Chapter 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
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Transcript of Chapter 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | ADVANCE ORGANIZER
CHAPTER 3ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 3.13.2
BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODYBASIC BODY SYSTEMS
FOLLOWING THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | ADVANCE ORGANIZER
FOLLOWING THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:FOLLOWING THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:FOLLOWING THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:FOLLOWING THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:• Explain the relationship and function of cells,
tissues and primary organs within the human body• Identify the structure, function and primary
cosmetological significance, where appropriate, of 8 body systems
3.1 BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODYCELLSTISSUESORGANSBODY SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | ADVANCE ORGANIZER
Anatomy: study of organs and systems of the body
2 TYPES OF ANATOMY
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | ADVANCE ORGANIZER
GrossCan be seen with the naked eye
MicroscopicStudies structures too small to
see without aid of a microscope
Physiology: study of the functions the organs and systems perform
PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | CELLS
Cells: basic units of living matter (life)Protoplasm: gel-like substance containing water, salt and nutrients obtained from food
THREE BASIC PARTS OF A CELLS1. Nucleus2. Cytoplasm3. Cell Membrane
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | CELLS
Metabolism: chemical process in which cells receive nutrients for growth and reproduction
2 PHASES OF METABOLISM• Anabolism: building up larger molecules from
smaller ones• Catabolism: practices that preserve the health
of the community
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | CELLS
TISSUES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | TISSUES
Tissues: groups of cells of the same kind
5 PRIMARY TYPES OF TISSUE• Epithelial • Connective • Nerve • Muscular• Liquid
ORGANS
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | ORGANS
Organs: separate body structures that perform specific functions and are composed of 2 or more different tissues
Brain
Eyes
Heart
Lungs
Stomach and Intestines
Liver
Kidneys
Skin
Systems: group of body structures and/or organs that together, perform functions for the body
BODY SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | BODY SYSTEMS
Skeletal NervousCirculatoryMuscular
Digestive Excretory Respiratory Endocrine
BODY SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | BODY SYSTEMS
SELF-CHECKAnswer the following questions:
1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter.
2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs.
3. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ________.
4. Another name for histology is ___________ ________.
5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called __________.
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | SELF-CHECK
SELF-CHECK6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye
is called ______ __________.
7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called ___________.
8. Cells make up _______, which make up organs. Organs make up ________.
9. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a _______.
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | SELF-CHECK
SELF-CHECKAnswer the following questions:
1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter.
2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs.
3. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ________.
4. Another name for histology is ___________ ________.
5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called __________.
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | SELF-CHECK
anatomymicroscopic anatomy
physiology
SELF-CHECK6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye
is called ______ __________.
7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called ___________.
8. Cells make up _______, which make up organs. Organs make up ________.
9. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a _______.
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE HUMAN BODY | SELF-CHECK
gross anatomy
protoplasm
tissuessystems
system
3.2 BASIC BODY SYSTEMSTHE SKELETAL SYSTEMTHE MUSCULAR SYSTEMTHE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMTHE NERVOUS SYSTEMTHE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMTHE EXCRETORY SYSTEMTHE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMTHE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMTHE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMTHE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | ADVANCE ORGANIZER
• Physical foundation of the body• Composed of 206 bones of different
shapes and sizes• Bones are attached to each other
at movable or immovable joints• A joint is the point at which two or
more bones are joined together
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | ADVANCE ORGANIZER
Osteology: study of bones• Flat bones (ribs and skull)• Long bones (arms and legs)• Irregular bones (wrist, ankle,
spinal column)Bones:• Composed of 2/3 mineral and 1/3
organic matter• Produce white and red blood cells• Store calcium
BONES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
MovementAttachmentProtectionSupportShape
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
THE SKULL
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Skeleton of the head• Encloses and protects brain and primary sensory organs• Divided into 2 groups of bones
• Cranium composed of 8 bones• Facial skeleton composed of 14 bones
