Version 3.30 Documentation

Version 330Documentation

Global Mapping SystemsNew Haven CT diams New York NY diams Tokyo Japan

Software License Agreement

PLEASE READ THIS SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT ldquoLICENSErdquo CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THE SOFTWARE BY USING THE SOFTWARE YOU ARE AGREEING TO BEBOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE PROMPTLY RETURN THE SOFTWARE TO THE PLACE WHERE YOUOBTAINED IT FOR A REFUND

1 Reservation of Ownership and Grant of License The software accompanying this License whether on disk on compact disc in read only memory printed form or any other media the relateddocumentation and other materials (collectively the ldquoGPSy Softwarerdquo) are licensed not sold to you by Global Mapping Systems and Karen Nakamura (ldquoGlobal Mapping Systemsrdquo) Global Mapping Systemsand its third party licensor(s) retain exclusive rights title and ownership of the copy of the GPSy Software and hereby grants to Licensee a personal nonexclusive nontransferable license to use the GPSySoftware based on the terms and conditions of this agreement The GPSy Software in this package and any copies modifications and distributions which this License authorizes you to make are subject tothis license

2 Permitted Uses and Restrictions This License allows you to use the number of copies of the GPSy Software for which license fees have been paid on the computer system(s) andor specific computernetwork(s) for the Licenseersquos own internal use Except as expressly permitted in this License you may not decompile reverse engineer disassemble modify rent lease loan sublicense distribute or createderivative works based upon the GPSy Software in whole or part or transmit the Software over a network or from one computer to another Your rights under this License will terminate automatically withoutnotice from Global Mapping Systems if you fail to comply with any term(s) of this License

3 Term The license granted by this Agreement shall commence upon Licenseersquos receipt of the GPSy Software and shall continue upon such time that 1) Licensee elects to discontinue use of the GPSySoftware and terminates this Agreement or 2) Global Mapping Systems terminates for Licenseersquos material breech of this Agreement Upon termination of this Agreement in either instance Licensee shallreturn to Global Mapping Systems the GPSy Software and any whole or partial copies codes modifications and merged portions in any form The parties hereby agree that all provisions which operate toprotect the rights of Global Mapping Systems shall remain in force should breach occur

4 Limitation of Liability Global Mapping Systemrsquos entire liability and Licenseersquos exclusive remedy shall be the return of the license fee paid for the GPSy Software Global Mapping Systems shall not be liablefor indirect special incidental or consequential damages related to Licenseersquos use of the GPSy Software even if Global Mapping Systems is advised of the possibility of such damage

5 Governing Law This agreement is governed by the laws of the United States of America and the State of Connecticut without reference to conflict of laws principles

6 Entire Agreement The parties agree that this constitutes the sole and entire agreement of the parties as to the matter set forth herein and supersedes any previous agreements understandings andarrangements between the parties relating hereto and is effective valid and binding upon the parties

Liability Disclaimer

GPSy is a not a professional navigational aid and should not be used as a primary means of navigation or in any situations where damage to life or property is possible Please be very careful in using thisproduct since IN NO EVENT SHALL SOFTWARE AUTHOR BE LIABLE TO USER FOR ANY SPECIAL INDIRECT INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGE INCLUDING BUTNOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF REVENUE AND LOSS OF PROFITS OR LOSS OF LIFE OR PROPERTY EVEN IF AUTHOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCHDAMAGES The maximum liability accepted will be the refund of the purchase price of this software Your use of GPSy GPSy Pro or GPSyLink signifies your agreement with these conditions If you donot agree to these conditions or if these limitations to liability are illegal in your jurisdiction you must not use the software and must return it for a full refund

In other words use common sense donrsquot use GPSy for mission life-critical or plain stupid purposes (eg flying at night with only a GPS unit and GPSy to guide you delivering pizzas in a bad neighbor-hood driving while looking at a laptop using it for IFR flights climbing K2 walking into trees) unless you are willing to acknowledge that it may produce miscalculations with unforeseen or grave results ormay cause you to navigate in a potentially dangerous fashion Common sense dictates that you should have sole responsibility for your own actions so please please be responsible

