1. The French Revolution: The Rise and Fall ofNapoleon BonaparteChapter 18

2. Hero, Dictator, Conqueror,Menace Napoleon Crossing the Alps by Jacques-Louis David, 1801 3. Military Rise 1793, Captured Toulon from Royalists and theBritish and promoted from Captain to BrigadierGeneral at 24 Rebuffed an uprising against the Directory(group of 5 men that replaced the Committeeof Public Safety) Marched into Italy and defeated Austrians,forcing them to withdraw. Attacked British forces in Egypt. Escaped fromBritish by leaving his army surrounded. 4. Coup detat Abbe Sieyes (What is the 3rd Estate) conspired with Napoleonto replace the Directory. Napoleon becomes temporary consul on 9 November 1799. confidence from below, authority from above Napoleon would not have been able to rise above the rank ofmajor in the pre-revolutionary French army because he did nothave enough money to purchase his rank. As a a result of theabolition of rank purchase, Napoleon was able to rise on hisown meritsmaking him a son of the Revolution. But Napoleon was unwilling to wait for the democratic process. First Consul Second Constitution White male suffrage for literate men Indirect elections 1802 Consul for Life ratified by Plebecite Centralized authority 5. Domestic Reforms UnderNapoleon Napoleonic Code Affirmed natural authority of husband over wife Married women required husbands permission to sell property, own a business or enter a profession Unequal divorce: men- adultery of wife. Women: only if a man moved his mistress into the family home. No paternity suits to establish male parentage of illegitimate children Criminal Code Citizens are equal before the law Outlawed arbitrary arrest and imprisonment (required independent determination of reasons for arrest) Abolished cruel punishments like branding and cutting off hands Educational Reform Established lycees (high schools) in every major town. Institute of France Military Academy Teacher Education 6. Concordat with Pope 1801 Pope had right to appoint and depose Bishops and discipline French clergy Pope would forego claims to French land once owned by church and seized during French Revolution Did not revoke principle of religious freedom Did ease worries of religious conservatives whose support Napoleon needed to remain in power 7. Emperor Napoleon I 2 December 1804 Napoleon crowns himselfEmperor at the Cathedral of Notre Dame. 8. Napoleonic Wars 1805 Russians, Prussians, Austrians, Swedes and British alliedto contain France. Napoleons military advantages Conscript army Revolutionary Militias Promotions based on talent and merit not birth or patronage Domestic economy geared to support of military Battle of Austerlitz 5 December 1805 Napoleon defeats combined forces of Austria and Russia Rules the continent from Portugal to Russia Allies and client states Rome, Papal states, Confederation of the Rhine (principalities in Germany and part of Poland); Dalmatian territories (Croatia) Spain, Naples, Holland: Napoleons brother, brother-in-law and general installed as monarchs. 9. Napoleons Empire by 1811 10. Consequences of Empire Brought the practical consequences of French Revolution toEurope Powerful, centralizing state and an end to old systems of privilege Changed terms of government service: merit vs. patronage or birth Ended nobility monopoly on officer corps State sponsored military Training Support beyond pay (food, clothing, armaments) Defense taxes liberty and requisitions Universal conscription Elimination of feudal and clerical courts State support for education on a broad scale 11. Continental System: Beginning of Napoleons Fall 1806 Napoleon sought to starve the British intosubmission by and embargo on continental trade in Britishgoods 1807 British Navy blockades the continent Continental trade was hurt more than British trade WHY? British global colonies Trade with South America 12. Napoleon Dreams of Rome Napoleons ambition Recreate Roman empire Rule Rome from Paris Divorces Josephine Marries Marie Louse (great niece of Marie Antoinette) Loses support of former revolutionaries in France, enlightenmentthinkers on the continent, and liberals at home and abroad 13. New Militaries Emerge Prussia Demand for rigorous practical training Citizen army no mercenaries Support from State Effect of Napoleons defeats on allies Defeat at Trafalgar 1805 led to rift with Spain Napoleons invasion of Spain in 1808 Peninsular Wars British and Spanish insurgents French atrocities 14. The Third Of May 1808Francisco Goya 15. Invasion of Russia 1811 Tsar Alexander I turned blind eye to Russian trading withBritain Napoleon collected Grande Armee of 600,000 soldiers toinvade Russia Russian army was outnumbered and withdrew deep intointerior of Russia, burning land which Napoleons army mightuse Russian partisans burned Moscow rather than allow it to beconquered by Napoleon. Insurgent strikes on sick and demoralized army of France By December 1812 French army had dwindled to a fewthousand 16. Last Battles Battle of Nations, Leipzig October 1813 Austrians, Russians, Swedes and Prussians defeat Napoleon March 31 Tsar Alexander & King FrederickWilliam III of Prussia marched into Paris Napoleon sent to exile on Elba 17. Brief Return, Final Defeat Victorious Allies restore a Bourbon King to throne ofFrance, Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) Napoleon escaped from Elba and Louis XVIII fleesFrance. Allies meeting at Congress of Vienna hastily organizeand army against Napoleon. Battle of Waterloo June 15-18, 1815 Napoleon defeated by Britain and Prussia Exiled to Saint Helena and died in 1821 18. Haitian Revolution Caribbean Islands & French sugar plantations Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint-Domingue Intense competition with British and Spanish Saint-Domingue 40,000 whites of different social classes 30,000 free people of color 500,000 slaves 1790 Delegation of Free People of Color to Paris asking to be seated inthe General Assembly. Refusal to seat delegation caused unrest in Saint-Domingue Vincent Oge` and other leaders of delegation Broken on the wheel and decapitated August 1791 Largest slave rebellion in History? Spanish and British poised to take over the island French promised citizenship to Free People of Color and freedom to slaves 19. Toussaint LOuverture Leader of indigenous forces for independence Defeated French planters in 1797 British 1798 Spanish 1801 Haitian Constitution Abolished slavery Established Christianity Toussaint governor for life Allegiance to France but French cannot interfere in Haiti internal affairs 1802 Toussaint captured 20,000 French troops Yellow Fever Insurgency Atrocities French troops recalled in 1803 Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares independent state of Haiti in 1804 20. Touissaint LOuverture Jean-Jacques Dessalines