcare textiles

Thilagavathi and Kannaian, 2008Tamil Nadu, India

Objective

To utilize methanolic extract of prickly chaff leaves to develop

microbial resistant cotton fabric for healthcare textiles

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Methodology

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Extraction process

Grinding of dried leaves into very small units

Extracted of active constituents by methanolic extraction method and sonication

Shade drying of prickly chaff leaves @ 38-40ºC till the moisture reduces to 14%

Table 3. Box and Behnken method for optimization of process parameters

Test No. Extract conc. (%) Temperature (ºC) Citric acid conc. (%)1 3 40 82 7 40 83 3 60 84 7 60 85 3 50 76 7 50 77 3 50 98 7 50 99 5 40 7

10 5 60 711 5 40 912 5 60 913 5 50 814 5 50 815 5 50 8

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Table 4. Antimicrobial efficacy of the treated samples based on Box and Behnken experiments

Test No.Agar diffusion test

Zone of inhibition (mm)Parallel streak test

Zone of inhibition (mm)Challenge test

Bacterial reduction (%)S. aureus E. coli S. aureus E. coli S. aureus E. coli

1 49 21 4.5 2.5 97.83 56.582 47 16 4.2 0 96.99 45.003 41 16 4.6 1.5 60.00 25.004 43 20 4.1 1.6 95.89 26.365 39 16 3.5 1.4 93.34 45.256 37 17 3.0 0 92.70 56.567 31 15 4.9 1.5 96.63 72.008 32 25 3.2 2.0 65.05 73.009 43 26 3.1 0 92.82 56.00

10 45 18 4.5 1.2 98.45 45.0011 43 17 2.5 1.5 98.65 69.2312 42 27 2.6 0 55.43 45.1213 40 20 3.5 1.0 92.74 56.5614 40 20 3.5 1.0 92.74 56.5615 40 20 3.5 1.0 92.74 56.56 31

Conclusion

The fabric samples treated with methanolic extract of prickly chaff leaves

applied by pad-dry-cure method possessed better antimicrobial activity

against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Hence, the treated cotton fabric can be used for healthcare textiles

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Experimental study on antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric treated with aloe gel extract from Aloe vera plant for

controlling the Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium)

Jothi, 2009Ethiopia

Objective

To develop an ecofriendly natural herbal finish from A. vera extracts

for various textile applications

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Methodology

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Fabric Bleached cotton fabric with 28 ends/cm, 25 picks/cm, plain weave and 40 x 40 Ne count

Chemicals Citric acid and methanol

Aloe gel Antimicrobial agent [1, 2,3,4 and 5gpl]

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Extraction process

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Application of antimicrobial finish

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Shake flask method (ATCC 6538)

Bacterial reduction was determined by using the formula

Reduction in microbial colonies = A – B x 100 A

where A = Number of colonies before shaking B = Number of colonies after 1 hour shaking

Hohenstein modified test method – challenge testThe finished samples were washed using a standard detergent (2% owf) and sodium carbonate (1% owf) at 60°C. The antimicrobial activity was assessed after 50 washes


Figure 4. Antimicrobial efficiency of Aloe gel treated sample (Agar Diffusion Test)

Figure 5. Antimicrobial activity of untreated sample 38

Table 6. Quantitative analysis test results

Sl. No.

BacteriaFinishing agent conc.

(gpl)%of bacteria reduction

after treatment1 Staphylococcus 1 97.00

2 97.903 98.104 98.405 99.10

95.5

96.0

96.5

97.0

97.5

98.0

98.5

99.0

99.5

54321

Finishing agent concentration (gpl)

Figure 6. Antimicrobial efficiency of aloe gel treated sample against S. aureus (Shake flask Method)

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Table 7. Durability of antimicrobial effect of treated sample (5 gpl) after 50 washes

Sl. No. Number of washes Antimicrobial effect (%)1 10 99.702 20 99.303 30 99.104 40 98.405 50 98.00

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Conclusion

The specimens treated with the solution containing 5gpl aloe gel showed

excellent antimicrobial activity

The treated sample showed high reduction rate in the number of colonies

grown and a clear zone of bacteria inhibition

Finish durability to washing of antimicrobial property of the aloe gel treated

sample was 98% after 50 washing

The finding of the study suggested that the treated fabrics can be used for

textile application

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Dyeability and Antimicrobial Properties of Cotton Fabrics finished with Punica granatum extracts