Good navigators never rely on only one source of navigational information and always look where they are going (donrsquot crash that car into a tree looking at your laptop) The author has seen handheld GPSunits give erroneous positional information that was more than 200 miles off course Please be very careful and please donrsquot sue us I hate disclaimers donrsquot you Itrsquos sad that we need them

Copyright and Trademark InformationThe Macintosh program GPSy and its documentation are Copyright copy 1996-1999 by Global Mapping Systems and Karen Nakamura All rights reserved GPSyreg and GPSyCOMreg are registeredtrademarks and GPSy Protrade and GPSyLinktrade are trademarks of Karen Nakamura All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners GPSy may not be redistributed placed in any CD-ROM or on any software archive without the prior written consent of the author This manual and its contents may not be reproduced in any format without the express written permission of KarenNakamura

DeLormereg StreetAtlas USAreg and Tripmatereg are registered trademarks of DeLorme Mapping Inc Tripmate communication protocols and StreetAtlas links are used under license from DeLorme MappingInc All technical support questions related to GPSy and DeLorme products should be referred to GPSy technical support (supportgpsycom)

Development Environment and AcknowledgmentsGPSy was developed in CC++ using CodeWarrior Pro on a PowerBook 3400c and Yosemite G3 Portions of the source code were inspired by the EasyApp programming framework by James E TrudeauGarmin protocol code was initially derived from the free source code for MacGPS 01 by John Waers and substantially altered henceThe author would like to thank her parents for giving her a great education her cat for not walking on the keyboard her business partners Yuka Suzuki Kiyoshi Suzuki Eun Suk Joo Gunjeong Lee RitaMelendez DeLorme Mapping Company Dave Martindale Garmin Technical Support Pete Lindsley Allory Deiss anonymous Eagle engineer FGPS MacTech magazine numerous alpha and beta-testersand the letter Q iPC MapFan II inspired by Naoya Shindo Sony IPS Protocol with help from Takao Shimizu Geodetic gurus Chuck Gantz and Don Stierman Thank you

This documentation was typeset in Adobe Garamond 1012 using Adobe PageMaker 652 and exported directly to PDF format where Adobe Acrobat Exchange munged on it further

Table of ContentsIntroduction 5Chapter 1 Getting Started 9Chapter 2 File Menu ndash View Map Data Logging 13

View Map 13Open Map 13GPS Log Files 15Demo Mode 17

Chapter 3 Edit Menu ndash Preferences 19Display Preferences 19Serial Preferences 22Keyboard Commands 26License Key 26Internet Preferences 26

Chapter 4 Displays Menu 27Location Panel 27Heading and Speed Panel 27Additional Device Data Panel 28GPS Satellite Data 28

Chapter 5 Utilities Menu ndash Time Synchronization 35Set Macintosh Time 36

Chapter 6 Utilities Menu ndash GPS Data UploadDownload 39Chapter 7 Sending GPSNMEA Commands 43Chapter 8 GPSyLinks to DeLorme Street Atlasreg iPC MapFanII

Internet Map Servers 45StreetAtlas 4 GPSyLink Quick Directions 45Notes on the SA4 GPSyLink 47

Chapter 9 GPSyLink AppleEvent Support 49Appendix A Hooking Your GPS Unit to Your Mac 51

Do we have enough connectors 51I am solder hear me rosin 52Mini Din-8 DB-25 DB-9 Connector Schematics and Signal Functions 53

Appendix B A Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Tutorial 57Appendix C (Almost) Everything You Wanted to Know about NMEA-0183 63

