THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR

READINGS: SPODEK, PP. 725-READINGS: SPODEK, PP. 725-803803

WHAT WAS THE COLD WAR?WHAT WAS THE COLD WAR? Undeclared War Undeclared War

between Two between Two SuperpowersSuperpowers• United StatesUnited States

DemocracyDemocracy CapitalismCapitalism

• Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) CommunismCommunism

Theatres of Battle:Theatres of Battle:• Proxy warsProxy wars in other in other

countriescountries• Nuclear Arms RaceNuclear Arms Race• Space RaceSpace Race• Economic CompetitionEconomic Competition

KOREAN PROBLEMSKOREAN PROBLEMS End of World War II:End of World War II: North Korea (Soviet Zone):North Korea (Soviet Zone):

• Soviets turn North Korea Soviets turn North Korea into militarized Communist into militarized Communist State under Kim Il-SungState under Kim Il-Sung

South Korea (U.S. Zone):South Korea (U.S. Zone):• Korean’s Create “People’s Korean’s Create “People’s

Republic”Republic” U.S. refuses recognitionU.S. refuses recognition

• Economy so tied into Economy so tied into Japan’s not sure want to Japan’s not sure want to separate itseparate it

• Don’t want to give land Don’t want to give land confiscated by Japanese confiscated by Japanese back to Koreansback to Koreans

• Reluctantly agreed to Reluctantly agreed to back South Korea as back South Korea as United NationsUnited Nations recommended Korea’s recommended Korea’s independenceindependence

NORTH KOREANORTH KOREA Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

• Born into Christian Born into Christian familyfamily

• Organized anti-Organized anti-Japanese resistance Japanese resistance movement from USSR movement from USSR in 1930sin 1930s

• Proclaimed “People’s Proclaimed “People’s Democratic Republic” Democratic Republic” (September 9, 1948)(September 9, 1948)

• Institutionalized Institutionalized dictatorship modeled on dictatorship modeled on Stalin’sStalin’s

Repressed/killed Repressed/killed thousands and created thousands and created a a police statepolice state

SOUTH KOREASOUTH KOREA Rhee SyngmanRhee Syngman

• Nationalist and Nationalist and ChristianChristian

• Politically conservativePolitically conservative• Spent many years in Spent many years in

the U.S.the U.S.• Unpopular with many Unpopular with many

non-Christiansnon-Christians• Unpopular with Koreans Unpopular with Koreans

opposed to U.S. opposed to U.S. influenceinfluence

Led to leftist Led to leftist movementsmovements

• He imprisoned He imprisoned thousands and thousands and created created police statepolice state

KOREAN WAR (1950-1953)KOREAN WAR (1950-1953) Both Koreas wanted Reunification – Both Koreas wanted Reunification –

with force if necessarywith force if necessary United Nations passed resolution in United Nations passed resolution in

favor of democratic unified Koreafavor of democratic unified Korea North Korea (with Soviet and Chinese North Korea (with Soviet and Chinese

support) invaded South Korea (June support) invaded South Korea (June 25, 1950)25, 1950)• U.S. General Douglas MacArthur U.S. General Douglas MacArthur

ordered ordered U.N. invasionU.N. invasion of North of North Korea Korea

With the successful invasion of With the successful invasion of North Korea, MacArthur North Korea, MacArthur wanted to push into Chinawanted to push into China

• Threatened by U.N./U.S. invasion, Threatened by U.N./U.S. invasion, China supported North Korean China supported North Korean Advance into South KoreaAdvance into South Korea

With stalemate, armistice signed With stalemate, armistice signed restoring division at 38restoring division at 38thth Parallel (June Parallel (June 27, 1953)27, 1953)

• North Korea: one of poorest nations North Korea: one of poorest nations in the world today under Kim Il-in the world today under Kim Il-JongJong

• South Korea: One of Asia’s South Korea: One of Asia’s “Little “Little Tigers” Tigers”

THE CHINESE REVOLUTIONTHE CHINESE REVOLUTION

Sun Yat-sen – Sun Yat-sen – Father of Modern Father of Modern China? (Elected China? (Elected President Dec. 30, President Dec. 30, 1911)1911)