THE CRANIUM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Frontal
Parietal2 bones
Occipital
Temporal2 bones
FACIAL SKELETON
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Nasal Bridge of the nose
Lacrimal Inner eye socket
Lacrimal Inner eye socket
ZygomaticUpper cheek
Mandible Lower jaw
Maxillae Upper jaw – 2 bones
ZygomaticUpper cheek
NECK BONES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
HyoidSupports the muscles
of the tongue
Cervical Vertebrae 7 bones manipulated in extended scalp massage
BACK, CHEST AND SHOULDER BONES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
12 Ribs
SternumChest bone
Thoracic Vertebrae Spine
ClavicleCollar bone
ScapulaShoulder bone
ARM, WRIST AND HAND BONES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Radius
Ulna
HumerusLargest bone of
upper armMetacarpals5 long, thin bones that form the palm
of the hand
PhalangesEach finger has 3 phalanges;
each thumb has 2
Carpals8 small bones held
together by ligaments to form wrist or carpus
Myology: study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles
Body is composed of more than 500 large and small muscles• Compose about 40% of the
body’s weight• Produce movement when stimulated
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Support of the skeleton• Production of body movements• Contouring of body• Involvement in functions of other
body systems
FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
1. Voluntary or Striated – respond to commands regulated by will
2. Involuntary or Non-striated – respond automatically to control various body functions
The salon professional is primarily concerned with the voluntary muscles of the head, face, neck, arms and hands
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
2 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
Striated
Non-striated
• Muscle of the heart itself • Only muscle of its type in the
human body• Functions involuntarily
CARDIAC (HEART) MUSCLE
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Anterior – in front ofPosterior – behind or in back ofSuperioris – located above or is largerInferioris – located below or is smallerLevator – lifts upDepressor – draws down or depressesDilator – opens, enlarges or expands
TERMS USED TO IDENTIFY MUSCLE LOCATION OR FUNCTION
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
3 PARTS OF THE MUSCLE
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
OriginNonmoving fixed portion, attached to bones or to
other fixed muscle
BellyMidsection of muscle,
between 2 attached sections
InsertionPortion of muscle joined to
movable attachments: bones, movable muscles or skin
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles produce movement through contraction (tightening) and expansion (relaxing)7 ways to stimulate muscular tissue include:1. Massage2. Electric current (high-frequency and faradic current)3. Light rays (infrared rays and ultraviolet rays)4. Heat rays (heating lamps and heating caps)5. Moist heat (steamers, warm steam towels)6. Nerve impulses (through nervous system)7. Chemicals (certain acids and salts)
• Primary interest to the salon professional as scalp and neck massages and facials are performed
• Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from the insertion attachment to the origin attachment
SCALP AND FACE MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Epicranius (Occipitofrontalis): formed by 2 muscles joined by the aponeurosis tendon
SCALP MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FrontalisRaises eyebrows;
draws thescalp forward
OccipitalisDraws the scalp back
EAR MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Auricularis Anterior
In front of the ear
Auricularis SuperiorAbove the ear
Auricularis Posterior
Behind the ear
EYE AND NOSE MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CorrugatorDraws eyebrows
in and down Orbicularis OculiCloses the eyelid
Levator Palpebrae SuperiorisRaises eyelid
ProcerusDraws brow down
MOUTH MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Oris Orbicularis• Circles the mouth • Responsible for
contracting, puckering and wrinkling the lips as in kissing or whistling
Quadratus Labii Superioris• Consists of 3 parts• Located above the
upper lip• Raises nostrils and
upper lip as in expressing distaste
MOUTH MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Mentalis• Located at tip of chin• Pushes lower lip up
and/or wrinkles chin as in expressing doubt
Quadratus Labii Inferioris• Located below
lower lip• Pulls lower lip down or to
the side as in expressing sarcasm
Caninus• Located above
corners of mouth• Raises angle of mouth
as in snarling
Risorius• Located at
corner of mouth• Draws mouth up and
out as in grinning
MOUTH MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Triangularis• Located below the
corners of mouth• Draws corners of mouth
down as in expressing depression Zygomaticus
• Located outside the corners of mouth
• Draws mouth up and back as in laughing
• Consists of zygomaticus major and minor
Buccinator• Located between jaws
and cheek• Responsible for
compressing cheek to release air outwardly as in blowing
MASTICATION MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
TemporalisPerforms both opening and closing
jaws as in chewing (mastication)
MasseterAids in closing the jaw asin chewing (mastication)
NECK AND UPPER BACK MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SternocleidoMastoideus
Causes the head to move from side to side and up and down as in nodding “yes” or “no”
Trapezius andLatissimus Dorsi
Draw head back, rotate shoulder blades and
control swinging of arm
PlatysmaDepresses
lower jaw and lip as in
expressing sadness
SHOULDER, CHEST, AND ARM MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
DeltoidLifts or turns
the arm
Serratus AnteriorHelps in lifting the arm
and in breathing
Pectoralis Major and