NMEA-0183 Data Structure 63Standard NMEA Tags 64

Appendix D A Warning on Datums 67Glossary 69Index 75

4

GPSy Operations Manual

GPSytrade displaying a USGS topographic map on CD-ROM

5


Introduction

Welcome to GPSytrademdash a Macintosh GlobalPositioning Systems (GPS) communicationsprogram GPSy connects to practically any dataoutput capable GPS unit and displays your currentlocation speed heading navigational data satellitevisibility status and other information

bull GPSy has the broadest support for GPS units ofany Macintosh program on the market GPSysupports any NMEA-0183 unit most NMEA-0182 and Rockwell NavCore V Binary Protocolunits Rockwell Zodiac Protocol Sony IPSProtocol units Trimble TSIP and Garminunits in real-time GRMNGRMN mode

bull GPSy displays your position in any of 125defined datums using latitudelongitudeUTMUPS Earth CenteredEarth Fixed x yz Maidenhead Grid US Military Grid(MGRS) Australian Map Grid BritishNational Grid French GRADs Irish GridNew Zealand Map Grid Swedish Grid or theSwiss Grid system

bull GPSytrade allows you to scan in your own mapsor use downloaded raster image maps in PICTGIFJPEG format These maps can be cali-brated and displayed and overlaid with trackand waypoint information

bull GPSytrade supports the GeoTIFF and TFW mapcalibration standards allowing it to be usedseamlessly with topographic DRG maps andorthophotos from the USGS and other sources

bull GPSytrade can connect to Internet DGPS-IPservers for high-quality RTCM DGPS correc-tions in real-time This can totally counteractSA for real-time lt 10 meter accurate solutions

bull GPSytrade supports real-time links to Internet MapServers such as the Xerox PARC map serverMapFan StreetMap MapBlast and CensusTIGER

bull GPSytrade calculates and removes the governmentimposed Selective Availability (SA) error givingyou a ldquostatic solutionrdquo of lt 10 meters

bull GPSytrade synchronizes your Macintosh time andlocation information to the highly accurate dataprovided by the GPS satellite system

bull GPSytrade connects to compatible Garminreg brand

GPS units and can upload and downloadwaypoint route track and almanac informationGPSytrade supports the Garmin extended protocolfor waypoint icons proximity waypoint and userconfiguration data GPSytrade can also upload anddownload waypoints from compatible LowranceEagle and Magellan brand GPS units

bull GPSytrade controls high-end GPS units such as theAshtec SCAndash12 with its Send GPSNMEA com-mand feature A MacintoshGPSy exclusive

bull GPSytrade supports multiple export formats includ-ing raw NMEA NMEA-0183 RMC sentencesStreetAtlas tracks MapFan format POT formattab delimited ASCII and HTML web files

bull The GPSyLinktrade AppleEvent suite allows usersand third-party software to poll GPSy for posi-tional and navigational data This allows GPSy tointegrate into advanced third-party and end-userGIS solutions

bull Exclusive GPSyLinktrade to DeLormersquos StreetAtlasreg

30 40 (for the USA) and iPC MapFan II (forJapan) (StreetAtlas or iPC MapFan II must bepurchased separately)

6


GPSy System RequirementsGPSy runs on MacOS compatible systems that havea 68020 or higher CPU (or PowerPC) and that arerunning System 755 or higher GPSy is MacOS86 and QuickTime 4 savvy GPSy is PowerPCoptimized and is distributed as ldquofatrdquo binary withboth PowerPC and 680x0 code We recommend thatyou have at least 8 megabytes of available systemmemory (more if you are using DRG topo maps)

Scanned map support requires Apple QuickTime302 or above to be installed

Internet Map Server links require Internet Config(part of QuickTime 3) and a working WWWbrowser to be installed

StreetAtlas and iPC MapFan II links require theirrespective applications to be installed

Compatible GPS UnitsGPSy requires a NMEA-0183 NMEA-0182Rockwell NavCore Rockwell Zodiac Sony IPS orTrimble TSIP protocol compatible GPS unit and aworking data connection to your Macintosh Thefollowing nonexclusive list of units have been testedto work with GPSy

