CHAPTER

� A Russian icon, thearchangel Michael

The spires of St. �

Basil’s Cathedral,Moscow

23The EasternSlavs500 A.D.–1035 A.D.

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES346

500 A.D.Eastern Slavs settlenear the Volga River

988 A.D.Kievan Rus adoptsEastern Orthodoxy

1147 A.D.Moscow is

founded

1240 A.D.Mongols invadeeastern Europe

1552 A.D.Ivan the Terrible

leads armies againstthe Mongols

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Terms to Learnizbasboyarsvechekhankremlinczar

People to KnowRurikVladimir IIvan the GreatIvan the Terrible

Places to LocateVolga RiverKievDnieper RiverMoscow

SECTION 1 Early Eastern SlavsAbout 500 A.D., a group of Eastern Slavs began to move

eastward toward the Volga (vol’ guh) River. They were huntersand farmers who were the ancestors of Ukrainians, Belarussians,and Russians. They settled in villages made up of about 25 relat-ed families. Each family owned a house that was built partlyunderground to provide warmth during the cold winter months.The land, animals, tools, and seed belonged to the village.

The oldest male governed the village with the help of acouncil. He assigned villagers different farming tasks and judgedquarrels. During attacks, he acted as military leader.

By the 600s, the Eastern Slavs controlled all the land as fareast as the Volga River. To clear this heavily forested land forfarming, farmers used a method called slash-and-burn. They cut

Why It’s Important North of the Byzantine Empire lived a peo-ple that historians today call Slavs. All that is known abouttheir origins is that they were Indo-Europeans, like the Aryanswho entered the Indus Valley and the Dorians who conqueredthe Mycenaeans. About 500 A.D., the Slavs began to developwell-organized settlements in eastern Europe in the areas nowknown as eastern Poland and western Ukraine.

Chapter FocusRead to Discover

• What life was like for the earliest Eastern Slavs.• How early Rus states developed around Kiev.• How Eastern Christianity influenced the people of Rus.• What changes the Mongols brought about in Rus life.• How Moscow became powerful.• How the czars affected life in Muscovy.

347CHAPTER 23 THE EASTERN SLAVS

Chapter OverviewVisit the Human Heritage Web siteat humanheritage.glencoe.comand click on Chapter 23—Chapter Overviews to previewthis chapter.

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down trees, which they burned for fertilizer. On the cleared land,they planted crops such as barley, rye, and flax. After a few years,when the wood fertilizer in the soil had been used up, thefarmers moved to a new place. There, they repeated the process.

The forests provided the East Slavs with all the timber theyneeded. The East Slavs soon became skilled in building withwood. They made musical instruments out of wood and usedlogs to make boats and izbas (uhz bahs’). An izba was a one-room log cabin with a gabled roof and wooden window frames.The whole family lived, worked, ate, and slept in the singleroom. Although each izba had a fireplace, some did not have achimney. Smoke from fires had to escape through shutters thatcovered the windows.

The villagers worshiped many gods and honored nature,spirits, and ancestors. The most popular gods were Volos (vo’ los),who protected cattle and sheep; Perun (par’ uhn), the god ofthunder and lightning; and the Great Mother, the goddess of theland and harvest. The people built wooden images of theirfavorite gods on the highest ground outside the villages.

There were many slow-moving rivers in the area west of theVolga. At first, the East Slavs used them as roads between theirvillages. Before long, they began using them for trade as well.They set up a trade route that ran from the Baltic Sea in the northto the Caspian Sea in the south.

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

RUS CABIN Houses in early Rus towns and villages were made of wood fromthe surrounding thick forests. Here, a modern Russian cabin is shown that is a goodexample of decorative styles passed on from early Rus artisans. What was the insideof an izba, or Rus log cabin, like?

