Chap 1 Basic Definitions FBME V2
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Transcript of Chap 1 Basic Definitions FBME V2
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http://www.engr.iupui.edu/bme/faq.shtml
4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation
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!
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The beginning
creates Professional Group on Medical
Electronics Late 50s Transistor Pacemakers &
Hearing Aids
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From: Presidents Message, IEEE EMBS March/April 2008, p 4
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7http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/japan_water-bath.html
http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/japan_ultrasonics.html
19501980
Animation
Sucking Finger!
The 60s (1340 AH)
Computer assisted decision aids, ultrasound,
infrared thermo ra h
1962: IRE + AIEE (American Institute of
EE)
IEEE 1964: IEEE Transactions on BME
Focus: biosignal analysis, pacemakers,
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defibrilators
Space program (moon in 1969!)
telemetry, instrumentations
From: Presidents Message, IEEE EMBS March/April 2008, p 4
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1970 - 1999 1970: Computerized Tomography (CT)
1980: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
1982: T-Medical Imaging
1992: T-Rehabilitation Engineering
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1997: T-Information Technology
From: Presidents Message, IEEE EMBS March/April 2008, p 4
2000 - now
2002: T-nanobioscience
2004: T-computational biology &
bioinformatics
2007: T-Biomedical Circuits & Systems
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From: Presidents Message, IEEE EMBS March/April 2008, p 4
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-1
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(Multidisciplinary)
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)Bioelectronics(
)Bioinformatics()Biomechanics(
)Biomaterials(
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Bioelectronics
Instrumentation, Sensors, and Measurement
hardware and software design
devices and systems used to measure biological signals
Examples:
developing sensors that can capture a biological signal of
interest
applying methods of amplifying and filtering the signal so that it
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can be further studied dealing with sources of interference that can corrupt a signal
building a complete instrumentation system such as an x-ray
machine or a heart monitoring system.
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
Bioelectronics
BioMEMS Microelectromechanical
sys ems
Integration of mechanical elements, sensors,
actuators, and electronics on a silicon chip Examples:
microrobots that may one day perform surgery inside
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t e o y
manufacture of tiny devices that could be implanted
inside the body to deliver drugs on the bodys
demand.
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
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Bioelectronics Neural Systems and Engineering
Areas such as the replacement or restoration of lostsensory and motor abilities
Examples
Retinal implants to partially restore sight
Electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscles to assist a person instanding)
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Stu y o t e comp ex t es o neura systems n nature Neurorobots : robot arms that are controlled by signals from the
motor cortex in the brain
Neuro-electronics: brain-implantable micro-electronics withhigh computing power
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
Bioelectronics
Imaging and Image Processing
X-rays, u trasoun , magnet c resonance mag ng
(MRI), and computerized tomography (CT)
Examples: developing low-cost image acquisition systems
image processing algorithms
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image/video compression algorithms and standards
applying advances in multimedia computing systems
in a biomedical context
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
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Bioelectronics++ Information Technology in Biomedicine
use o v rtua rea ty n me ca app cat ons e.g.
diagnostic procedures)
application of wireless and mobile technologies
in health care settings
artificial intelligence to aid diagnostics
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addressing security issues associated withmaking health care information available on the
world wide web.
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
Bioelectronics
Telemedicine (telehealth, e-health)
another
Aims:
evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients in remote
locations
health-related distance learning.
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advanced telecommunications technology
video-conferencing systems
networked computing
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
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Bioelectronics++ Robotics in Surgery
use o ro ot c an mage process ng systems
interactively assist a medical team both in
planning and executing a surgery
Aims:
minimize the side effects of surgery by providing
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smaller incisions, less trauma, and more precision decrease costs
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
Bioelectronics/Biomechanics
Rehabilitation Engineering
disabilities
Examples:
design augmentative and alternative communication systems forpeople who cannot communicate in traditional ways
making computers more accessible for people with disabilities
develo in new materials and desi ns for wheelchairs video)
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and making prosthetic legs for runners in the Paralympics
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
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Biomechanics Study of tissue structures
So t t ssues
Bones / Teeth
Blood circulation
Design of systems
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,
Rehabilitation (prosthesis, artificial organs)
Fuidics
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
Biomechanic Design Challenge
Slee a nea/obstructive slee
apnea (OSA)
Primary method: apply
continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP) with a
bedside com ressor and fittin
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the patient with a CPAP mask
Some people never get used to
them! EDN: A Biomedical-Engineering Challenge2009 by Jon Titus
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(Genetic Eng.)