Apelco GPS-15 6700Ashtec SCA-1212SDeLorme EarthMate TrackrsquonrsquoGo

TripmateEagle AccuMap 12 AccuMap Sport

AccuNav Sport AccuTrailExpedition Explorer IIUltraNav GPS View

Garmin GPS II GPS II+ III III+GPS 12 GPS 12XL 12CXGPS 20 20SGPS 30 31 35 36 38GPS 40 45 45XL 48GPS 50 GPS 55 75 89GPS 90 92 GPS 95XLGPS 120 GPS 135GPS 175 GPSMap 195GPSMap 210 GPSMap 220GPSMap 230StreetPilotStreetPilot Color

Lowrance AirMapGlobalMap 100GlobalMap SportGlobalNav 200212310GlobalNav SportSeaNav

Magellan ColorTrak TrakkerGPS 3000 GPS 4000GPS 2000XL 3000XL 4000XLMeridian Meridian XLProMark X Trailblazer XL

Motorola PVT-6Novatel NavCardPanasonic KX-G93 KX-G5700Rockwell NavCardSony IPS-300050005100IPS760

PACY-CNV10Toshiba Noteworthy GPS PC Card

NWGPS01Trimble ScoutMaster

FlightProMobile GPSCardGPS-PCMCIA Card4000SSi

An updated version of this list may be found athttpwwwgpsycomcompatibilityhtml

SidebarThis list merely represents thoseunits tested with GPSy and is notexclusive GPSy is compatiblewith any device that speak theNMEA-0183 or -0182 protocolssuch as LORANndashC DECCAand other marine navigationalsystems

7


Registering GPSyGPSy is distributed through several sources

bull As a freely downloadable demonstration copyfrom the Internetbull As bundled software with other commercialproductsbull As a demonstration copy distributed byfloppy from retail and other sourcesbull As a licensed copy distributed by floppy fromretail sources

If you downloaded or obtained a demonstrationcopy of GPSy you can test out some of its basicfunctionality before deciding to purchase it Readthe file ldquoPurchasing Upgrading GPSyrdquo or the webpage httpwwwgpsycompurchase for moreinformation on how to pay for your copy of GPSy

You can purchase your copy by e-mail postal mailfax or telephone or through our on-line securewebsite Visa MasterCard American ExpressDiscover Diners Club First Virtual cash in variousinternational currencies and checks drawn on USbanks are all accepted as forms of payment

If you purchased your copy of GPSy from a retailsource or as part of a bundle your license keynumber should be enclosed with your floppy diskUse the key to unlock the copy of GPSy on yourdisk You can download patches and minor updatesto GPSy from the WWW site as well

Contact InformationTechnical support for GPSy may be reached throughe-mail at

mailtosupportgpsycom

Order and license key related questions should beaddressed to

mailtoordersgpsycom

GPSy Software UpdatesGPSy is updated quite often (usually once a month)with new features and bug fixes The latest version ofGPSy documentation and FAQs can be downloadedfrom the GPSy world-wide web site

httpwwwgpsycom

Registered Users Web SiteAs part of your registration package you should havereceived instructions on how to access the GPSyregistered users web site If you did not receive thisinformation please contact Order Support

mailtoordersgpsycom

Please include your registration license key numberandor invoice date with your inquiry

8


Garmin GPS IIwith background coastal map uploaded through GPSy

See MapgenMatlab uploading (Chap 6) for details

9


SidebarIf you have a Macintosh withnonstandard serial ports or ifyoursquore already using yourmodem port for anotheractive connection then GPSymay warn you it was notable to open the port Eitherswitch ports or make a portavailable

By default GPSy is set to usethe NMEA-0183 serialcommunications protocol SeeChapter 3 on how to setGPSy to use alternative serialports or communicationsprotocols See Appendix A ifyou are having troublephysically connecting yourGPS unit to your Macintoshor the online FAQ onhardware problems