Slavic Peoples Descen-dants of the West Slavsinclude the people ofPoland, the Czech Republic,and Slovakia. Descendantsof the South Slavs includeSerbs, Croats, Slovenes, and Bosnians. Most WestSlavs follow the RomanCatholic Church. SouthSlavs generally follow East-ern Orthodox Christianity,except for those Bosnianswho follow Islam.

Reading Check What did East-

ern Slavic izbas looklike?

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Drawing of Rus Sled

CHAPTER 23 THE EASTERN SLAVS

By the end of the 800s, the East Slavs had built many tradingtowns along the riverbanks. During the five months of winter,merchants who lived in the towns gathered furs, honey, andother forest products from the people in neighboring villages. Inspring, when the ice on the rivers had melted, the merchantsloaded their goods on boats and floated south to Byzantium.There, they traded their goods for cloth, wine, weapons, and jew-elry. Trade helped the East Slavs to live more comfortably and todevelop their civilization.

The Eastern Slavs, to protect their trade route, relied onViking warriors from Scandinavia. These men were known asVarangians, and the route was called the Varangian Route or theroute from the Varangians to the Greeks. Eventually, theVarangians became part of the larger Slav population.

SECTION 2 Kievan RusIn 862, a Varangian named Rurik became the prince of Nov-

gorod (nahv’ guh rahd), a northern town on the East Slav tradingroute. About 20 years later, Rurik’s Varangian friend Oleg (o’ leg)established the state of Kievan Rus. The term “Rus” meant “war-rior band.” He set up his capital at Kiev (ke ev’).

Kiev stood on a group of hills overlooking the main bend inthe Dnieper (ne’ puhr) River. It was the southernmost town onthe Varangian trading route. Whoever ruled Kiev controlledtrade with Byzantium. Kiev also lay close to where the Ukraineforest turned into a steppe (step), or grassland. For hundreds ofyears, this steppe had served central Asian warriors as a high-way into Europe. Because of this, Kiev was in a good location toprotect merchant ships from attack.

The Kievan Rus state that Oleg established was really agroup of small territories. The main ruler was the Grand Princeof Kiev. He was helped by local princes, rich merchants, and

Painting of Eastern Slav Warriors

Section 1 Assessment 1. Define: izbas.2. How were early Eastern Slavic villages

governed?3. Why were rivers important to the East-

ern Slavs?

Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences Why do you

think the Eastern Slavs chose the

Vikings to protect their trade routes?

Graphic Organizer Activity5. Draw this diagram, and use it to show

details about early Eastern Slavic life.

Eastern SlavicLife

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boyars (bo yahrs’), or landowning nobles. The Grand Princecollected tribute from the local princes who in turn collected itfrom the people in their territories.

A veche (ve’ chuh), or assembly, handled the daily mattersof the towns. It did everything from settling business differencesto accepting or removing a prince. Any free man could call ameeting of the veche by ringing the town bell.

Vladimir I and the Eastern Orthodox Church One ofthe most important princes of Kiev was Vladimir I (vlad’ uh mer), a good soldier and a strong ruler. He spent the early years of hisreign expanding Kievan Rus territory. His armies pushed thecountry’s borders west into Poland and north along the stormyBaltic coast.

In 988, Vladimir chose Eastern, or Byzantine, Christianity asthe country’s official religion. The story is told about Vladimir’slong search for a new faith that would unite the people. Vladimirsent a number of people to other countries to observe different

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

Kievan Rus

Reading Check Who were the

boyars?What daily matterswere handled by theveche?

PLACES ANDREGIONS Alongwhat bodies of waterdid the VarangianRoute extend?

MAP STUDYMAP STUDY

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religions. Those sent were not impressed with what they saw inIslamic, Jewish, or Roman Catholic worship. Then, in Byzantium’sHagia Sophia, they saw Eastern Orthodox worship. They werestunned by its beauty. When they returned to Kievan Rus,Vladimir accepted Eastern Orthodoxy as the official religion.