Rajendran et al., 2011India

Objective

To investigate the antibacterial functionality of cotton fabric dyed

using Punica granatum rind extract

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Methodology

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Extraction process

Aqueous extraction Ethanol extraction

Add 10g P. granatum rind powder to 100ml distilled water

Filtered through Whatmann No. 1 filter paper

The filterate was stored at 4ºC

Add 20g powder to 100 ml ethanol and kept @ room temperature for 48 hrs

Filtered to obtain a clear filterate

Filterate was condensed through a rotary vacuum evaporator @ 60ºC for 30 min

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Qualitative : Disc diffusion method (SN 195920-1992) and parallel streak

method (AATCC 147-2004)

Quantitative : Percentage reduction method (AATCC 100-2004)

% reduction = A - B x 100 B

A = surviving cells (CFU/ml) for control (blank cotton fabric) B = surviving cells (CFU/ml) for test samples (natural dyed cotton fabric)

Wash durability test

AATCC-100 test

5% neutral soap for 20 mins

2, 4, 6, 8 & 10 launderings

Table 8. Preliminary assessment of antimicrobial activity of natural dye


Sl. No.

P. granatum extracts

Antibacterial activity(Zone of inhibition in mm)

E. coli S. aureus

1. Aqueous 8 142. Ethanol 10 17

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Qualitative antimicrobial assessment

(a) (b)

Figure 7. Agar diffusion method of (1) P. granatum treated fabric (2) Untreated sample against (a) E. coli and (b) S. aureus

(a) (b)Figure 8. Parallel streak method of P. granatum treated fabric against (a) E. coli and (b) S. aureus

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Quantitative assessment

Table 9. Antibacterial activity of treated fabric by percentage reduction test

Test organismsSurvival cells (CFU/ml)

% bacterial reduction

Control fabric

Treated fabric

Staphylococcus aureus 9.5 x 106 0.4 x 106 95.7Escherichia coli 9.5 x 106 1 x 106 89.4

Wash durability

Figure 9. Wash durability test

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Conclusion

The fabric dyed with P. granatum rind extracts displayed excellent

antibacterial activity against both the test organisms

The results demonstrated that utilizing extracted natural colourants as

dyeing materials significantly facilitate in obtaining quality fabrics having

dyeability and antibacterial properties

The method of extraction and application of dyestuff from natural

colourants may help to optimize the technical aspects of natural dyeing

process

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Antibacterial efficacy analysis of Punica granatum L. leaf, rind and Terminalia chebula fruit extract treated cotton

fabric against five most common human pathogenic bacteria

Rathinamoorthy et al., 2011Tamil Nadu, India

Objective

To develop an ecofriendly natural antimicrobial finish from plant

extracts for textile application49

Methodology

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Extraction process

Fresh leaves & rind of Punica granatum L and Terminalia chebula fruits

Shade dried and made into fine powder

10 gm of powder of each was soaked in methanol for 24 hours to obtain 10% concentrated solution

The extracts were filtered

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Application of finish


Table 10. Zone of inhibition of treated textile material for different strains (methanol extract)

Sl. No. BacteriaZone of inhibition (mm)

ControlP. granatum leaf extract

P. granatum rind extract

T. chebula fruit extract

1 Staphylococcus aureus - 30 28 382 Escherichia coli - 28 26 333 Klebsiella pneumonia - 26 25 364 Proteus vulgaris - 32 32 345 Salmonella typhi - 30 28 32

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Table 11. Zone of inhibition of treated textile material for different strains (water extract)

Sl. No. Bacteria

Zone of inhibition (mm)

Control P. granatum leaf extract

P. granatum rind extract

T. chebula fruit extract

1 Staphylococcus aureus - 32 35 342 Escherichia coli - 31 34 323 Klebsiella pneumonia - 27 29 344 Proteus vulgaris - 38 34 345 Salmonella typhi - 30 33 32

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Table 12. Percentage of bacterial reduction by Hohensteins modified challenge test for methanol extract

Bacterial strains Sample ‘0’ contact hour ‘24’ contact

hour%

reduction

S. aureus P. granatum leaf 244 x 10-5 122 x 10-2 99.95

P. granatum rind 220 x 10-4 110 x 10-2 99.50

T. Chebula fruit 224 x 10-3 142 x 10-4 99.36

E. coli P. granatum leaf 136 x 10-4 124 x 10-3 90.88

P. granatum rind 140 x 10-3 121 x 10-3 85.00

T. Chebula fruit 104 x 10-3 196 x 10-2 98.11

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Table 13. Durability evaluation of treated samples by agar diffusion method

