Page 1LIFE SCIENCE FINAL EXAM REVIEWBOOK A (Glencoe): Chapter1Stimulus – anything that causes a response (cause) Response – reaction to a stimulus (effect) Adaptation – a variation that makes an organism better able to survive Homeostasis – balance or steady stated maintained by the body despite changes inside or outside the body What are the 5 features of all living things? ALL LIVING THINGS (1) are made up of (organized by) CELLS (2) Grow and Develop (lifespan) (3) Respond to stimuli (adapt and maintain homeostasis) (4) Reproduce (5) Need and use Energy Theory of spontaneous generation – the idea that life comes from nonlivingRedi’s Experiment – snake meat in jars; disproved spontaneous generation Pasteur’s Experiment – broth in S-shaped flasks; proved biogenesisTheory of Biogenesis – idea that life comes from other living things

SCIENTIFIC METHOD: PROBLEM (Ask a question or state the purpose) RESEARCH (background information) HYPOTHESIS (Predict the outcome of the investigation) EXPERIMENT (steps or procedure taken to test the hypothesis) DATA ANALYSIS (collect data and analyze) CONCLUSION (accept or reject the hypothesis) Hypothesis – a prediction or educated guessExperiment – method or steps taken to prove a hypothesisa. Something in the experiment that can change: Variable* (ONLY ONE can be changed/tested at a time)

• Independent variable – “I” the experimenter changes or tests• *Dependent variable – what changes because of the independent variable

b. Factors that stay the same: Constants c. Standard to which the outcome of a test is compared: ControlMeasuring tools: 1. RULER - measures length and width (cm) 2. STOPWATCH - measures time/duration of an event (seconds)3. BALANCE - measures mass (grams) 4. THERMOMETER - measure temperature (degrees Celsius)5. GRADUATED CYLINDER- measures volume (liter, ml)

Microscopes (convex lens) – tool used to magnify small objects, especially cells and microorganisms, to observe details

CLASSIFICATIONBinomial nomenclature – 2 word naming system – Carolus Linnaeus Scientific name – Genus species (usually in Latin) used instead of common names to avoid confusion Species – group of organisms with similar characteristics that can reproduce successfully among themselves Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic, consumer or producer, move or don’t move, 1 celled or many6 kingdoms – Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plant, AnimalClassification groups – Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

Dichotomous key – tool used for identifying an organism using a list of identifying characteristics and the scientific name (2 descriptive statements at each step)

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HMH WORKBOOK B - CELLS

What is a virus? A nonliving particle made up of a strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coatWhat is a vaccine? A preparation of a weakened virus used to prevent disease

The Cell theory was the work of many scientists – (i) All living things are made up of cells (Hooke was credited with the term “cells” as little boxes or compartments) (ii) The cell is the basic unit of all functions and structures of LIFE (Thank you Schleiden and Schwann for # 1 & #2 above) (iii) Cells come from pre-existing cells (Thank you Rudolph Virchow)

Prokaryotic – No Nucleus or membrane bound organelles ex. bacteriaEukaryotic – Nucleus and membrane bound organelles ex. plants, animalsOrganelle – structures in the cytoplasm of a cell Nucleus – control center, directs all cell activitiesMitochondria – “powerhouse”: generates ENERGY through cellular respirationRibosomes – protein makersChloroplast – photosynthesis occurs here in plants – food makerLysosome – “clean up” waste and recycle worn out cell parts (enzymes break down waste)Cell membrane – outside covering of cells, controls what enters and exits the cellEndoplasmic Reticulum – transporter of proteins made by ribosomesCytoplasm – gel-like material in a cell that holds the organelles

***BE ABLE TO LABEL A CELL

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All Bacteria are unicellular, Prokaryotic cells (NO nucleus & NO membrane bound organelles) with a cell wall, ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA, and some move

Cell ------- Tissue------ Organs ---- Organ System ----- Organism

Cell – smallest unit of life

Tissue: group of similar cells that are organized to perform a specific function

Organ: made up of different tissues that all work together

Organ system: a group of organs working together to perform a certain function

Levels of organization of an organism

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PLANT BODIES as SYSTEMS All Plants are multicellular, Eukaryotic cells (nucleus and membrane bound organelles) with a cell wall,

large vacuoles, chloroplasts (photosynthesis) - producers, and do not move

Vascular – tube like structures that carry food and water

Nonvascular – no tube like structures for transport of materials

Cells – Eukaryotic cells with rigid cell wall for shape & support, large vacuoles, and chloroplasts