May 4May 4thth Movement Movement (May 4, 1919)(May 4, 1919)

1920 – 1949 Civil 1920 – 1949 Civil War between War between Nationalists and Nationalists and CommunistsCommunists

CHINESE NATIONALISTSCHINESE NATIONALISTS

Kuomintang (KMT)Kuomintang (KMT) Under leadership of Chiang Under leadership of Chiang

Kai-shekKai-shek• Allied with Shanghai business Allied with Shanghai business

communitycommunity Formed United Front with Formed United Front with

Chinese Communists to unify Chinese Communists to unify country between 1926 and country between 1926 and 19281928

1928 - Expelled communists 1928 - Expelled communists and killed thousandsand killed thousands

Chiang ran the Republic of Chiang ran the Republic of China from 1928-1937 from China from 1928-1937 from Capital in NanjingCapital in Nanjing

Attempted to modernize Attempted to modernize China along western linesChina along western lines• Received significant public Received significant public

and private aid from the and private aid from the United StatesUnited States

CHINESE COMMUNISTSCHINESE COMMUNISTS Mao ZedongMao Zedong

• Peasant who saw Peasant who saw base of Communists base of Communists in Peasantryin Peasantry

• Used violence to Used violence to redistribute propertyredistribute property

1935 – “Long 1935 – “Long March” with March” with 100,000 soldiers100,000 soldiers• Fought 6,000 miles Fought 6,000 miles

on footon foot• Moved into Northern Moved into Northern

Shensi ProvinceShensi Province• Set up Headquarters Set up Headquarters

in Yenan - 1936in Yenan - 1936

JAPANESE INVASION OF CHINA, 1937JAPANESE INVASION OF CHINA, 1937

Communists and Communists and Nationalists form Nationalists form uneasy front against uneasy front against JapanJapan

Communists build up Communists build up peasant support in peasant support in Northern ChinaNorthern China

Communists build Communists build mass-based partymass-based party

Communists foster Communists foster cult of cult of people/peasantspeople/peasants

END OF WORLD WAR II IN CHINAEND OF WORLD WAR II IN CHINA

U.S. wants Nationalists and U.S. wants Nationalists and Communists to form coalition Communists to form coalition governmentgovernment• Nationalists refuseNationalists refuse

Have more U.S. weaponsHave more U.S. weapons Thought could easily Thought could easily

defeat CCPdefeat CCP Had no causeHad no cause Had no economic programHad no economic program Many KMT generals Many KMT generals

warlords who fought each warlords who fought each other for territoryother for territory

CHINESE CIVIL WAR, 1946-1949CHINESE CIVIL WAR, 1946-1949

Communists had Communists had millions of peasants, millions of peasants, few weaponsfew weapons

Gradually defeated Gradually defeated KMT KMT • Confiscated weaponsConfiscated weapons

October 1, 1949, October 1, 1949, victorious Mao victorious Mao proclaims proclaims “The “The People’s Republic of People’s Republic of China”China”

Chiang Kai-Shek, KMT Chiang Kai-Shek, KMT flee to flee to TaiwanTaiwan

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 1949-1957PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 1949-1957

Communists Communists consolidate powerconsolidate power

Economy a disaster at Economy a disaster at end of warend of war• Rebuilt it rapidly with Rebuilt it rapidly with

Soviet assistance, but Soviet assistance, but still backwardstill backward

• Collectivized agricultureCollectivized agriculture• Tried to industrialize Tried to industrialize

along Soviet linesalong Soviet lines Failed – too backwardFailed – too backward

““Great Leap Forward” - 1958Great Leap Forward” - 1958 Urban population up Urban population up

30% 1952-195730% 1952-1957• Grain production Grain production

stagnantstagnant Mao solution – Mao solution –

industrialize on the industrialize on the collectivescollectives• Put factories in rural Put factories in rural

areasareas• Worked at firstWorked at first• Failed without Soviet Failed without Soviet

