CHAPTER 26 COLD WAR CONFLICTS. What was the Cold War? Conflict between the superpowers of the U.S....
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Transcript of CHAPTER 26 COLD WAR CONFLICTS. What was the Cold War? Conflict between the superpowers of the U.S....
![Page 1: CHAPTER 26 COLD WAR CONFLICTS. What was the Cold War? Conflict between the superpowers of the U.S. and USSR. Democracy v. Communism From 1945-1989 After.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697c0281a28abf838cd68f6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHAPTER 26
COLD WAR CONFLICTS
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What was the Cold War?
• Conflict between the superpowers of the U.S. and USSR.
• Democracy v. Communism
• From 1945-1989 After World War II to Fall of Berlin Wall)
• Examples: Berlin, Cuba, Korean War and Vietnam War
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What was the United Nations?
• 1945- new organization created to keep the peace.
• 50 nations were involved.
• Eleanor Roosevelt was active in its beginnings.
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What was the Potsdam Conference?
• Meeting of Churchill, Stalin, and Truman outside of Berlin in July 1945.
• Stalin made clear his ideas for the spread of Communism into Eastern Europe.
• Truman was sure the next conflict would be with the Soviets.
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What were satellite nations?
• Communist governments on Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland.
• Controlled by Soviet Union.
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What was the U.S. policy of containment?
• Policy of George F. Kennan that many Presidents will follow.
• Prevent the spread of communism throughout the world.
• Examples: Berlin, Cuba, Korea, Vietnam
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What was the Iron Curtain?
• Statement by Winston Churchill
• Stood for the division of Western European democracies and Eastern European communist nations.
• Berlin Wall will be built in the 1960’s.
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What was the Truman Doctrine (1947)?
• Truman declared that the policy of the U.S. was to support free people against communism.
• Gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey to prevent communism
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What was the Marshall Plan (1947)?
• 16 Western European countries received $13 billion in aid from the U.S. (Secretary of State George C. Marshall)
• Provided basic needs like food and clothing
• Showed America was generous and promoted democracy.
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What was the crisis in Berlin (1948-49)?
• Stalin blockaded all goods from entering the Allied section of Berlin.
• Truman responded with the Berlin Airlift for 327 days until Stalin lifted the blockade.
• Giving supplies to those in West Berlin
• Close to war.
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What was NATO (1949)?
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization created as a military alliance of democratic nations.
• Kept a standing military force of 500,000 troops.
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What was the Warsaw Pact (1949)?
• Alliance of Communist nation in opposition to NATO led by the Soviet Union.
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What was happening in China?
• The U.S. supported government of Chiang Kai Shek is overthrown by the Communists Mao Zedong in 1949.
• Chiang Kai Shek flees to Taiwan.
• U.S. does not recognize Communist China.
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What was the Korean War?• North Korea (Communist
nation supported by China) invades South Korea (Democracy supported by U.S.)
• United Nations supported war (led mostly by Americans) fights N. Koreans from 1950-53.
• Stalemate at 38th parallel.
• Korea still divided today!
• Over 50,000 Americans die in the Forgotten War.
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Why was Douglas MacArthur fired?
• Disagreed openly with Truman.
• MacArthur wanted to expand Korean War into China and use nuclear weapons.
• Truman wanted to stick to the policy of containment.
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What was the House of Un-American Committee (HUAC)?
• Set up to investigate suspected Communists in America.(Started 1947)
• Fear that America would be taken over by Communist spies.
• Investigated all people including those in Hollywood.
• Hollywood Ten- refused to answer government?’s
• Blacklist- not allowed to work.
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Who were the spies?
• Alger Hiss- accused of spying for Soviet Union.
• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- accused of passing atomic secrets to Soviets. Sentenced to death.
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What was McCarthyism?
• Led by Senator Joseph McCarthy as a witch hunt for communists in America.
• “Are you or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?”
