Chapter 22 – World War IChapter 22 – World War I

3 Presidents3 Presidents

TR – Big Stick DiplomacyTR – Big Stick Diplomacy Taft – Dollar DiplomacyTaft – Dollar Diplomacy Wilson – Moralism and RealismWilson – Moralism and Realism

Long Term Causes of the WarLong Term Causes of the War

1. Nationalism1. Nationalism Loyalty to ones Loyalty to ones

countrycountry National affairs guided National affairs guided

by self interestby self interest Unification of ethnic Unification of ethnic

groupsgroups

2. Imperialism2. Imperialism

Competition for Competition for coloniescolonies

Long Term Causes of the WarLong Term Causes of the War

1. Nationalism1. Nationalism Loyalty to ones Loyalty to ones

countrycountry National affairs guided National affairs guided

by self interestby self interest Unification of ethnic Unification of ethnic

groupsgroups

3. Militarism3. Militarism

Buildup of armed Buildup of armed forces as a tool for forces as a tool for diplomacydiplomacy

4. Alliance System4. Alliance System

Series of alliances Series of alliances designed to maintain designed to maintain a balance of powera balance of power

AlliancesAlliances

Triple Entente (The Triple Entente (The Allies)Allies) FranceFrance Great BritainGreat Britain RussiaRussia

The Triple Alliance The Triple Alliance (The Central Powers)(The Central Powers) GermanyGermany Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

War BeginsWar Begins

Archduke Franz Archduke Franz Ferdinand – heir to Ferdinand – heir to throne of A-H – throne of A-H – assassinated by assassinated by Serbian Gavrilo Serbian Gavrilo PrincipPrincip

Wanted all Serbs to Wanted all Serbs to be unitedbe united

Domino EffectDomino Effect

A-H declares war on SerbiaA-H declares war on Serbia Russia (allied to Serbia) mobilizes armyRussia (allied to Serbia) mobilizes army A-H declares war on RussiaA-H declares war on Russia Germany (allied to A-H) declares war on Germany (allied to A-H) declares war on

Russia and Russia’s ally FranceRussia and Russia’s ally France Great Britain (France’s ally) declares war Great Britain (France’s ally) declares war

on Germanyon Germany

Germany invades Belgium – The Germany invades Belgium – The Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan

Isolationists – did not want US to Isolationists – did not want US to get involved in the warget involved in the war

Jeannette RankinJeannette Rankin

Sympathy for the alliesSympathy for the allies Common language, ancestryCommon language, ancestry Similar democratic govts.Similar democratic govts. Stronger economic tiesStronger economic ties

Neutrality Rights – belief that the Neutrality Rights – belief that the US has the right to trade with US has the right to trade with

anyoneanyone GB blockades German ports causing food GB blockades German ports causing food

shortagesshortages Germany blockades British portsGermany blockades British ports

Submarines (U-boats) target all ships Submarines (U-boats) target all ships including non-militaryincluding non-military

Lusitania sunk by U-boatLusitania sunk by U-boat 1198 deaths (128 Americans)1198 deaths (128 Americans) Wilson demands an end to attacksWilson demands an end to attacks

Immediate causes of US entry into Immediate causes of US entry into the warthe war

Germany resumes Germany resumes unrestricted unrestricted submarine warfaresubmarine warfare

Zimmerman telegramZimmerman telegram Russia replaces czar Russia replaces czar

with republican form with republican form of governmentof government

Wilson asks congress for a Wilson asks congress for a Declaration of WarDeclaration of War

““The world must be made safe for The world must be made safe for democracy”democracy”

Congress adopts resolution on April 6, Congress adopts resolution on April 6, 19171917

US military in 1917US military in 1917

SmallSmall OutdatedOutdated Selective Service Act - 1917Selective Service Act - 1917

24 million men eligible24 million men eligible defermentsdeferments

3 million drafted3 million drafted 1.5 million saw combat1.5 million saw combat 325,236 casualties (112,000 dead)325,236 casualties (112,000 dead)

11stst Problem – getting men and Problem – getting men and materials to Europematerials to Europe

Importance of shipyardsImportance of shipyards Convoy systemConvoy system Zig-zag techniqueZig-zag technique

US troops in combatUS troops in combat

John J. (Black Jack) John J. (Black Jack) PershingPershing

Commanded AEFCommanded AEF Wanted Americans to Wanted Americans to

fight as independent fight as independent forceforce

Trench warfareTrench warfare

Trenches stretch Trenches stretch across Europeacross Europe

Alvin YorkAlvin York

Sought exemption as Sought exemption as conscientious conscientious objectorobjector