Pectoralis MinorAssist in swinging
the arms
SHOULDER, CHEST, AND ARM MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
BicepRaises forearm, bends elbow
and turns palm down
TricepControls forward
movement of forearm
PronatorTurns palmdownwardand inward
SupinatorTurns palm up
SHOULDER, CHEST, AND ARM MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FlexorBends wrist and
closes fingers
ExtensorStraightens fingers
and wrist
HAND MUSCLES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
AbductorSeparates fingers
OpponensGive the ability to grasp or make a fist
AdductorDraws fingerstogether
• Controls circulation of blood and lymph through the body
• Stimulated or relaxed by massage
• Divided into two subsystems: cardiovascular and lymph-vascular system
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Cardiovascular or Blood-Vascular• Responsible for circulation of the blood• Includes heart, arteries, veins and capillaries• Combines with lymph system to maintain circulation
2. Lymph-Vascular• Circulates lymph through lymph glands, nodes
and vessels• Reaches parts of body not reached by blood
TWO INTERRELATED SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart: cone-shaped, muscular organ located in the chest, normally the size of a closed fist• Contracts and relaxes to move blood• Consists of 4 chambers:
• Upper (right and left atrium)• Lower (right and left ventricle)
• Beats 60-80 times per minute (normal heart)Pericardium: membrane that encases the heart
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
THE HEART
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pericardium
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Left VentricleRight Ventricle
• Circulates through the body as a sticky, salty fluid• Brings nourishment and oxygen
to body parts• Carries toxins and waste products
to liver and kidneys to be eliminated• Made up of red and white corpuscles,
platelets and plasma
The average adult blood supplyis 8 to 10 pints
THE BLOOD
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes or red corpuscles) • Carry oxygen and contain hemoglobinOxygen-poor blood is deep scarlet redOxygen-rich blood is bright red
White Blood Cells (leukocytes or white corpuscles)• Fight bacteria and other foreign substances
THE BLOOD
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Blood Platelets (thrombocytes)• Responsible for the clotting of blood
Plasma• Fluid part of blood• Carries RBC, WBC and blood platelets through
the body • About 90% water
THE BLOOD
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
BLOOD VESSELS
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Arteries Veins Capillaries• Tubular, elastic,
thick-walled• Branching vessels• Carry blood away
from heart• Carry pure blood
(bright red in color)
• Tubular, elastic, thin-walled
• Branching vessels• Carry blood from
capillaries to heart• Cup-like valves prevent
backflow• Carry impure blood
(dark red in color)• Closer to body surface
than arteries
• Small vessels• Take nutrients
and oxygen from arteries to cells
• Take waste from cells to veins
Systemic or General Circulation: the entire process of blood traveling from the heart throughout the body and back to the heartTo the heart• Oxygenated blood enters right
auricle (atrium) of heart through superior vena cava
• Blood is then pumped through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
1. Common Carotid Artery2. Internal Carotid Artery3. External Carotid Artery4. Internal Jugular Vein5. External Jugular Vein6. Occipital Artery7. Posterior Auricular Artery8. Superficial Temporal Artery9. External Maxillary Artery
ARTERIES AND VEINS OF THE FACE, HEAD AND NECK
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Common Carotid Arteries• Supply head, face
and neck• Located on either
side of the neck• Split into internal and
external carotid arteries
ARTERIES AND VEINS OF THE FACE, HEAD AND NECK
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Internal Carotid Artery – supplies blood to brain, eyes and forehead
• External Carotid Artery – branches into smaller arteries, supplying blood to skin and muscles of the head
All blood from the head, face and neck returns through two veins, internal and external jugular veins
ARTERIES AND VEINS OF THE FACE, HEAD AND NECK
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• External Carotid Artery – branches into smaller arteries• Occipital – supplies blood to back of the head,
up to crown• Posterior Auricular – supplies blood to scalp above and
behind ears• Superficial Temporal – supplies blood to sides and
top of the head• External Maxillary – supplies blood to lower portion of
the face, including mouth and nose
ARTERIES AND VEINS OF THE FACE, HEAD AND NECK
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Lymph• Colorless liquid by product• Nourishes parts of the body not reached by blood• Travels through nodes or glands that filter out toxic
substances
The lymphatic system picks up leaked fluid and plasma proteins and returns them to the cardiovascular system
LYMPH-VASCULAR SYSTEM (LYMPHATIC SYSTEM)
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | LYMPH-VASCULAR SYSTEM
Neurology: study of the nervous system• Coordinates and controls operation of the body• Divided into 3 subsystems
• Central or Cerebrospinal• Peripheral• Autonomic or Sympathetic
• Primary Components • Brain• Spinal cord • Nerves
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System• Composed of brain, spinal cord and spinal and
cranial nerves • Responsible for all voluntary body actions
Brain• Controls all 3 parts of nervous system• Is command center• Weighs 44-48 ounces
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE BRAINTHE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Cerebrum Cerebellum Pons Medulla Oblongata
•Mental activity
•Upper front of cranium