The Eastern Orthodox Church brought Byzantine culture toKievan Rus. Priests from Byzantium taught the people religiousrituals and the art of painting icons. They learned to write theirlanguage in the Cyrillic alphabet. Sons of boyars and priests weresent to newly built schools. The look of Kievan Rus townschanged as stone churches with domes and arches rose amongthe wooden buildings. Monasteries appeared.

Eastern Orthodoxy gave the Kievan Rus people a sense ofbelonging to the civilized world. However, it separated them

RELIGIOUS LIFE Eastern Orthodoxy inspired art and architecture in KievanRus. These later Russian icons (left) closely resembled Byzantine examples. Stonechurches with ornate, tiled domes (right) were built in Rus towns. How did EasternOrthodoxy separate Kievan Rus from the culture of western Europe?

CHAPTER 23 THE EASTERN SLAVS

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from western Europe. Since Kievan scholars had books in theirown language, they had developed their own body of learningseparate from that of the West.

Yaroslav the Wise Another important ruler of early Ruswas Yaroslav (yuh ruh slahf’), son of Vladimir I. Yaroslav becamethe Grand Prince of Kiev in 1019, after a long struggle with hisbrothers. Yaroslav was very interested in learning. He invitedscholars from Byzantium to live in Kiev, and he was calledYaroslav the Wise.

Yaroslav encouraged artisans to practice their skills. Theartisans built magnificent brick churches covered with whiteplaster and decorated with gold. Artists covered the walls ofYaroslav’s palace in Kiev with scenes of music and hunting.

Under Yaroslav’s rule, Kievan Rus enjoyed a golden age ofpeace and prosperity. Kiev grew until the city was larger thaneither Paris or London. Yaroslav developed closer ties with west-ern Europe by family marriages.

Yaroslav also organized Kievan Rus laws based on old Slav-ic customs and Byzantine law. Under Yaroslav’s code, crimesagainst property were thought to be more serious than thoseagainst people. There was no death penalty. In fact, criminalsusually were not punished physically but had to pay a fine.

Decline of Kievan Rus Kievan Rus began to declinearound 1054. After Yaroslav’s death, the princes of Kiev began tofight over the throne. People from the steppe took advantage ofthis fighting and attacked Kievan Rus’s frontiers. This upset thetrade flow which meant the loss of Kiev’s major source ofwealth. Kievan Rus became more isolated. In 1169 Kiev wasattacked and plundered by Andrei Bogoliubsky, who wantedKiev destroyed. The area never recovered.

Gradually, Kievan Rus changed from a trading land of townsinto a farming land of peasants. To escape the invaders from thesteppe, many of its people fled to the north and settled in thedense forests along the upper Volga.

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

Fur-lined Crown

Pravda The Russian wordpravda means “truth,” butduring Yaroslav’s reign italso meant “justice.” TheKievan legal system thatYaroslav organized wascalled Russkaya Pravda. Inmodern times, the wordbecame familiar to theWest as the name of aMoscow newspaper.

Section 2 Assessment 1. Define: boyars, veche.2. Why was Kiev a good location to build

a city?3. How did the decline of Kiev affect the

area and people?

Critical Thinking4. Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment

How would you have felt about

Yaroslav’s code of laws and his ways topunish criminals? Explain.

Graphic Organizer Activity5. Draw this diagram, and use it to show

the causes and effects of Vladimir I’sacceptance of Eastern Orthodoxy as theofficial religion of Kievan Rus.

Causes Acceptance ofEastern Orthodoxy

Effects

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Easter Eggs The Eastern Orthodoxy prac-ticed by the Rus people included elements ofearly Eastern Slavic religions. Painted clayeggs (below) associated with springtimebecame the models for the eggs associatedwith the Christian festival of Easter. In the late1800s and early 1900s, Russian goldsmith CarlFaberge elevated these eggs into what arenow priceless works of art (right) housed inmuseums around the world. How did theMongol conquest strengthen the RusChurch?