AssistanceAssistance 1959 1959 Huge FamineHuge Famine

““THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION” 1960-1978THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION” 1960-1978

Famine challenged Famine challenged communist mythscommunist myths• Peasants, workers Peasants, workers

turned against Mao and turned against Mao and the CCPthe CCP

The Cultural The Cultural RevolutionRevolution• Reeducate massesReeducate masses

Universities closedUniversities closed Dissidents attackedDissidents attacked Millions killed, tortured, Millions killed, tortured,

imprisonedimprisoned Only ended with Mao’s Only ended with Mao’s

DeathDeath

U.S. AND CHINAU.S. AND CHINA Both Chiang Kai-Shek and Both Chiang Kai-Shek and

Mao Zedong committed to Mao Zedong committed to “One China”“One China”

Before 1971, U.S. recognized Before 1971, U.S. recognized Nationalist Taiwan as “official” Nationalist Taiwan as “official” ChinaChina

July 1971 – President Richard July 1971 – President Richard Nixon sends Henry Kissinger Nixon sends Henry Kissinger to Chinato China

October 1971, Taiwan Kicked October 1971, Taiwan Kicked out of U.N., “People’s Republic out of U.N., “People’s Republic of China” brought inof China” brought in

May 1973 – Chinese and U.S. May 1973 – Chinese and U.S. “normalize” all relations“normalize” all relations• Nixon agrees Taiwan should Nixon agrees Taiwan should

be reunified with Chinabe reunified with China January 1, 1979 President January 1, 1979 President

Jimmy Carter recognizes Jimmy Carter recognizes “People’s Republic of China” “People’s Republic of China” as “official” government of as “official” government of ChinaChina

CHINA UNDER DENG XIOAPING (1978-1997)CHINA UNDER DENG XIOAPING (1978-1997)

Under Deng Xioping, Under Deng Xioping, China moves rapidly in China moves rapidly in a capitalist directiona capitalist direction• Encourages trade, Encourages trade,

especially with the U.S.especially with the U.S. Limited Democracy – Limited Democracy –

much official much official repressionrepression

Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square MassacreMassacre• Brings tanks in to fire Brings tanks in to fire

on students protesting on students protesting for Democracy, Liberal for Democracy, Liberal ideals of French and ideals of French and American Revolution American Revolution

CONTEMPORARY CHINACONTEMPORARY CHINA

With Baoding English ClassWith Baoding English Class

CHALLENGES CHINA FACESCHALLENGES CHINA FACES

TAIWANTAIWAN

Island largely populated by Malay Island largely populated by Malay peoplespeoples

Taiwan only annexed by Qing Taiwan only annexed by Qing Dynasty in 17Dynasty in 17thth Century Century• Encourage Chinese migrationEncourage Chinese migration

1894/1910 Taiwan becomes 1894/1910 Taiwan becomes Japanese ColonyJapanese Colony• Fostered IndustrializationFostered Industrialization• Fostered Mass EducationFostered Mass Education

1944 – 71% Chinese Literate1944 – 71% Chinese Literate• Only 10% Literate in Dutch East Only 10% Literate in Dutch East

Indies and French IndochinaIndies and French Indochina

• Restricted Taiwanese university Restricted Taiwanese university educationeducation

• Allowed Taiwanese farmers to Allowed Taiwanese farmers to own landown land

Main Point: Taiwan’s 20Main Point: Taiwan’s 20thth Century History very different Century History very different from that of Mainland Chinafrom that of Mainland China

END OF WORLD WAR IIEND OF WORLD WAR II

Taiwan Reunified Taiwan Reunified with Chinawith China• KMT ruled Taiwan KMT ruled Taiwan

as conquered as conquered colonycolony

• Taiwanese Taiwanese Rebellion 1947 Rebellion 1947

10,000 Taiwanese 10,000 Taiwanese killedkilled

DEFEAT OF KMT - 1949DEFEAT OF KMT - 1949 Communists defeat Communists defeat

Nationalists (KMT) in Nationalists (KMT) in Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