Sources Bacterial strains 5 washInhibition zone (mm)

10 washInhibition zone (mm)

P. granatum rind Staphylococcus aureus - -Escherichia coli 22 -Klebsiella pneumonia 26 24Proteus vulgaris - -Salmonella typhi - -

P. granatum leaf Staphylococcus aureus 22 -Escherichia coli 26 21Klebsiella pneumonia - -Proteus vulgaris 24 -Salmonella typhi - -

T. chebula fruit Staphylococcus aureus 28 25Escherichia coli 24 24Klebsiella pneumonia 36 26Proteus vulgaris 26 24Salmonella typhi - -

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Table 14. Durability test by quantitative measurement

Bacterial strains Sample ‘0’ contact hr ‘24’ contact hr % reductionS. aureus P. granatum leaf Control - - No reduction

5 wash - - No reduction10 wash - - No reduction

P. granatum rind Control - - No reduction5 wash - - No reduction10 wash - - No reduction

T. chebula Control - - No reduction5 wash - - No reduction10 wash - - No reduction

E. coli P. granatum leaf Control - - No reduction5 wash 272 x 10-5 128 x 10-5 52.9410 wash - - No reduction

P. granatum rind Control - - No reduction5 wash 212 x 10-4 540 x 10-3 74.5210 wash - - No reduction

T. chebula Control - - No reduction5 wash 160 x 10-3 230 x 10-2 85.6210 wash - - No reduction

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Conclusion

Agar diffusion test indicated that both water and methanol extract treated

textile material exhibited 27-38 mm of inhibition zone

Challenge test results indicated that both Punica granatum L leaf and rind

extract treated samples had 99% of bacterial reduction against S. aureus

In case of E. coli, P. granatum L leaf treated sample showed 87% and the

rind extract treated material showed 79% of bacterial reduction

T. chebula extract treated material showed higher percentage of reduction for

both S. aureus (99.3%) and E. coli (98.1%)

The wash durability result indicated that, the effectiveness of the treatment

reduced with the increase in washing cycle

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Effect of Laundering on Herbal Finish of Cotton

Hooda et al., 2013Haryana, India

Objective

To develop an eco-friendly herbal antimicrobial finish from Aloe vera

leaves for textile application

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Methodology

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Fabric 100 % cotton fabric (unbleached and unfinished); fabric count of 56 x 44 and GSM - 286

Chemicals Citric acid, acetic acid and methanol

Preparation of Aloe vera extract

Fresh mature green leaves of Aloe vera were collected, washed, weighed

Hot air oven @ 40ºC

Fine powder and weighed

Extraction by maceration process using methanol

Drying

Grind

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The sample was immersed in Aloe vera extract (3 & 5 g/l) for 30 minutes with MLR 1:20

Dried at 80ºC for 3 minutes and cured at 120ºC for 2 minutes on a lab model curing chamber

Padded on a pneumatic padding mangle at a pressure of 2.5 psi, dried at 80°C and cured at 120 °C

Application of antibacterial finish

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Determination of Add-on (%)

Add-on (%) = W2−W1 ×100

W1W1:Weight of fabric before treatment (g)W2:Weight of fabric after treatment (g)

Determination of Bacterial Population AATCC-100 test method

Durability of Finish to Washing

ISO: 6330-1984E using Launder-o-meter


Table 15. Weight add-on (%) of Aloe vera treatment on treated cotton fabric

Application method

Conc. (g/l)

Weight per unit area of cotton g/m2)Aloe vera application

Grey fabric Scoured fabric

g/m2 % g/m2 %

Pad-dry-cure method

3 309.66 6.17 308.33 6.645 320.66 9.94 318.66 10.21

C.D. 2.22 5.67

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Table 16. Bacterial reduction of Aloe vera treated grey and scoured cotton fabric by quantitative method

Application method

Conc. (g/l)

Bacterial reduction in Aloe vera treated cotton fabricGrey fabric Scoured fabric

10-2 10-3 10-4Mean (103)

% reduction

10-2 10-3 10-4Mean (103)

% reduction

Control Confluent lawn of growth

Pad-dry-cure method

3 >300 98 19 14.4 52.00 19 Nil Nil 6.3 96.69

5 >300 69 12 9.5 68.50 13 Nil Nil 4.3 96.70

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Table 17. Wash durability of finish in terms of bacterial reduction percentage of Aloe vera treated cotton fabric