353CHAPTER 23 THE EASTERN SLAVS

About 1240, a group of different but united tribes known asMongols (mon’ guhls) swept out of central Asia and took controlof Rus principalities, or states. They destroyed villages andtowns and killed many people. They made the Rus people paytribute to the khan (kahn), or Mongol leader. They also made theRus citizens serve in the Mongol armies.

The Church The Eastern Orthodox Church remainedstrong during the Mongol invasion. Priests continued to preachand to write. They encouraged the people to love their land andtheir religion.

During this time, monks began to found monasteries deepin the northern forests. They were followed by Rus farmerssearching for new land. Soon, towns and villages began to growup around the monasteries. Although the Mongol rule causedRus people to cling more to their religion, it also made themdistrustful of ideas and practices from other countries.

A Lone Cathedral Mon-gol invaders completelydestroyed Kiev. The onlybuilding left standing wasthe cathedral of SaintSophia, which contains thetomb of Yaroslav.

SECTION 3 The Mongol ConquestReading Check What duties did

the Rus people haveto perform for thekhan?

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The Mongol conquest somewhat isolated the Rus Churchfrom other Christian churches. Because of this, the Churchdeveloped local rituals and practices. This united the people andmade them proud of their own culture.

Daily Life Even under Mongol rule, differences betweenthe lives of the rich in Rus and the lives of peasants remained.The wealthy sometimes entertained guests with feasts of deerand wild pig. Peasants, on the other hand, rarely ate meat.Instead, they ate dark rye bread, cabbage, salted fish, and mush-rooms.

The few pleasures the peasants had came from visiting oneanother. They told stories that praised the brave deeds of theirwarriors and other heroes. The stories were passed from old toyoung and became part of the Rus heritage.

Common dress for peasant men was white tunics, wide linentrousers, and heavy shoes woven from long strips of tree bark.They tied rags around their legs and feet instead of stockings tokeep out the cold. Rich merchants and boyars wore tall fur hatsand caftans (kaf’ tanz), or long robes tied at the waist with a sash.

Rus women of all classes wore blouses or smocks, skirts, andlong shawls. On holidays, they added headdresses with decora-tions that indicated the region from which a woman came and ifshe was married.

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

Church Vestment

SECTION 4 The Rise of MoscowAt the time of the Mongol conquest, Moscow (mos’ ko), or

Muscovy, founded in 1147, was a small trading post on the roadfrom Kiev to the forests in the north. As more Rus people movednorth to escape the Mongols, many artisans settled in or nearMoscow’s kremlin (krem’ luhn), or fortress.

Section 3 Assessment 1. Define: khan.2. Where did the Mongols come from?3. What did the Mongols do to the Rus

people when they invaded Rus lands?

Critical Thinking4. Predicting Consequences How

might life have been different in theRus states if the Mongols had not con-quered these lands?

Graphic Organizer Activity5. Draw this diagram, and use it to com-

pare the lives of the rich and the livesof the peasants in Rus during Mongolrule.

BothRich Peasants

Reading Check What was the

kremlin?

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The princes of Moscow were bold and ambitious. Theylearned to cooperate with the Mongols and even recruitedMuscovy soldiers for the Mongol army. In return, the Mongolsgave the princes of Moscow the power to collect taxes through-out the country. If a Rus territory could not provide soldiers ortax money for the Mongols, Moscow’s princes took it over. In thisway, Moscow, the principality of Muscovy, began to expand.

As Moscow grew in size, it became stronger. The princespassed their thrones from father to son. Thus, there was nofighting over who the next ruler would be, and the peopleremained united.

The Muscovite metropolitan lived in Moscow. This created asecond center for the Eastern Orthodox Church outside of Kiev.The metropolitan blessed the princes for their efforts to makeMoscow a great city. The people obeyed the prince as a rulerchosen and protected by God.

Meanwhile, Mongol chiefs started fighting among them-selves. As a result, they grew weaker, while Moscow grewstronger. In 1380, an army formed by Dmitry (duh me’ tre), theprince of Moscow, attacked and defeated the Mongols. The Mon-gols still remained powerful but no longer were feared or obeyedas they had been in the past.