Chiang Kai-shek and 2 Chiang Kai-shek and 2 million KMT soldiers million KMT soldiers flee to Taiwanflee to Taiwan• Brutally chase Brutally chase

Taiwanese out of Taiwanese out of homes, factories, landhomes, factories, land

• Thousands more killedThousands more killed• Taiwanese believe Taiwanese believe

Chinese Nationalists Chinese Nationalists worse than Japaneseworse than Japanese

UNITED STATES AND TAIWANUNITED STATES AND TAIWAN 1949 - U.S. recognizes 1949 - U.S. recognizes

Taiwan as “true” Taiwan as “true” ChinaChina• Taiwan admitted to Taiwan admitted to

United NationsUnited Nations Taiwan grew Taiwan grew

economicallyeconomically The KMT dictatorship The KMT dictatorship

morphs into morphs into democracydemocracy

U.S. invested capitalU.S. invested capital U.S. provided military U.S. provided military

supportsupport

IS TAIWAN A SEPARATE NATION OR IS TAIWAN A SEPARATE NATION OR A PROVINCE OF CHINA?A PROVINCE OF CHINA?

Improved U.S. Relations with Mao -> Improved U.S. Relations with Mao -> Taiwan no longer recognizedTaiwan no longer recognized

• Tensions persist between China and Tensions persist between China and TaiwanTaiwan

Lee Teng-hui – member of KMT – first Lee Teng-hui – member of KMT – first elected President of Taiwan 1996elected President of Taiwan 1996

• Proclaims Taiwan will deal with Proclaims Taiwan will deal with mainland China on the basis of mainland China on the basis of “special “special state-to-state relations”state-to-state relations”

China rejects China rejects “two-state theory”“two-state theory”• Chen Shui-bian, head of Democratic Chen Shui-bian, head of Democratic

Progressive Party, native Taiwanese Progressive Party, native Taiwanese elected President March 2000elected President March 2000

Platform calls for Platform calls for Independent TaiwanIndependent Taiwan First victory of native Taiwanese over KMTFirst victory of native Taiwanese over KMT

Significant and often escalating Significant and often escalating tensions between China and Taiwantensions between China and Taiwan

Ma-Ying-Jeou, ardent KMT, becomes Ma-Ying-Jeou, ardent KMT, becomes President in March 2008President in March 2008

IS ONE CHINA POSSIBLE?IS ONE CHINA POSSIBLE? President Bush stands firm on President Bush stands firm on

U.S. Commitment to “One U.S. Commitment to “One China” but…China” but…• Taiwan very democratic, little Taiwan very democratic, little

democracy in Chinademocracy in China• 1992: China’s per capita GNP 1992: China’s per capita GNP

$560.00, Taiwan’s $9,300$560.00, Taiwan’s $9,300• 2006: China’s per capita GNP 2006: China’s per capita GNP

$7,700,$7,700,• Taiwan’s $29,000 Taiwan’s $29,000 • U.S. ignores many human U.S. ignores many human

rights abuses in China, but…rights abuses in China, but… China has 3China has 3rdrd largest economy largest economy

in the worldin the world U.S. has many economic U.S. has many economic

interests in both Taiwan and interests in both Taiwan and ChinaChina

Much of Chinese investment Much of Chinese investment comes from Taiwanese comes from Taiwanese

VIETNAMVIETNAM

Under French Under French colonial control colonial control from 1880sfrom 1880s• Created plantation Created plantation

economy in hands economy in hands of Frenchof French

Destroyed Destroyed Vietnamese familiesVietnamese families

Took Vietnamese Took Vietnamese landland

Used Vietnamese as Used Vietnamese as forced laborersforced laborers

Much resentmentMuch resentment

Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh One of Many Vietnamese One of Many Vietnamese

nationalists opposed to nationalists opposed to French ruleFrench rule

Went to Paris seeking Went to Paris seeking national self-determination national self-determination for Vietnam in 1919-1920for Vietnam in 1919-1920• No one would talk to himNo one would talk to him