:
:
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Biological Engineering
Biotechnology
employ living organisms (or parts of organisms) to make, ,
develop microorganisms for specific uses
Traditional biotechnology:
animal and plant breeding techniques, and the use of yeast inmaking bread and cheese
Modern biotechnology:
Industrial use of recombinant DNA, cell fusion, novel
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oprocess ng tec n ques
help correct genetic defects in humans
Bioremediation & degradation of hazardous contaminants withthe help of living organisms.
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
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Biological Engineering Bioinformatics
Developing and using computer tools to collect and
Examples:
manage and search databases of gene sequences that containmany millions of entries
Genomics
Mapping, sequencing, and analyzing of genomesthe setof all the DNA in an or anism
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Aim: full understanding how genes function in normaland/or diseased states can lead to improved detection,diagnosis, and treatment of disease.
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
Biological Engineering
Proteomics
Proteome: set of all proteins produced by a species, in
t e same way t e genome s t e ent re set o genes
Proteomics is the study of proteomes the location,
interactions, structure, and function of proteins
Examples:
discovery of a new cellular process that explains how infections
occur in humans (for new treatments for infectious diseases)
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detect protein patterns in the blood for early diagnosis of ovarian
cancer
Development of hardware devices that provide accurate and
rapid measurements of protein levels.
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
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Clinical Engineering
Role: Support and advance patient care by applyingengineering and managerial skills to healthcare
In hospitals
managing the hospitals medical equipment systems,
ensuring that all medical equipment is safe and effective,
working with physicians to adapt instrumentation tomeet the specific needs of the physician and the hospital
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In industry
medical product development,
product design to sales and support
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
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Physiological Systems Modeling Development of models of physiological
processes
Ex:
control of limb movements
biochemistry of metabolism
Aim:
to gain a better understanding of the function of living
or anisms
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prediction
design
intervention
From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002
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)(
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(Instrumentation Amplifier)
EEG ECG - EMG
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)(
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http://www.alatheia.com/
:
)Ag-AgCL(
Stainless
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!
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)Pacemaker(
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Pacemaker
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Pacemaker:
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Capsule endoscopy
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40http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/upperendoscopy/
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Video
Repetitive transcranial
magneticstimulation (rTMS) 1/2 Depression: 14 million adults in the United
States; nearly 30 percent cant useantidepressant drug therapy
Proposed Solution; Focus pulses of an MRI-strength magnetic field through the skull toproduce current within a small portion of apersons brain
One of only three device-based psychiatrictreatments that can be marketed in the UnitedStates.
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Technology: a big capacitor that dischargesthousands of amperes per pulse into the coilof an electromagnet
No anesthesia or sedation during the 40-minute outpatient procedure, usual treatment:daily for four to six weeks.
IEEE Spectrum October 2008
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Repetitive transcranial
magneticstimulation (rTMS) 2/2
FDA decision: more than a year after clinicalresults! (cost efficiency, memory loss)
Challenges: Need fundamental research: How the therapy works?
Why it works for some and not others?
How to make it work better?D
Director of brain stimulation laboratory at theMedical University of South Carolina (co-developer):
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New electromagnetic coil technology will allowdoctors to stimulate a smaller portion of the brainor to electrify areas deeper within the organ. Wherethe electromagnet is placed on the head, how long atreatment session lasts, how frequently it isdelivered, and other aspects of the treatment arealso in need of refinement. Those parameters arefrom some early assumptions I made in 1993, andmany of those are unexamined.