Most famous Most famous American soldier of American soldier of warwar

Decorated for braveryDecorated for bravery

Eddie RickenbackerEddie Rickenbacker

““Ace of Aces”Ace of Aces” Fought against von Fought against von

Richthofen “Red Richthofen “Red Baron”Baron”

26 kills26 kills

US troops referred to as:US troops referred to as:

““Yanks”Yanks” The “Doughboys”The “Doughboys”

Frank BucklesFrank Buckles

New weapons of WWINew weapons of WWI

Heavy artillery (Big Bertha)Heavy artillery (Big Bertha) Airplanes (and zepellins)Airplanes (and zepellins) Machine gunsMachine guns Mechanized weapons (tanks)Mechanized weapons (tanks) Gas (chlorine, mustard gas, etc)Gas (chlorine, mustard gas, etc)

The Home FrontThe Home Front

US needs to produce supplies for US needs to produce supplies for the warthe war

War Industries Board – federal agency War Industries Board – federal agency given power to regulate industries related given power to regulate industries related to war productionto war production

Railroad AdministrationRailroad Administration Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration

Daylight savings timeDaylight savings time Food AdministrationFood Administration

Meatless, sweetless, wheatless daysMeatless, sweetless, wheatless days Victory GardensVictory Gardens

George Creel – Committee on George Creel – Committee on Public InformationPublic Information

Financing the WarFinancing the War

Selling of War BondsSelling of War Bonds

PropagandaPropaganda

Promote PatriotismPromote Patriotism Promote hatred for Promote hatred for

enemyenemy

Four Minute MenFour Minute Men

Civil Liberties in Time of WarCivil Liberties in Time of War

Protests over US involvementProtests over US involvement Should African-Americans support the Should African-Americans support the

war?war? Espionage and sedition ActsEspionage and sedition Acts Schenck vs. United StatesSchenck vs. United States

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

Southern Blacks Southern Blacks migrate to northern migrate to northern citiescities Lack of European Lack of European

immigrants to fill immigrants to fill factory jobsfactory jobs

Failure of the cotton Failure of the cotton crop 1916crop 1916

Women in WarWomen in War

Filled jobs vacated by Filled jobs vacated by menmen

helped lead to helped lead to suffragesuffrage

Flu Epidemic - 1918Flu Epidemic - 1918

¼ of US population became ill¼ of US population became ill 500,000 deaths500,000 deaths 40 million deaths worldwide40 million deaths worldwide Devastating effect on economyDevastating effect on economy

German CollapseGerman Collapse

Economy ruinedEconomy ruined Naval mutinyNaval mutiny Kaiser abdicatesKaiser abdicates Armistice Day 11/11/18Armistice Day 11/11/18

Costs of the warCosts of the war

26 million deaths26 million deaths 20 million wounded20 million wounded 10 million refugees10 million refugees

Wilson’s Plan for Peace – The Wilson’s Plan for Peace – The Fourteen PointsFourteen Points

1-5 Changes to prevent future wars1-5 Changes to prevent future wars 6-13 Boundary changes to European 6-13 Boundary changes to European

nationsnations 14 Creation of a League of Nations14 Creation of a League of Nations

Allies want to Punish GermanyAllies want to Punish Germany

Wilson gives up most of his planWilson gives up most of his plan Gets League of NationsGets League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles - 1919Treaty of Versailles - 1919

Created 9 new Created 9 new nations (Poland, nations (Poland, Yugoslavia, etc.)Yugoslavia, etc.)

Created temporary colonies for Created temporary colonies for France, GBFrance, GB

Iraq, etc.Iraq, etc.

Shifted boundaries of nationsShifted boundaries of nations

France adds Alsace-LorraineFrance adds Alsace-Lorraine Russia loses most territoryRussia loses most territory

Limited size of German militaryLimited size of German military

ReparationsReparations

Germany must pay Germany must pay $33 Billion to allies$33 Billion to allies

War Guilt ClauseWar Guilt Clause

Germany must admit Germany must admit to blame for warto blame for war

US is opposed to the treatyUS is opposed to the treaty

Too harsh on GermanyToo harsh on Germany Disagreed over new boundariesDisagreed over new boundaries No independence for IrelandNo independence for Ireland League of NationsLeague of Nations

Henry Cabot Lodge – League would limit US Henry Cabot Lodge – League would limit US isolationisolation

Treaty is NOT approved by US Treaty is NOT approved by US SenateSenate

Treaty proves to be Treaty proves to be DIRECT CAUSE of DIRECT CAUSE of WWIIWWII

IronyIrony

““War to end all wars”War to end all wars”