Tissues – 1. Dermal : protection 2. Vascular: transport of materials 3. Ground: support and storage

Organs – Stems (support, transport, & storage), leaves (photosynthesis and exchange of oxygen/carbon dioxide), roots (anchor, support, storage, and absorb water & nutrients), flowers

Organ systems – 1. SHOOT system: leaves, stems & flowers 2. ROOT system

Producer – organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis

Consumer – organisms that do not make their own food and rely on other organisms for their energy

Decomposer – consumers that break down dead and decaying organisms for energy

Photosynthesis – process where light energy (sun) is used to make food in the form of glucose

Sunlight E +6 H2O (water) + 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) ------------ C6H12O6 (glucose) +6 O2 (oxygen)

- location: chloroplasts of leaves (green pigment is chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight)- gas exchange through stomata (guard cells control opening of the stomata)

Cellular Respiration – process where oxygen is used to break down food (sugar) to produce energy

C6H12O6 (glucose) +6 O2 (oxygen) ------------ ENERGY + 6 H2O (water) + 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide)

- location: mitochondria of plant & animal cells

Page 5ANIMAL BODIES as SYSTEMS

All Animals are multicellular, Eukaryotic cells (nucleus and membrane bound organelles) with a NO cell wall, small vacuoles, consumers, and move

Cells – Eukaryotic cells with cytoplasm, small vacuoles, and a cell membrane; no chloroplasts or cell wall

Tissues – 1. Epithelial: makes up skin 2. Connective: makes up ligaments, tendons, cartilage, blood and blood vessels 3. Muscular: makes up heart, diaphragm, bicep/triceps 4. Nervous: makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Organs – lungs, heart, blood vessels, brain, Organ systems – See below – skeletal, digestive, respiratory, muscular, nervous etc.Muscle cells-- muscle tissue--- muscles---- muscular system

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

Skeletal System

5 functions of the Skeleton - 1. Shape & support (framework of the body) 2. Protects internal organs ex. ribs protect heart, skull protects brain 3. Stores Calcium & phosphorus 4. Makes blood cells in the marrow 5. Gives place for muscles to attach

*Bones, marrow (center of long bones makes blood cells, ligaments (tissue attaches bone to bone), tendons (tissue attaches bone to muscle)

5 types of Joints – Ball and Socket: shoulder and hip; Hinge: knee, jaw, elbow; Pivot: neck, forearm; Gliding: ankle, wrist, vertebrae; Immovable: skull and bones of the pelvis

Voluntary muscle – can control (skeletal muscle moves bones)Involuntary muscle – cannot control (smooth muscles involved in breathing, digestion; cardiac muscle controls heart rate) 

Page 6SKIN – largest Organ

Epidermis – top layer of skin (hairs and pores) Dermis – 2nd layer of skin (nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, oil glands)5 functions of the Skin - (1) Protection from infection, injury, and water loss (2)Formation of Vitamin D in presence of sun (3) Sensory Receptor (sense of touch/feeling) (4) Elimination of waste (sweat) (5) Regulation of body temperature (sweat, “goosebumps”)

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMMajor organs: 1. MOUTH 2. ESOPHAGUS 3. STOMACH 4. Sm. INTESTINE 5. Lg. INTESTINE 6. RECTUM 7. ANUSFunction of Digestion – Break down of food into smaller molecules to be absorbed into the blood stream CIRCULATORY SYSTEMHeart = 4 chambers, Atria: 2 upper chambers Ventricles: 2 lower chambersArteries – carry blood AWAY from the heart Veins – carry blood INTO the heart Capillaries - Connect Functions: 1. Deliver oxygen 2. Deliver nutrients 3. Carry away carbon dioxide 4. Carry away other wastes *Transports oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body and remove wastesBlood parts: Plasma, Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets

4 blood types: A, B, O, AB

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMFunction of Breathing – brings in oxygen (inhale) and releases carbon dioxide (exhale)Respiration – uses oxygen that the body takes in to break down food to produce energy in the mitochondria Major Organs: Lungs, diaphragm, trachea