Method of application

Bacterial reduction in Aloe vera treated cotton fabric (%)Pad-dry-cure method

Grey fabric Scoured fabric

Dilutions 10-2 10-3 10-4Mean (103)

% reduction

10-2 10-3 10-4Mean (103)

% reduction

Wash cycles

Conc. (g/l)

Control Confluent lawn of growth0 3 >300 98 19 14.4 52.00 19 Nil Nil 6.3 96.69

5 >300 69 12 9.45 68.50 13 Nil Nil 4.3 96.705 3 >300 98 19 14.4 52.00 19 Nil Nil 6.3 96.69

5 >300 69 12 9.45 68.50 13 Nil Nil 4.3 96.7010 3 >300 98 19 14.4 52.00 19 Nil Nil 6.3 96.69

5 >300 69 12 9.45 68.50 13 Nil Nil 4.3 96.7015 3 >300 103 22 16.15 46.17 24 Nil Nil 8.0 96.67

5 >300 75 17 12.25 59.17 15 Nil Nil 5.0 96.6720 3 >300 111 35 23.05 23.17 29 2 2 83.0 71.38

5 >300 82 28 18.1 39.67 19 1 1 43.0 77.3764

Conclusion

Finished fabric showed very good antibacterial activity as compared to

controlled fabric

Aloe vera treated scoured fabric exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity

than Aloe vera treated grey fabric

Wash durability test also revealed that the finish was able to withstand upto

20 washes in case of Aloe vera treated scoured sample

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Antibacterial and Physical Properties of Knitted Cotton Fabrics Treated with Antibacterial Finishes

Ureyen et al., 2010

Objective

To investigate the effect of antibacterial application on physical

properties of knitted fabric and the laundering durability of the applied agents

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Methodology

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Turkish cotton knitted on circular knitting machine with a fabric weight of 170 g/m2 and subjected to scouring, bleaching, dyeing

Table 22.Treatment Recipes

Finishing process Recipe Exhausting processBleaching + scouring 1 g/L wetting agent

1 g/L scouring agent3 g/L NaOH3 g/L H2O2

95°C for 25 minNeutralization with acid at 70°CAnti-peroxide at 40°C

Reactive Dyeing 0.005% Remazol Yellow 3RS-A(C.I. Reactive Yellow 176)0.0114% Remazol Red 3BS-A(C.I. Reactive Red 239)20 g/L Sodium chloride5 g/L Sodium carbonate0.8 mL/L sequestering agent

Neutralization with 0.5 mL/LAcetic acidWashing: 0.5 g/L soapTotal time: 160 min

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Antibacterial finishing

Rapid P-A1 model laboratory vertical padder for impregnation and an Atac GK4 model laboratory stenter for curing

Table 23.Notations and Concentrations of Antibacterial Agents

Antibacterial agentsNotation Type Concentrations

A Organic antimicrobial agent (Triclosan) 60 g/L (pH 4-5)B Silver and TiO2 5 g/L (pH 5-6)C Quaternary ammonium salt

(3-trimethoxysilylpropyldimethyloctadecylammonium chloride)

35 g/L (pH 6)

D Silver compound 28.5 g/L (pH 4-5)

Laundering

BS ENISO 26330 standard using Wascator laundering machine with 4 g/L soap for 40 wash cycles

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Table 24.Test Instruments and Standards

Tests Instruments StandardsAntibacterial - JIS-L 1902:2002Fabric weight James Heal Circular Fabric

Sample CutterISO 3801

Pilling James H. Heal Nu MartindaleAbrasion and Pilling Tester

ISO 12945-2

Air permeability Textest AG FX 3300 ISO 9237Bursting strength James H. Heal TruBurst Tester ISO 13938-2Colour efficiency Minolta CM 3600 d

spectrophotometer-


Fig. 12. Mean values of fabric weight results (NW: Non-Washed, WC: Washing Cycles)

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Figure 13. Mean values of pilling test results(NW: Non-Washed, WC: Washing Cycles)

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Table 18. Mean values of air permeability test results

Sl. No. ParticularsAir permeability (L/m2/s)

Wash cycles0 10 20 30 40

1 NW greige fabric 742.91

2 Agent A 553.75 1162.50 1254.55 1396.67 1443.333 Agent B 1039.56 1183.64 1192.73 1256.67 1151.67

4 Agent C 609.67 1253.55 1260.53 1343.33 1310.83

5 Agent D 940.18 1220.00 1256.33 1347.27 1241.87

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Table 19. Mean values of bursting strength test results