Ivan the Great In 1462, Ivan III (ı ’ vuhn), known as Ivanthe Great, became prince of Moscow. In 1480, he ended Mongolcontrol of Muscovy. He also expanded its boundaries to the northand west.

A few years before Mongol rule ended, Ivan married Sophia,a niece of the last Byzantine emperor. The Muscovite people feltthis marriage gave Ivan all the glory of past Byzantine emperors.The Church believed it meant that Moscow had taken Byzan-tium’s place as the center of Christianity.

Ivan began living in the style of the Byzantine emperors. Heused the two-headed eagle of Byzantium on his royal seal. Hebrought Italian architects to Moscow to build fine palaces andlarge cathedrals in the kremlin. He raised the huge walls that stillguard the kremlin. He called himself czar (zahr), or emperor. Thislater became the official title of the emperor.

Ivan died in 1505. By then, the people were convinced thattheir ruler should have full and unquestioned power over bothChurch and state.

Ivan the Terrible In 1533, Ivan IV, the three-year-oldgrandson of Ivan III, became czar of Muscovy. He was notcrowned until 1547, however. While he was growing up, acouncil of boyars governed the country for him. The boyars,however, wanted more power. To frighten Ivan into obeying

CHAPTER 23 THE EASTERN SLAVS

Painting of Ivan the Great

Reading Check What did the

official title of czarmean?

Student Web ActivityVisit the Human Heritage Web site athumanheritage.glencoe.comand click on Chapter 23—Student Web Activities to findout more about the history ofMoscow.

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Some mapsshow how a cer-tain countryexpanded and

changed its boundaries over time. Mapsthat show boundary changes are calledhistorical maps.

The map of “The Growth ofMoscow” below shows the changes inMoscow’s borders from 1300 to 1584.The color used to shade a certain areashows when that land became part ofMoscow. It also shows the exact locationof the land that was added. For exam-ple, green is the color used to show theland acquired by the time of Ivan IV’s

death. The shading on the map indicatesthat this land extended to the CaspianSea in the southeast and to the Black Seain the southwest.

Analyzing HistoricalMaps

Map Practice1. By what year did Moscow

include part of the Don River?2. By what year had Moscow

acquired territory bordering onthe Arctic Ocean?

3. Under which czar did Moscowcontrol the largest amount of territory?

356

The Growth of Moscow

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them, they began to mistreat him. Ivan came to hate theboyars. He did, however, adopt their cruel habits. By the timehe was a teenager, he was killing people just for going againsthis wishes.

When Ivan IV was 16 years old, he was crowned czar andbegan to rule in his own right. He ignored the boyars and turnedto merchants and close friends for advice. He gave his advisersgifts of land and jobs as officials. To make sure that the officials’country estates were farmed while the officials themselves werein Moscow with him, Ivan ordered peasants not to leave theirland. In this way, he took the first step in turning free peasantsinto serfs.

In 1552, Ivan led his armies against Mongol territories on theVolga. By this time, the Muscovites had learned the use of gun-powder from western Europe. The Mongols, however, stilldepended on bows and arrows. Within six years, Ivan conqueredmost of the Mongol territories. Muscovite settlers began tomove east. Some, called Cossacks (kos’ aks), began to farmalong the Volga.

In 1558, Muscovite armies attacked Livonia (luh vo’ ne uh), aland on the Baltic Sea. Livonia’s neighbors sent troops to fight theMuscovite armies. In 1562, these troops defeated the Muscovitesoldiers and took over much of their Baltic territory. Ivan blamedthe boyars for his terrible defeat.

In 1564, Ivan suddenly left Moscow and went to live in asmall monastery in the country. A month later, he announcedthat he was giving up the throne because of the boyars. Afraidthat without Ivan the empire would fall, the people begged himto change his mind. They told Ivan that if he came back, hecould have full authority to punish traitors and to take overtheir lands.