• Naming names of friends• Late 1940’s-1950’s• Inspiration for Arthur
Miller’s The Crucible
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What was the H bomb?
• 67 times more powerful than the bombs used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• U.S. developed first one in 1952 and a few months later Soviets develop weapon.
• Fear that Soviets will attack America with nuclear weapons.
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What was the policy of brinkmanship?
• Willingness to go to the edge of nuclear war and then backing down.
• Policy of John Foster Dulles
• Used by President Eisenhower
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What was the CIA?
• Central Intelligence Agency
• Used spies to gather information and carry out secret covert actions to overthrow governments.
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What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?
• U.S. would defend the Middle East against attack by any communist country.
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Who was Nikita Khruschev?
• Leader of Soviet Unionafter Stalin’s death from 1953- thru the 1960’s.
• Sputnik- Soviet’s launch first artificial satellite.
• America responded by investing more in science and math education.
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What was the U-2 Incident?
• U.S. spy plane flown by Francis Gary Powers was shot down.
• Increased Cold War tensions
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What was the GI Bill of Rights?
• Guaranteed WW II veterans education, low cost mortgages, and unemployment benefits.
• Created a new middle class with great opportunities.
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Where were WW II veterans living?
• Suburbs- residential communities outside of major cities.
• Levittown- standardized homes built with the assembly line method.
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What was the economy like in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s?• Boom in Consumer
goods• Largest economic
expansion in U.S. history
• Home ownership is part of the American Dream
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What were the issues of domestic policy in Harry S. Truman’s
presidency?• Supported Civil Rights
with the integration of the federal government and the military.
• Fair Deal• “The Buck Stops Here”• Faces strikes• Faced opposition from the
Dixiecrats- opposed to Truman’s integration policies.
• Barely wins 1948 election.
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Who was Jackie Robinson?
• 1947- First African American to play in the Major Leagues
• Faced discrimination and death threats daily.
• Became a successful businessman also.
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What were conglomerates?
• Major corporation that includes a number of smaller companies in unrelated industries.
• Examples are Xerox and General Electric
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What is a franchise?
• Company that offers similar products and service in many locations.
• The birth of fast food- McDonalds
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What was the baby boom?
• From the late 1940’s to late 1950’s- 40 million Americans were born.
• Lived in suburbs and are affecting us today with the Social Security crisis.
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What were the advances in medicine and child care?
• Dr. Jonas Salk- polio vaccine
• Dr. Benjamin Spock- Books on child care
• Schools were being built at a very high rate to keep up with baby boomers.
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What was life like for women?
• Homemaker was shown in magazines, films, and TV.
• More than 20% of women were dissatisfied with their lives.
• 97% of women were married.
• Only female jobs available: teaching, nursing, secretarial work.
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What did people do in the leisure time?
• Owned more products like washing machines and dishwashers.
• Sports• TV• Reading magazines
and books
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How was the automobile important in the 1950’s?
• Inexpensive gas• Cars symbolized
people’s personality.• Interstate Highway
System- Eisenhower• Leads to traffic and
overcrowding.• Drive In culture
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What is consumerism?
• Buying material goods to show success.
• New technology- household products, record players, swimming pools, and cars.
• Buying on credit
• Keeping Up With the Jones’
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What is planned obsolescence?
• Products are designed to go out of date in a short period of time.
• Keeps customers buying new products.
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What forms of entertainment were important?
• TV (I Love Lucy, Ozzie and Harriet, Gunsmoke, Howdy Doody)
• Everything was for a family audience.
• Movies: Actors like James Dean and Marilyn Monroe
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What was the beat movement?
• Rejected the materialism and consumerism of the 1950’s.
• Forerunners of hippie movement
• Jack Kerouac On the Road
• Alan Ginsberg Howl
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Who were the leaders of early rock n’ roll?
• Started in African American community and considered the “devil’s music”
• Chuck Berry• Elvis Presley• Billy Haley and the
Comets• Jerry Lee Lewis