Robots in Rehab (Ex 1)
Human brain: plastic (can change its internal structure, particularlyits synaptic connections, throughout its lifetime)
, ,afflictions caused by brain damage
But prolonged sessions of highly repetitive movements are difficult
for therapists to perform Insurance: reluctant to pay long-term therapy.
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MIT-Manus (MIT's
mechanical engineering
department)
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Robots in Rehab
(Ex 1)
Dysfunctional arm:
- strapped to the robot's arm
- fingers wrapped around a cylinder
Patient is asked to play a video game
If successful, the robot does nothing
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Sensation of spongy wallThe spongy wall doesn't stop you from deviating from the nominal movement, but it
discourages it. A critical feature of the system is that the amount of assistance and the degree
of challenge (for example, how the robot defines "too slow") varies with how well the
patient is doing. If the patient does well, the assistance decreases while the challenge
increases.
Mechatronics at the service of
rehabilitation (Ex 2)
Stroke victims device
partially supports the
upper-body of patients
and protects against falls,
freeing the physical
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walking and balance
training.Test & Measurement World, July 1, 2010
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Dental snapshot Problem: dental prosthesis
requires:
laboratory.
Dental technicians: modeling aplaster impression.
Model is scanned (digital cameras) matching dental prosthesis isproduced.
Now: 3-D coordinates of the
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tooth surface determined on thebasis of measurements taken inthe patients mouth
Biometrics
Identification and
Unique vein pattern
Recognized all but oneof 1290 test subjects
Error rates lower than
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nearly 60 biometricsystems
TechSphere-Fujitsu-Hitachi
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Genetic Engineering
u a ons ema nemyopathy
Muscle weakness due todisrupting a specific
protein in the thinfilament
Molecular dance
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between the thick andthin filaments is
Disrupted musclecontraction is impaired
Gene therapy injection introduced
normal myotubularin into the muscle to
replace the defective gene
Mouse only!
Biomaterials: Drug Dispensing
Contact Lens
Glaucoma and dry-eye
day
Blinking and tearing 1 to7 percent of the dose isactually absorbed by the
Lab: Ciprofloxacin (an
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Two-layer contact lens withan inner drug-bearingbiodegradable polymer filmknown
antibiotic often used in
eyedrops) for 30 days
Constant rate
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:
:
:
:X
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:( (
:Pacemaker (Implants)
Whos who in BME?
IEC: International Electrotechnical Committee
ISO: International Standard Organization AAMI: Association for the Advancement of
Medical Instrumentation
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FDA: Food and Drug Administration
VA: Veterans Administration
IFBME: International Federation of BME
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Any body else?
ANSI: American National Standards Institute
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
ACCE: American College of Clinical Engineering
AARAT: Association for the advancement of RehabilitationTechnologies
: ompu er- ase a en ecor ns u e
HIBCC: Health Industry Business Communications Council
JCAHO: Joint Commission on Accreditation of HealthOrganizations
Office of Science and Data Development, Agency forHealth Care Policy and Research.
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WEDI: Workgroup for Electronic Data Interchange NEMA: National Equipment Manufacturers Association
AIMBE: American Institute for Medical and BiologicalEngineering (umbrella function)
WHO: World Health Organization
...
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http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/brain/Neuron.shtml
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http://www.we-make-money-not-art.com/yyy/RatNeuronOnChip_color_small.jpg
Mode l o f a Neur on
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http://www.ccwu.edu/Thesis_Moynihan/Chapter3_files/image006.gif
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The future is already here: Direct
Neuron Interface
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Artificial eye
58http://blogs.webmd.com/eye-on-vision/uploaded_images/VisionChip-795083.jpg
http://news-
service.stanford.edu/news/2005/march30/gifs/
chip.jpg
Web Page
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Electronic Nose
59http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~infoarts/links/isea2006bioartf/Prof.%2023.jpg
Taking cues from nature
Faster than any other RF
spectrum analyzer Consumes about 100 times
less power (direct
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g za on
Applications: universal orcognitive radio
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...
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Career Video
Courtesy Institute Electrical Electronics
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