Chair - Vince Smith Diversification - non-vertebrates Contributed papers - Oklahoma B 3.30 PM - 5.00...
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Transcript of Chair - Vince Smith Diversification - non-vertebrates Contributed papers - Oklahoma B 3.30 PM - 5.00...
Chair - Vince Smith
Diversification - non-vertebrates
Contributed papers - Oklahoma B
3.30 PM - 5.00 PM
Jan Stefka& Vince Smith
A hitchhikers guide to the Galápagos
Co-phylogeography of Galápagos mockingbirds and their parasites
BALTRASouth Seymour
BARTOLOMÉBartholomew
ESPAÑOLAHood
FERNANDINANarborough
FLOREANACharles
GENOVESATower
ISABELAAlbemarle
MARCHENABindloe
NORTH SEYMOUR
PINZÓNDuncan
PINTAAbingdon
RÁBIDAJervis
SAN CRISTÓBALChatham
SANTA CRUZIndefatigable
SANTA FÉBarrington
SANTIAGOSan Salvador
0 100(km)
0 60(m)
The Galapágos archipelago
5-9 MYA
c. 2-3 MYA
7.000 YA
Further SEup to 80 MYA?
c. 1-2 MYA
0 100(km)
0 60(m)
The progression rule
YoungestIslands
OldestIslands
Patterns of colonization & diversification linked to geological history
Shallowestnode coalescences
Deepestnode coalescences
BALTRASouth Seymour
BARTOLOMÉBartholomew
ESPAÑOLAHood
FERNANDINANarborough
FLOREANACharles
GENOVESATower
ISABELAAlbemarle
MARCHENABindloe
NORTH SEYMOUR
PINZÓNDuncan
PINTAAbingdon
RÁBIDAJervis
SAN CRISTÓBALChatham
SANTA CRUZIndefatigable
SANTA FÉBarrington
SANTIAGOSan Salvador
0 100(km)
0 60(m)
Galapágos endemics
Galapágos mockingbirds
Mimus spp.
Host systematics
Host mockingbirdsMimus sp.
traditional taxonomy
M. trifasciatusFloreana M. macdonaldi
Hood
M. parvulus
M. melanotisSan Cristobal
East
S.East
Middle+North
West
mtDNA (Arbogast et al, 2006), colonization 1.6-5.5 MYA
mtDNA phylogeny
Galapágos mockingbirds
2004-2008
14 Islands
• Mist nets & potter traps• Wing vein puncture• Ectoparasites collected by dust ruffling
Mockingbird ectoparasites
Amblyceran louseMyrsidea nesomimi11 islands
Ischnoceran louseBrueelia galapagensis6 (smaller) islands
Analgid miteAnalges sp.11 islands
Myrsidea
Brueelia
Analges
Questions
Analges Myrsidea MockingbirdsBrueelia
• Are the host & ectoparasite evolutionary histories congruent?
• Where there is discordance, can we explain it
Biogeography
• To what extent do these diversifications match the successional origins of the islands (progression rule)
• What are the evolutionary histories of these lineages
Data• Homologous 1050 bp fragment COI sequenced in the
mockingbirds and all 3 parasite taxa + outgroups • Complementary nuclear EF1α sequenced in Brueelia &
Analges (not informative in Myrsidea)• 400 Mimus individuals covering the 11 sampled islands
genotyped using microsatellites
Analyses• NJ, ML and BI phylogenetic analyses • Haplotype network built using TCS• Mockingbird microsats analysed via Bayesian clustering
algorithm in Structure• *BEAST to compare mutation rates, infer a multi-species tree
from gene trees, & estimate dates of speciation• GeoPhylo and Google Earth to visualize genetree congruence
Mockingbirds
COI
• 107 sequences (25 haplotypes)
• Island populations often single haplotypes (Floreana)
• Largely congruent with traditional taxonomy
• Basal split separates SE pop. from rest
• No regular migration between islands (Structure analysis)
• Incongruence with ectos must have another explanation (eg ancestral polymorphism)
ML tree
SE
Feather mites (Analges)
COI
• 86 sequences (71 haplotypes), most diverse ecto.
• Haplotypes exclusive to each island (*GbE)
• Broadly maps to host phylogeny, SE clade @ root
• Fastest mutation rate (9x Mimus)
SE
Amblyceran lice (Myrsidea)
COI
• 98 sequences (37 haplotypes)
• Broadly maps to host phylogeny, basal SE clade
• Island groups monophyletic & well supported
• But less pop. structure than mites
• Several haplotypes shared across islands
• Champion & Santa Fe relationship (recent migration perhaps by unknown louse vector)
• Mutation rate approx 2x Mimus
Ischnoceran lice (Brueelia)
SENW
• Dispersal via hitchhiking on hippoboscids?• B. galapagensis ‘contaminant’ on Small Ground Finch • Inter-island migration of Small Ground Finch with
hippoboscids carrying lice? Geospiza fuliginosa
• 45 sequences (8 haplotypes)• Very low levels of genetic diversity• Island populations comprise 1-3 haplotypes• Some genetic isolation between islands
Cophylogeny
• Wide confidence intervals on node ages• Indicative of the sequence of speciation • SE split 1.53 Mya on multi-species tree • Multi-species tree agrees with traditional Mockingbird taxonomy &
geological history• Incongruence best seen in Google Earth visualization
*BEAST (node age & multi-species tree)Single calibration - Espanola (mean 2.9 Mya, SD 0.9)
Geophylogeny
• GeoPhylo• ML gene trees • Lat. long. data• KML file• Google Earth
http://tinyurl.com/3pxboyuGoogle Earth
Summary• Evolutionary histories of Mimus & 2 ectoparasites
(Analges & Myrsidea) broadly congruent• These diversifications can be explained by the
successional origins of the islands (progression rule) and co-diversification of ectoparasite lineages
• Low genetic variability & lack of co-phylogeographic congruence in one ectoparasite lineage (Brueelia)
• May be explained by life history traits of Brueelia linked to phoretic dispersal
Read more shortly at:Stefka et al 2011. A hitchhikers guide to the Galapagos: co-phylogeography of Galapagos mockingbirds and their parasites. BMC Evolutionary Biology (accepted pending revision)
Acknowledgements
...and Douglas Adams
Paquita Hoeck and Lukas Keller (Zoological Museum, University of Zurich, Switzerland) who provided host and parasite samples and some microsat. data.
European Union FP7 Marie Curie Fellowship program.