Ivan returned to Moscow, took over boyar lands, and gavethe land to 5,000 of his most loyal supporters. In return, theyformed the Oprichnina (ah prich’ ne nuh), or secret police orsoldiers of terror. Members of the Oprichnina dressed in blackand rode black horses through the countryside. They scared theczar’s enemies and carried brooms to show their desire to sweeptreason from the land. They killed thousands of people. Finally,when the Oprichnina had defeated the boyars and returnedcontrol of the empire to Ivan, he broke up the group.

Ivan came to be called Ivan the Terrible. This is because theEnglish translated the word meaning “awesome” as “terrible.” Tothe Muscovites, however, Ivan was a great ruler who protectedtheir country from enemies.

Ivan encouraged art and learning. He brought artists,scholars, and engineers from western Europe to teach theMuscovites new skills. He established a link between Moscowand England and Holland. He also increased the czar’s power.

Painting of Ivan the Terrible

CHAPTER 23 THE EASTERN SLAVS

Ivan the Terrible1530–1584

Russian CzarIvan was the firstRussian ruler to beofficially crowned asczar. He built a strongcentral governmentand was the first rulerto ever call a nationalassembly. He beganRussian expansioneastward, conqueringSiberia, and he begantrade with England.His undoing was hisfearful temper, whichfell on enemies andfriends alike.

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When he died in 1584, however, Ivan left no suitable heir. He hadkilled the oldest of his three sons in a fit of rage. His middle sonwas feeble-minded, and his youngest son was still a baby. As aresult, for some 25 years after Ivan’s death, Muscovy was in con-fusion and disorder.

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

Section 4 Assessment 1. Define: kremlin, czar.2. Why did Moscow become powerful?3. What happened to Muscovy after Ivan

the Terrible’s death?

Critical Thinking4. Drawing Conclusions Which name

do you think most accurately describesIvan IV—Ivan the Awesome or Ivanthe Terrible? Explain.

Graphic Organizer Activity5. Draw this chart, and use it to compare

the accomplishments of Dmitry, Ivanthe Great, and Ivan the Terrible.

Dmitry Ivan theGreat

Ivan theTerrible

1. Between 500 and 800 A.D., groups ofEastern Slavs settled in lands west ofthe Volga River.

2. The early Eastern Slavs relied onViking warriors known as theVarangians to protect a trade routerunning from the Baltic Sea in thenorth to the Caspian Sea in the south.

3. In 882, a Viking warrior named Olegbuilt the first Kievan Rus state.

4. In 988, Eastern Orthodoxy became theofficial religion of Kievan Rus.

5. The Eastern Orthodox Church broughtByzantine culture, including the Cyril-lic alphabet, to Kievan Rus.

6. After 1054, Rus trade declined andpeople shifted to farming.

7. Around 1240, the Mongols conqueredRus, forcing many Rus people to flee.Many settled near Moscow in thenorth.

8. Moscow gradually became the centerof economic and religious life.

9. In the late 1400s, Ivan the Great endedMongol control of Muscovy and tookthe title of czar.

10. Beginning in 1552, Ivan the Terribleconquered most of the Mongol territo-ries, and many Muscovites beganmoving eastward.

11. In 1584, Ivan the Terrible died withoutleaving a capable heir. Muscovy thenentered a 25-year period of disorder.

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

Self-Check QuizVisit the Human Heritage Web site at humanheritage.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 23—Self-Check Quizto assess your understanding of this chapter.

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Using Key Terms

Imagine what a photograph illustrat-ing each of the following words mightlook like. Write a sentence describing eachpicture, using the vocabulary word.

izbas boyars vechekhan kremlin czar

Understanding Main Ideas

1. How did the houses of the EasternSlavs provide warmth?

2. Why did the early Eastern Slavs invitethe Vikings into their lands?

3. How was the Rus state established byOleg organized?

4. Why did Vladimir choose the EasternOrthodox Church as the official churchof the state?

5. How did Yaroslav develop closer tieswith western Europe?

6. How did the Muscovites view theprinces of Moscow?

7. What did Ivan III do for Muscovy?8. Why did many Muscovites think Ivan

the Terrible was a great ruler?9. Between what European countries

and Moscow did Ivan IV develop alink?