•Muscle movement
•Occipital area below cerebrum
• Connects other parts of brain to spinal column
• Below cerebrum and in front of cerebellum
• Connects other parts of brain to spinal column
• Below pons
THE SPINAL CORD• Composed of long nerve fibers• Originates in base of brain and extends to base of spine• Holds 31 pairs of spinal nerves
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Peripheral Nervous System: composed of sensory and motor nerves extending from brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body• Have nucleus, cytoplasm and membrane• Differ in appearance due to threadlike
fibers called axons that extend from cells• Contain nerve terminals (synapse)
• Located at the end of axons• Send messages as impulses
Dendrites: short fibers that receive messages sent to a nerve cell
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sensory (afferent)• Carry messages to brain and spinal cord• Determine sense of smell, sight, touch, hearing, taste
Motor (efferent)• Carry messages from brain to muscles
• Receive messages from the brain and cause muscles to contract or expand
Mixed• Perform both sensory and motor functions
TYPES OF NERVES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Trifacial Nerve (Fifth Cranial): largest of the cranial nerves (mixed nerve)• Transmits facial sensations to the brain• Controls muscle movements of chewing• Divides into three main branches
FACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | FACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES
THE TRIFACIAL NERVEFACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | FACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES
Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular
THE TRIFACIAL NERVEFACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | FACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES
Ophthalmic Maxillary Mandibular• Nerve branch to top
1/3 of face; divides into:• Supraorbital• Supratrochlear• Nasal
• Nerve branch to middle 1/3 of face; divides into:• Zygomatic• Infraorbital
• Nerve branch to bottom 1/3 of face; divides into:• Auriculo temporal• Mental
THE FACIAL NERVE
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | FACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES
Facial Nerve (Seventh Cranial): primary motor nerve of the face• Emerges from brain at the lower part of ear• Has 6 branches of particular importance
• Posterior Auricular - extends to muscles behind and below ear• Temporal - extends to muscles of temple, side of forehead,
eyebrow, eyelid and upper cheek• Zygomatic - extends to upper muscles of cheek• Buccal - extends to muscles of mouth• Marginal Mandibular - extends to muscles of chin and lower lip• Cervical - extends to muscles on side of neck
• Other cervical nerves include• Greater Occipital – extends up the back of scalp to
top of head• Lesser Occipital – nerve extends into the muscles
at back of skull• Greater Auricular – extends into the side of neck
and external ear• Cervical – extends into the side and front of neck
to breastbone
THE FACIAL NERVE
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | FACE, HEAD AND NECK NERVES
4 primary nerves are mixed nervesARM AND HAND NERVES
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | ARM AND HAND NERVES
Ulnarextends down little
finger side of arm into palm of hand
Radialextends down thumb side of the arm into
back of hand
Medianextends down
mid-forearm into hand
Digitalextends into
fingers of hand
Nerves of the face, head and neck may be stimulated during facials and/or scalp massage to:• Stimulate sensitive nerve tissues• Relax tight muscles• Soothe fatigued muscles
NERVES AND MASSAGE
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | NERVES AND MASSAGE
• Responsible for all involuntary body functions• Operates the respiratory, digestive, circulatory, excretory,
endocrine and reproductive systems
THE AUTONOMIC (SYMPATHETIC) NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Breaks food down into simpler chemical compounds easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products1. Enzymes from salivary glands start
breaking down food2. Food travels down pharynx and
through esophagus3. Food is propelled into stomach
by twisting and turning of esophagus (peristalsis)
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
4. Food is broken down by hydrochloric acid and enzymes
5. Partially digested food passes from stomach into small intestine
6. Nutrients are absorbed by villi7. Undigested food passes into
large intestine
The entire digestive process takes about 9 hours
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste productsfrom the body
Organs of excretory system include:Skin
Liver
Kidneys
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Primary Functions• Intake of oxygen• Exhalation of carbon dioxide
Breathing through the nose is a healthier option than breathing through the mouth.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PRIMARY ORGANS
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lungs Process oxygen for absorption into
the blood and release carbon dioxide
DiaphragmExpands and contracts automatically, forcing air into and out of the lungs
• Regulates and controls growth, reproduction and health of the body; composed of ductless glands
• Manufactures hormones• Affects hair growth, skin conditions, energy levels
• Signs of fatigue or changes in hair growth may signal need for medical attention
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Responsible for process by which a living organism procreates others of its kind
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Composed of the skin and its layers
• Two primary glands• Sebaceous (Oil) Glands• Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS |THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