Garmin UnitsWhen setting up GarminGPS units use the NMEA-0183 communicationsprotocol for real-time dataNMEA-0183 is stabler andprovides more informationthan the Garmin protocol forreal-time navigating Switchto the Garmin protocol whenuploading and downloadingdata such as waypointsroutes or tracks

OK yoursquove already hooked up your GPS unit toyour Mac with the proper cables and yoursquore readyto go If you havenrsquot connected your GPS to yourMac yet see Appendix A on how to connect thingsup

Start GPSy by double-clicking on its icon If youhavenrsquot registered the program a splash screen willcome up reminding you otherwise the LocationPanel and GPS Data Monitor panel will openautomatically and GPSy will open the default serialport (modem port) for NMEA-0183 input

First you will want to make sure GPSy is communi-cating properly with your GPS unit

Basic Location InformationIf your unit is successfully communicating withGPSy then the Location Panel should fill withinformation and the GPS Data panel should

display the data packets your GPS unitis send-ing Ifyou arenrsquotreceivinganyinforma-tioncheck theSerialPrefer-encespanel to

Chapter 1 Getting Started

verify GPSy is set to theright serial port andspeed and check yourcable connections

The various menuoptions under theDisplays menu bring uppanels that show datagleaned from the GPS unit More information aboutthe Displays menu can be found in Chapter 4 Dis-play Panels

The GPS Data Monitor is important since it shows thedata ldquosentencesrdquo or packets your Macintosh is receiv-ing from the GPS unit Each data display depends oninformation provided in these sentences For examplethe Location Panel needs the location informationprovided in the NMEA-0183 GLL or RMC datasentences so if your GPS doesnrsquot send those packetsGPSy canrsquot display location information with the

10


NMEA-0183 protocol Other data protocols usedifferent packets to send data See the Display Panelschapter for more information

Yoursquove now started to receive data from the GPSunit GPSy is now acting as the conduit betweenyour Global Positioning Systems receiver and yourMacintosh There is no limit what you can do withthis data mdash from digital mapping to GeographicInformation Systems (GIS) land surveying to simplyfinding your way home GPSy provides the high-endGPS communications solutions you need

Select ldquoView World Maprdquo from the File Menu toopen up the World Map window (below) TheWorld Map is provided as a quick way to determineyour GPS current position Your current position isindicated by the red cross inside a circle icon Yourcurrent track heading is indicated by the greencircle If your GPS unit is sending navigationinformation about your next waypoint that infor-mation may be displayed as well

While the global resolution of the World Map ishigh itrsquos not adequate for local navigating Yoursquoll

11


most probably want to purchase or download high-resolution digital maps of your local area

GPSy supports a wide variety of digital mapformatsPeople living in the US have the access tothe broadest variety since the US Federal Govern-ment has waived its copyrigh on federally producedmap data This means you can obtain high-resoution topographic maps off the Internet or oninexpensive CD-ROMs See our Map Resouceshome page for more information

httpwwwgpsycommaps

The topographic map on page 4 of this manualgives a good idea of the resolution of the USGStopo map series

GPSy also supports calibrated ldquoorthophotosrdquo mdashhigh resolution photographs taken from airplanesor satellites such as the photograph of Boston tothe right Orthophoto archives can also be found atthe link above

You can also scan in your own maps using atlasescharts topo maps or other map data Calibratingthem in GPSy simply requires knowing the posi-tion of three points on the map

Please note that both topographic maps andorthophotos are quite large mdash file sizes of 6-10megabytes are not unusual GPSy prefers to haveenough system memory to load a map in its en-tirety although it can work with less memory byreducing map resolution Enhance mapping perfor-mance by installing as much physical memory aspossible quitting other applications and turning

on virtual memory when using GPSy with huge mapfiles

If you download waypoints or tracks while a digitalmap is open the waypoints and tracks will be overlaidonto the map window