Critical Thinking

1. Why do you think trade with othercities is one of the first activities of suc-cessful cities such as Kiev?

2. What are the advantages and disad-vantages of passing power from fatherto son, such as the czars did?

3. Do you think the word “terrible”describes Ivan IV? What other word orterm might describe him better?

Graphic Organizer Activity

History Create a diagram like thisone, and use it to summarize reasons forthe rise and decline of Kievan Rus.

Geography in History

Human Systems Refer to the mapon page 356. Imagine the czar has askedyou to choose the location of a new settle-ment in the area acquired by the death ofIvan IV. Where would you locate the set-tlement and why? What geographic fea-tures affected your decision?

AssessmentCHAPTER

Rise

Decline

Kievan Rus

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

359

Using Your Journal

Review any details you may

have noted about the ways the

people of the Rus states were

influenced by other civilizations.

Then write a short newspaper

article explaining how the East-

ern Orthodox Church affected

the culture of the area.

23

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UNIT 7 360

7

NewMexico

Arizona

UtahColorado

MEXICO

Anasazi CultureImportant SettlementsPresent-day Boundaries

Anasazi Culture

0 100

100

200miles

0 200kilometers

U N I T

� The Anasazi lived in the area known as theFour Corners—the meeting place of the present-day states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and NewMexico. Like other desert cultures, they learnedto farm the land by digging irrigation ditches tocatch the rain and to channel water from rivers.

THE ANASAZIThe Anasazi (a’ na sa’ ze–) built one of

the most advanced cultures in NorthAmerica outside of Mexico. From roughly200 A.D. to 1300 A.D., they establishedthousands of settlements throughout thepresent-day southwestern United States.A network of trails and roads—somemore than 30 feet wide—connected many

of these settlements. Artifacts found atAnasazi sites show that these people trad-ed far and wide, including with theancient civilizations of Mexico and Cen-tral America. Today many Native Ameri-cans who live in this region, such as thePueblo (pweb’ l–o), trace their roots to theAnasazi.

� The Anasazi never developed a written lan-guage. However, archaeologists think they mayhave left messages in the form of pictures paint-ed or scratched into rocks throughout the FourCorners area. The meanings of many of thesepictures remain unknown to this day.

Around

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The Anasazi moved into thecliffs and canyons of theSouthwest and built housesmade of mud bricks. Perhaps1,000 people lived in what is

known as the Cliff Palace.Located in Mesa Verde, Col-

orado, the Cliff Palace had about200 rooms and looked something

like a modern apartment complex.When Spanish explorers first saw these

houses, they called them pueblos—the Spanishword for “villages.” �

� The Anasazi used turquoiseas a trade item. At Chaco (cha’k–o) Canyon, New Mexico,over 500,000 pieces ofturquoise have been found.The Anasazi fashionedturquoise into beads fornecklaces or used it to dec-orate everyday objects.

the W rld

Taking Another Look1. What was the purpose of the kivas?

2. What were the main economic activities of theAnasazi?

Hands-on ActivityDesigning a Postcard Design a postcard that youmight send from the Four Corners area that showsa picture of an Anasazi artifact. On the back,include a description of your experiences.

361

Nearly all Anasazi villages includ-ed large circular undergroundchambers known as kivas (ke–’vas). Scholars believe that theAnasazi used the kivas as reli-gious centers and as clubhouses.They also believe that the kivaswere restricted to men, withwomen entering the kivas only on special occasions. �

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1. How was Justinian’s wife, Theodora,different from the wives of previousemperors?

A She bore a male heir to the emperor’sthrone.