SELF-CHECK
1. Name two of the six cranial bones affected by a scalp massage.
________________________
________________________
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
On a sheet of paper numbered from 1-8, answer the following questions.
SELF-CHECK
2. Name three of the nine mouth muscles:
________________________
________________________
________________________
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
SELF-CHECK
3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body?
a. Plasma
b. Leukocytes
c. Thrombocytes
d. Red Blood Cells
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
SELF-CHECK
4. Name two of the four primary nerves found in the arm and hand.
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CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
SELF-CHECK
5. Where does food travel after it leaves the esophagus during the digestive process?
a. Pharynx
b. Stomach
c. Small Intestine
d. Salivary Glands
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
SELF-CHECK
6. Name two of the three organs of the excretory system.
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CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
SELF-CHECK
7. Name the two primary respiratory system organs.
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CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
SELF-CHECK
8. Name three things that the endocrine system directly affects.
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CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
SELF-CHECK
1. Name two of the six cranial bones affected by a scalp massage.
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CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
On a sheet of paper numbered from 1-8, answer the following questions.
FrontalParietal
Occipital
Temporal
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2. Name three of the nine mouth muscles:
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CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
Oris OrbicularisQuadratus Labii SuperiorisQuadratus Labii InferiorisMentalisRisoriusCaninusTriangularisZygomaticusBuccinator
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3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body?
a. Plasma
b. Leukocytes
c. Thrombocytes
d. Red Blood Cells
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
SELF-CHECK
4. Name two of the four primary nerves found in the arm and hand.
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CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
Digital
Radial
UlnarMedian
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5. Where does food travel after it leaves the esophagus during the digestive process?
a. Pharynx
b. Stomach
c. Small Intestine
d. Salivary Glands
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
SELF-CHECK
6. Name two of the three organs of the excretory system.
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CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
SkinLiverKidneys
SELF-CHECK
7. Name the two primary respiratory system organs.
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CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
Lungs
Diaphragm
SELF-CHECK
8. Name three things that the endocrine system directly affects.
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CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | SELF-CHECK
Hair Growth
Skin Conditions
Energy Levels
FACE THE FACTSTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM Composed of 206 bones, the skeletal system is the
physical foundation of the body The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal
organs, provides a frame for muscles, and allows for body movement
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | FACE THE FACTS
FACE THE FACTSTHE MUSCULAR SYSTEM There are more than 500 large and small muscles
in the body, composing approximately 40% of the body’s weight
The muscular system supports the skeleton, produces body movements, contours the body and helps other body systems function
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | FACE THE FACTS
FACE THE FACTSTHE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Primary components of the nervous system include the
brain, spinal cord, and nerves The study of the nervous system is called neurology
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | FACE THE FACTS
FACE THE FACTSTHE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system breaks food down into simpler
chemical compounds that can be easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM The excretory system eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous
waste products from the body
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | FACE THE FACTS
FACE THE FACTSTHE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of
oxygen to be absorbed into the blood and the exhalation of carbon dioxide
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrine system is composed of a group of
specialized ductless glands that regulate and control the growth, reproduction and health of the body
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | BASIC BODY SYSTEMS | FACE THE FACTS
LESSONS LEARNED The building blocks of the human body include cells that
make up tissues, tissues that make up organs and organs that make up systems
The skeletal system supports the body, surrounds and protects internal organs, provides a frame to which muscles can attach and allows body movement
The muscular system supports the skeleton, produces body movements, contours the body and aids in the functions of other body systems
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | LESSONS LEARNED
LESSONS LEARNED The circulatory system controls the circulation of
blood and lymph through the body The nervous system coordinates and controls the
overall operation of the human body by receiving and interpreting stimuli and sending messages away from the nerve cells to the appropriate tissues, muscles and organs
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | LESSONS LEARNED
SELF-TEST
CHAPTER 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | SELF-TEST