Melbourne Observer. 130213B. February 13, 2013. Part B. Pages 15-20, 53-58.
Chapter 20, part B
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Transcript of Chapter 20, part B
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYHUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation byDr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
T H I R D E D I T I O N
Chapter 20, part BChapter 20, part BIntegrative Physiology II:
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
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Sodium Recycling: Recycling and ExcretionSodium Recycling: Recycling and Excretion
• Ascending loop of Henle
• H2O impermeable
• Na+ Active Transport
• To ECF
• Gradient
• Diffuses to blood
• Collecting Duct:
• Aldosterone regulates
• Na+ recycled or excreted
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• Aldosterone: steroid H from adrenal cortex
• Stimulates Na+ uptake (& K+ secretion)
• channel synthesis
Mechanism of Na+ Selective Reabsorption in Collecting DuctMechanism of Na+ Selective Reabsorption in Collecting Duct
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Mechanism of Na+ Selective Reabsorption in Collecting DuctMechanism of Na+ Selective Reabsorption in Collecting Duct
Figure 20-12: Aldosterone action in principal cells
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 20-13: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway
Angiotensin Pathway: Maintains BP , Volume & Osmolarity Angiotensinogen, ANGI, ANG II, rennin, & ACE
Angiotensin Pathway: Maintains BP , Volume & Osmolarity Angiotensinogen, ANGI, ANG II, rennin, & ACE
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Artial Natruretic Peptide: Regulates Na+ & H2O ExcretionArtial Natruretic Peptide: Regulates Na+ & H2O Excretion
• Hormone from myocardial cells
• Stimulates: hypothalamus, kidney, adrenal, & medulla
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Artial Naturetic Peptide: Regulates Na+ & H2O ExcretionArtial Naturetic Peptide: Regulates Na+ & H2O Excretion
Figure 20-15: Atrial natriuretic peptide
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Potassium Balance: Critical for Excitable Heart & Nervous TissuesPotassium Balance: Critical for Excitable Heart & Nervous Tissues
• Hypokalemia – low [K+] in ECF, Hyperkalemia - high [K+]
• Reabsorbed in Ascending Loop, secreted in Collecting duct
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Potassium Balance: Critical for Excitable Heart & Nervous TissuesPotassium Balance: Critical for Excitable Heart & Nervous Tissues
Figure 20-4: Osmolarity changes as fluid flows through the nephron
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Potassium Balance: Critical for Excitable Heart & Nervous TissuesPotassium Balance: Critical for Excitable Heart & Nervous Tissues
Figure 20-12: Aldosterone action in principal cells
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• Thirst & "salt craving", or avoidance behavior
• Integrated circulatory & excretory reflexes
Response to Dehydration & Osmolarity ImbalanceResponse to Dehydration & Osmolarity Imbalance
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Response to Dehydration & Osmolarity ImbalanceResponse to Dehydration & Osmolarity Imbalance
Figure 20-17 : Homeostatic compensation for severe dehydration
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• Acidosis: plasma pH
• Protein damage
• CNS depression
• Alkalosis: plasma pH
• Hyperexcitability
• CNS & heart
• Buffers: HCO3- & proteins
• H+ input: diet & metabolic
• H+ output: lungs & kidney
Acid/Base Homeostasis: OverviewAcid/Base Homeostasis: Overview
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Acid/Base Homeostasis: OverviewAcid/Base Homeostasis: Overview
Figure 20-18: Hydrogen balance in the body
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• H+ & NH4+ secreted into lumen and
excreted
• HCO3- is reabsorbed
Kidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Proximal TubuleKidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Proximal Tubule
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Kidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Proximal TubuleKidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Proximal Tubule
Figure 20-21: Proximal tubule secretion and reabsorption of filtered HCO3-
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• Type A Intercalated cells excrete H+ absorb HCO3
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• Type B intercalated cells absorb H+ secrete HCO3
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Kidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Collecting DuctKidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Collecting Duct
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Kidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Collecting DuctKidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Collecting Duct
Figure 20-22: Role of the intercalated cell in acidosis and alkalosis
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Classifications of Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease.
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Pathophysiological Features of Acute Kidney Injury Leading to Chronic Kidney Disease.
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Figure 1Figure 1• An overview of the pathogenesis of CKD
progression. Although there is considerable interaction between BPdependent and BP-independent initiating mechanisms, BP-dependent mechanisms predominate in hypertensive CKD states. BP independent mechanisms may modulate hypertensive injury and also contribute to CKD progression in normotensive states. AR, autoregulation; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NO, nitric oxide; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; ROS, reactive oxygen species
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SummarySummary• Electrolyte balance depends on integration
of circulatory, excretory and behavioral physiology
• Water recycling and ECF/plasma balance depends on descending loop of Henle and vasopressin regulated collecting duct for conservation
• Osmolarity depends on aldosterone and angiotensin pathway to regulate CNS & endocrine responses
• Along with respiration, proximal tubule and collecting duct cells reabsorb or excrete H+ & HCO3
- to balance pH