Founded French Founded French Communist PartyCommunist Party

Studied in the Soviet UnionStudied in the Soviet Union Launched nationalist Launched nationalist

uprisings from China in uprisings from China in 1930s1930s• French put down uprisings, French put down uprisings,

killing thousandskilling thousands• Had little influence in Had little influence in

countrycountry

JAPANESE ACQUIRE VIETNAMJAPANESE ACQUIRE VIETNAM Germans make France Germans make France

give Vietnam to Japan give Vietnam to Japan 19401940

When obvious would lose, When obvious would lose, Japanese attacked French Japanese attacked French in Vietnamin Vietnam

U.S. supports Ho Chi Minh, U.S. supports Ho Chi Minh, who creates Viet Minh to who creates Viet Minh to liberate Vietnamliberate Vietnam

General Vo Nguyen Giap General Vo Nguyen Giap occupies Hanoi after occupies Hanoi after Japanese surrenderJapanese surrender• Proclaims Provisional Proclaims Provisional

Government with Ho Chi Government with Ho Chi Minh as PresidentMinh as President

Ho Chi Minh proclaims Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Democratic Republic of Vietnam – September 2, Vietnam – September 2, 19451945

VIETNAMESE WAR AGAINST THE VIETNAMESE WAR AGAINST THE FRENCHFRENCH

French insist on French insist on keeping Vietnam keeping Vietnam leading to war 1946-leading to war 1946-19541954

Ho Chi Minh controls Ho Chi Minh controls NorthNorth

French create puppet French create puppet regime under Bao Dai, regime under Bao Dai, last of Nguyen last of Nguyen emperors in Southemperors in South

War with France ends War with France ends when Vietnamese when Vietnamese devastate French devastate French troops in Battle of troops in Battle of Dien Bien Phu - 1954Dien Bien Phu - 1954

THE VIETNAM WARTHE VIETNAM WAR Geneva Conference Geneva Conference

• U.S. originally backed Ho Chi U.S. originally backed Ho Chi Minh, but scared by Minh, but scared by development of Communism development of Communism in Korea and Chinain Korea and China

““The Domino Theory”The Domino Theory” Recognized French Recognized French

government of Bao Daigovernment of Bao Dai Gave government $4 billion in Gave government $4 billion in

aid 1950-1954aid 1950-1954• Now U.S. backed division of Now U.S. backed division of

country at 17country at 17thth Parallel Parallel Ho Chi Minh controlled NorthHo Chi Minh controlled North Ngo Dinh Diem backed by Ngo Dinh Diem backed by

U.S. controlled the Republic of U.S. controlled the Republic of Vietnam in the SouthVietnam in the South

Soviets and China sent Soviets and China sent material aid but no soldiers to material aid but no soldiers to North VietnamNorth Vietnam

U.S. sent half a million U.S. sent half a million soldiers to South by 1969soldiers to South by 1969

DEFEAT OF SOUTH VIETNAMDEFEAT OF SOUTH VIETNAM South difficult to governSouth difficult to govern

• Multiethnic Multiethnic • Divisions between Buddhists and Divisions between Buddhists and

CatholicsCatholics• Corruption in GovernmentCorruption in Government• Ho Chi Minh sometimes popular as Ho Chi Minh sometimes popular as

nationalistnationalist Terrain difficultTerrain difficult

• U.S. dropped more tons of bombs U.S. dropped more tons of bombs on Vietnam than they did on Japan on Vietnam than they did on Japan in World War IIin World War II

• U.S. used napalm to destroy U.S. used napalm to destroy foliagefoliage

Atrocities led much U.S. public Atrocities led much U.S. public opinion against war, many opinion against war, many demonstrationsdemonstrations

U.S. withdraws after much protest U.S. withdraws after much protest – 1973– 1973• Two years later, Saigon fallsTwo years later, Saigon falls• Vietnam becomes CommunistVietnam becomes Communist• Those who could, leftThose who could, left• Vietnam communist, but moving Vietnam communist, but moving

in Capitalist direction like Chinain Capitalist direction like China• Still one of poorest countries in Still one of poorest countries in

AsiaAsia