Chapter 2Minerals

Section 2.1 Matter

Matter – anything that has volume and mass

On Earth exists in 3 states: Solid - has definite shape and volume

Rocks and minerals

Liquid – has definite volume, but no definite shape

Earth’s oceans, rivers and lakes

Gas - has neither definite shape or volume

Earth’s atmosphere

Section 2.1 Matter

Elements – a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.

The basic building blocks of minerals.

Organized by their properties in the Periodic Table.

More than 112 know elements.

92 occur naturally, others are produced in labs.

Section 2.1 Matter

Periodic Table – chart of all elements organized by their properties

Rows are called periods

Columns are called groups

Elements – Name is abbreviated with 1-3 letters

Atomic number – elements in order according to this number which is located over the elements abbreviation

Mass number – the total mass of the atom is located below the abreviation

Periodic Table

Section 2.1 Matter

Atoms - the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element.

Nucleus – central region of an atomContains protons and neutrons

Protons – positively charged

Neutrons – no charge, neutral

Electrons – negatively chargedSurround the atom’s nucleus

Smallest particle in an atom

Section 2.1 Matter

Atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Electrons are equal to the number of protons

Atomic Mass – protons and neutrons together

Neutrons = Atomic Mass – Protons (Atomic Number)

Section 2.1 Matter

22

TiTitanium

47.90

22 – Atomic Number47.90 – Atomic Mass

Protons = 22Electrons = 22Neutrons = 48-22 = 26

Section 2.1 Matter

Energy Levels – shells Surround the nucleus

Contain electrons

Section 2.1 Matter

Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons

Have different mass numbers: the sum of the neutrons plus protons

Many Isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles

Mass number is the total mass of the atom (protons plus neutrons)

Section 2.1 Matter

Why Atoms BondWhen an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom is likely to form a chemical bond with one or more atoms.

A compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions.

An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons.

Sections 2.1 Matter

Types of Chemical BondsIonic Bonds form between positive and negative ions.

Covalent Bonds form when atoms share electrons.

Metallic Bonds form when metal ions share electrons.