Sl. No. ParticularsBursting strength (kPa)


1 NW greige fabric

749.86

2 Agent A 787.56 543.40 629.00 607.25 609.203 Agent B 590.48 564.84 626.25 586.60 621.324 Agent C 687.06 604.46 585.40 588.28 599.885 Agent D 616.06 558.16 590.54 558.68 610.14

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Table 20. Mean values of colour efficiency

Sl. No. ParticularsColour efficiency (K/S)


1 NW greige fabric 0.1542 Agent A 0.141 0.176 0.277 0.293 0.2533 Agent B 0.141 0.213 0.232 0.256 0.2364 Agent C 0.145 0.165 0.221 0.252 0.2165 Agent D 0.161 0.213 0.223 0.249 0.239

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Table 21. Antibacterial activity of the treated samples

Sl. No. ParticularsReduction in bacteria (CFU)


1 Agent A 3.70 2.91 3.60 3.63 3.052 Agent B 4.78 3.36 3.55 3.50 3.443 Agent C 2.26 1.91 1.35 0.32 0.684 Agent D 3.50 3.44 3.05 2.93 3.06

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Conclusion

The study concluded that fabrics shrunk due to the wet process of antibacterial

treatments, causing a difference in the fabric weights

Due to the content of the antibacterial agents, pilling, air permeability and

bursting strength of treated samples was lower than that of the untreated

samples, except for the fabrics treated with agent A

Antibacterial finishing did not affect the colour efficiency of the dyed fabrics

Laundering affected the colour efficiency of the samples

Agent B gave the best antibacterial performance, while agent C gave the worst

The antibacterial activity of agents A, B, and D decreased slightly after several

washings, while that of agent C decreased dramatically

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Antimicrobial efficiency of Vitex negundo leaf extracts

Mohanraj et al., 2012 Sathyamangalam, India

Objective

To study the antimicrobial effectiveness of Vitex negundo leaf extracts on cotton fabric treated by exhaustion and microencapsulation

To assess the durability of the finish against standard wash cycles and synthetic perspiration

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Methodology

78

Fresh nochi (V. negundo) leaves were collected and shade dried within a temperature range of 37-40ºC

ground and sieved

Nochi leaf powder (25g) was mixed with 250mL water, boiled for 30 min

and filtered using nylon fabric

10g of nochi leaf powder was extracted in soxhlet apparatus with 150mL methanol

for 24h

Microencapsulation Nochi leaf extract as core material and acacia gum as wall material

The microcapsules were freeze dried

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Samples were treated with herbal extract using 8% citric acid as cross linking agent by pad-dry-cure method

Padded through padding mangle and dried at 60ºC for 5 min

Application of antibacterial finish

Microencapsulation

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Evaluation of fabrics

Flexural rigidity ASTM D1388-96, using Shirley fabric stiffness tester

Antimicrobial activity Agar diffusion method specified in AATCC TM 100

Wash durability Laundrometer at a speed of 40 rpm with ISO 3 test method

Fastness to perspiration AATCC TM 15-2002


Table 22. Effect of finishing treatment on flexural rigidity of samples

Samples treated withFlexural rigidity

(mg cm)Methanol extractWarp 35.54Weft 31.07Water extractWarp 36.26Weft 31.04Microcapsules Warp 37.92Weft 32.37

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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 11. Antimicrobial activity of samples treated with padding mangle (a – S. aureus & b – E. coli) and microcapsules (c – S. aureus & d – E. coli)

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Table 23. Effect of washing on antimicrobial efficacy of fabric samples

Sample treatment

Zero wash 5 wash 10 wash 15 washS.

aureusE. coli S.

aureusE. coli S.

aureusE. coli S.

aureusE. coli

Methanol extract 13 12 7 7 5 3 2 2

Water extract 15 14 9 7 6 5 1 1Microcapsules 7 8 7 6 5 5 5 3

Table 24. Perspiration fastness of samples treated with V. negundo extracts

Leaf extractsFabric samples treated with V. negundo extracts

Alkaline perspiration Acidic perspirationWater extract 4/5 4Methanol extract 4 3/4Microencapsulated 5 4/5

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Conclusion

Acidic perspiration resulted in slight decrease in the fastness (antimicrobial

activity) of the samples compared to alkaline perspiration

The extracts of Vitex negundo could be used for bactericidal and

bacteriostat applications on different textile materials

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Antibacterial finishes

Healthcare

Transcript of Antibacterial finishes