Chapter 2 – BIOCHEMISTRY2-3 “Carbon Compounds”

A. The Chemistry of Carbon1. Molecules that contain carbon (and hydrogen) are called

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

2. Each carbon atom has 4 valence electrons-- allows carbon atom to form 4 bonds with other atoms-- can form long carbon chains and rings

3. Carbon can form very large, complex molecules called POLYMERSa. A polymer is made from joining 1000’s of smaller

molecules (MONOMERS) in a long chain

b. The process of joining monomers together to form polymers is called POLYMERIZATION

4. The 4 main type of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS found in living things are:

1) CARBOHYDRATES2) LIPIDS

3) NUCLEIC ACIDS4) PROTEINS

B. The Organic Compounds

1. CARBOHYDRATESa. Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1

ratio

-- ex. C6H12O6 (glucose) C15H30O15 (a sugar) C10H20O8 (a lipid)

b. Living things use carbohydrates for: 1) main source of energy

2) to make up certain cell parts

CARBS

c. 2 main types of carbs: 1) sugars 2) starches

d. SUGARS end in “ose” 1) Simple sugars -- called MONOSACCHARIDES -- one sugar molecule -- ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose

2) If join 2 simple sugars together you form a 2 sugar molecule DISACCHARIDE

-- ex. Sucrose, maltose, lactose

CARBS

3) If keep on joining simple sugars you form a many sugar molecule

POLYSACCARIDE (a.k.a. STARCH)

e. STARCH 1) A polysaccharide a long chain of sugars2) ex. Pasta, rice, breads

CARBS

3) animals store excess sugar as a polysaccharide calledGLYCOGEN (“animal starch”) in their LIVER

4) Plants store excess sugar as starch

5) Another important polysaccharide to plants isCELLULOSE

makes up the CELL WALL in PLANT CELLS

CARBS

2. LIPIDSa. Also made of C, H, and O (but not in 1:2:1 ratio)

-- C6H12O5

b. 3 main types:1) FATS 2) OILS 3)

WAXES

c. Uses: 1) energy (2x as much as carbs)

2) make up cell membranes

3) waterproof coverings

LIPS

d. Made up of 3 FATTY ACID MOLECULES attached to 1 GLYCEROL MOLECULE

Glycerol

Fatty acids

LIPS

FAT

e. SATURATED FAT – solid at room temp-- all carbon to carbon bonds are single in the fatty acid-- contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (saturated)

LIPS

f. UNSATURATED FAT – liquid at room temperature-- contains at least on double or triple bond between 2 carbon atoms in a fatty acid-- does not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

Saturated fatty acid

Unsaturated fatty acid

Unsaturated Fat

LIPS

-- if contains more than one double or triple bond –> called a POLYUNSATURATED FAT

LIPS

3. NUCLEIC ACIDSa. Contains C, H, O, and N, and P

(Nitrogen) (Phosphorus)

b. 2 main types: DNA and RNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) (ribonucleic acid)

c. Made of a long chain of NUCLEOTIDES made of: for DNA for RNA

a. 5 – carbon sugar deoxyribose ribose

b. A phosphate group

c. A nitrogen base guanine (G) G

(1 of 4 types) cytosine (C) C adenine (A) A thymine (T) uracil (U)

NUCS

DNA double-stranded

RNA single-stranded

d. Uses Nucleic Acids store and transmit genetic information

NUCS

4. PROTEINSa. Made of C, H, O, and Nitrogen, and some have Sulfur

b. Used by organisms for GROWTH and REPAIR

c. Made up of a long chain of AMINO ACIDS

STRUCTURE OF AN AMINO ACID

-- all amino acids have an AMINO GROUP and a CARBOXYL GROUP

-- amino acids differ from each other in their R SIDE CHAIN

PROS

d. There are 20 different types of amino acidsPROS

e. If join 2 amino acids together forms a DIPEPTIDE

-- amino acids are held together by a PEPTIDE BOND

f. If keep on adding amino acids to a dipeptide forms aPOLYPEPTIDE

PROS

g. A protein is made of 1 or more POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS

h. Proteins differ from each other in their order of amino acids-- most proteins are 100’s of amino acids long

-- a protein of 100 amino acids made with the 20 different known amino acids can have 20100 different arrangements

(1.268 x 10130) there is GREAT VARIETY in proteins

PROS

i. Proteins also differ from each other in their SHAPE Proteins bend into different shapes based on the

order of their amino acidsPROTEIN SHAPES

h. The instructions for building proteins in a cell is contained in DNA

PROS

j. MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS:

1. ENZYMES – control chemical reactions in living things

2. the major BUILDING MATERIAL of cells

3. HORMONES – chemical messengers

4. ANTIBODIES – made by white blood cells to fight disease

PROS