EXCRETORY SYSTEMS – Eliminates wastes 1. Digestive system (solid waste) 2. Respiratory system (carbon dioxide) 3. Skin (sweat) 4. Urinary system (liquid waste) URINARY SYSTEMFunction: Filters the blood, removes wastes, and returns blood to circulationMajor Organ: Kidney Nephrons – filters of kidneys NERVOUS SYSTEMFunction: controls body movement and coordinates communication between the brain and the environment (sends impulses from nerve cell to nerve cell) Neurons – nerve cellsBrain – Cerebrum (memory, senses), Cerebellum (balance and muscle tone), Brain stem (heart rate, breathing, digestion)Spinal cord – controls reflexesSense Organs/ Senses: 1. Nose – olfactory cells for SMELL 2. Tongue – taste buds for TASTE 3. Skin - TOUCH 4. Eyes – retina for SIGHT 5. Ears – cochlea for HEARING

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GENETICS & HEREDITY

DNA – code of life: deoxyribonucleic acid, 2 strands of sugar and phosphate with bases CGAT and makes genes 

- structure: double helix

RNA – ribonucleic acid responsible for making proteins at the ribosomes, 1 strand, bases CGUA

Chromosomes – structures in the nucleus made of DNA (contains genetic material)

Genes – sections of the DNA code that determines the protein which controls the traits

Mutation – permanent change in the DNA

Protein – organic compound made up of amino acids determines traits

Traits – inherited characteristics

Mitosis- cell division that produces two identical new cells(makes body cells - diploid)

Meiosis – cell division that includes two divisions to produce 4 haploid sex cells(makes sex cells – haploid)

Asexual reproduction – reproduction with only one parent – new organisms are identical to the parent cell  Examples: budding, fission, and regenerationSexual reproduction – reproduction requiring two parent cells – new cells are different than the parentsDiploid – 2 or a pair of each chromosome  

Haploid – 1 of each chromosome Diploid # Humans: 46 Haploid # Humans: 23Fertilization: the process by which an egg and a sperm join.Zygote: the cell formed during fertilization.EGG + SPERM = a ZYGOTE

Haploid (23) + Haploid (23) = Diploid (46)

n + n = 2n

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Advantages:

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Faster Genetic Variation

Many offspring

Favorable traits are passed down to offspring (identical to parent)Less Energy – no mate needed

Heredity – passing down of traits from parents to offspring Alleles – different forms a gene may have for a trait Genetics – the study of heredity or passing down of traitsGregor Mendel – “Father of Genetics” who used pea plants to study the passing down of traits Dominant – represented by a capital letter, form of a gene which seems to cover up the expression of another geneRecessive – represented by a lower letter, form of a gene which is being covered up by the other form of the trait Punnett Square – tool used to predict the outcome or probability of the allele combinationsHomozygous – two of the same alleles: HH, ll, ss, ttHeterozygous – two different alleles: Hh, Ll, Ss, Tt Genotype – the genetic make-up or letters used to represent the alleles (RR and Rr, or rr)Phenotype – the physical appearance or how the organism looks (red flowers, tall, long hair, etc.)

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Sex chromosomes: male – XY female- XX

EVOLUTION – HMH Workbook D

Species – Most specific group of the classification groups; organisms that share similar characteristics and can reproduce successfullyPopulation – group of similar organisms living in a particular areaEvolution – change over time of a species Natural Selection (Survival of the Fittest) – theory that organisms that are best suited to live in a particular environment will survive Charles Darwin – English Naturalist studied 13 species of finches and other organisms on Galapagos Islands to collect evidence for Natural Selection – theory of evolution Variation – characteristic that makes an organism different from other members of their species

Adaptation – a variation that makes an organism better able to survive in their environmentCamouflage – the ability of an organism to blend in with its environment (hide from predators)

Evidence of Evolution: (1) Fossils (2) Embryology (3) Homologous structures (4) Vestigial structures (5) DNA

Fossil records – Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layersFossil Types: Amber, imprint, cast, mold, mineralized, tar pit, ice

Relative Dating – dating fossils by age of rock layer in undisturbed area-older rocks lie below younger rock.

** Fossil A is older than Fossil B because it is in a deeper rock layer

Radiometric/Radioactive Dating – dating fossils by measuring elements in the rock which gives off radiation as they age and change to more stable elements

Extinction – species that no longer has any known living individualsMass extinction - A large extinction of many different species in a relatively short period