B She was the first female to serve asemperor.

C She fought as a member of the armyto defend her husband.

D She played a large role in shaping lawand public policy.

2. The Eastern Orthodox Church split fromthe Roman Catholic Church because of adisagreement over

F the content of the Old and NewTestaments

G what kinds of work missionariesshould perform

H who the leader of the Christian churchshould be

J the role of women in the church

3. In which of the following ways wereMuhammad and Jesus similar?

A Both were born in Palestine.B Both were seen as threats to the

existing governments.C Both stopped gaining followers after

their deaths.D Both required their followers to accept

the power of the Pope.

4. Like the Catholic Church, the Muslimssplit into two groups. How were theSunni different from the Shiites?

F They believed that Islamic rulers didnot have to be descendents of Ali.

G They wanted the religious center ofIslam to be Constantinople.

H They were opposed to the use ofreligious icons as a part of ceremonies.

J They wanted to recognize the Pope astheir religious leader.

Standardized Test PracticeDirections: Choose the best answer to each of the followingmultiple choice questions. If you have trouble answering aquestion, use the process of elimination to narrow yourchoices. Write your answers on a separate piece of paper.

362

Test-Taking Tip: Eliminate answersthat do not make sense. Since it is unlikelythat Theodora was the first emperor’s wife togive birth to a son (answer A), you can easilyeliminate this answer choice.

Test-Taking Tip: This questionrequires you to remember a fact about theEastern Orthodox Church. Make sure that youread the question and all of the answerchoices carefully before selecting the bestanswer.

Test-Taking Tip: This question asksyou to make a comparison between these twoleaders. Since Islam and Christianity are stillgaining followers today, answer C is anunlikely choice.

Test-Taking Tip: This question alsoasks you to make a comparison, but this timeit asks for a difference rather than a similarity.Be careful: even though the questionmentions the split in the Catholic Church, it isnot asking for a comparison betweenCatholicism and Islam. Therefore, you caneliminate any answers that have to do with theCatholic Church, like answer J.

Standardized Test Practice

363

5. Based on the map above, what importantcontribution to Moscow’s potential fortrade was made by the time of Ivan IV’sdeath?

A Moscow gained access to the OttomanEmpire through the Volga and Donrivers.

B Moscow gained access to trade routesto Norway and Sweden through theBaltic Sea.

C Moscow gained access to westernEurope through the Danube River.

D Moscow gained control of landreaching to the Arctic Ocean.

6. The distance between Moscow andNovgorod is approximately

F 200 kilometersG 400 kilometersH 600 kilometersJ 700 kilometers

URALMOUNTAINS

Novgorod

Moscow

Constantinople

LIVONIA

Don

Rive r Vo

lga

Rive

r

Dnieper

Danube

CAUCASUSMOUNTAINS

URALMOUNTAINS

CAUCASUSMOUNTAINS

EUROPE

CASPIANSEA

BLACK SEA

ARCTIC OCEAN

Novgorod

Moscow

Kiev

Constantinople

NORWAY

SWEDEN

LIVONIA

SIBERIA

OTTOMAN

EMPIRE

BALTIC SEA

Don

Rive r Vo

lga

Rive

r

DnieperRiver

DanubeRiver

10°E70°N

60°N

50°N

40°N

20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E 60°E 70°E 80°E 90°E

0 200

200

400miles

0 400kilometers

N

The Growth of Moscow

Grand Principalityof Moscow, 1300

Acquired by 1462

Acquired by Deathof Ivan III, 1505

Acquired by Deathof Ivan IV, 1584

Test-Taking Tip: Use the map key, orlegend, to help you understand how the mapis organized. Make sure that your answer issupported by information on the map.

Test-Taking Tip: The map’s scale willhelp you answer this question. If you do nothave a ruler, you can copy the scale onto asmall piece of paper to measure the distance.Notice that the answer choices are given inkilometers, not miles. The scale shows both:miles on the top, and kilometers below.

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