In addition you can create waypoints by clicking on acalibrated map and copying the waypoint data to anediting program or uploading it by selecting ldquoSendmap waypointrdquo under the UtilitiesSend to GPS

Digital Orthophoto of Boston downloaded from the Internet

12


menu Both of these commands are also availableusing the control-click Contextual Menu feature inMacOS 8 See Chapter 2 for more information

Internet MapsGPSy also supports Internet Map Links through itsunique GPSyLinktrade feature If you have a liveinternet connection select an internet map serverunder the GPSyLink menu to connect to

The Internet Map Server feature requires a workingInternet connection (direct PPP Ricochet etc)InternetConfig and an installed WWW browser

Commercial Maps on CD-ROMGPSy can provide GPS data to the DeLormeStreetAtlasreg 30 and 40 CD-ROMs of the UnitedStates as well as iPCrsquos MapFan IIIIII Power UpEdition CD-ROM maps of Japan These commercial

CD-ROM-based applications provide high-qualitystreet-level mapping For more information seeChapter 8 on GPSyLink

A World of PossibilitiesGPSy opens up a whole world of possibilities Youcan open scanned map files or ldquopushrdquo the GPS datato GIS software programs through the GPSyLinkmenu item You can log the NMEA data for laterprocessing or playback with the log feature Or yourcan poll GPSy through the GPSyLink AppleEventsprotocol from other applications opening up GPSdata to a whole world of GIS and mapping applica-tions

This ends the quick basic tutorial please see thefollowing chapters for more information

bull Chapter 2 View Map Data Playbackbull Chapter 3 Preferences bull Chapter 4 Displays Menubull Chapter 5 Synchronizing Macintosh timelocation databull Chapter 6 Data uploaddownloadsbull Chapter 7 Sending GPSNMEA commandsbull Chapter 8 GPSyLinking to Digital Maps StreetAtlasMapFanInternet Map Serversbull Chapter 9 GPSyLink AppleEventsbull Appendix A Hooking your GPS up to your Macintoshbull Appendix B A Global Positioning System Tutorialbull Appendix C Everything you wanted to know about NMEA-0183bull Appendix D A Warning on Datums

13


The File menu contains several different com-mands A brief description will be followed bymore detail in this chapter

bull ldquoView Maprdquo brings up full color overview mapof the world and locates you on it This can beused as a quick way of verifying GPS operation

bull ldquoOpen Maprdquo opens a pre-calibrated map orimports a new map image for calibration

bull ldquoSave Map Calibration Filerdquo allows you to saveyour manual map calibration data out to a file

bull ldquoStart NMEA Loggingrdquo allows you to recordincoming NMEA data to a text logfile

bull ldquoStart NMEA Playbackrdquo allows you to playbacka NMEA logfile that yoursquove recorded or thatsomeone has sent you You can also playbackGPSy extended format track files

bull ldquoDemo Moderdquo makes GPSy run a short dem-onstration of its capabilities reading sampleNMEA data from an internal resource

bull ldquoPrintrdquo prints the current map to the selectedprinter GPSy will attempt to scale the mapoptimally for the selected paper size

bull ldquoQuitrdquo will of course make GPSy quit

View MapAlthough in most cases you will want to use a high-resolution scanned map or a GPSyLink to a CD-ROM GISmapping software program or InternetMap Server GPSy has a built-in map functionwhich brings up a full color world map and locatesyour position using a flashing red cross symbol

Open MapGPSy can open a wide variety of image formats foruse as scanned maps GPSy uses Apple QuickTime30rsquos native imaging routines to provide ultra fastperformance with PICT TIFF GIF GeoTIFFJPEG PhotoShop and other formats

Global Mapping Systems maintains a resourcelibrary for digital map data at

httpwwwgpsycommaps

Precalibrated MapsGPSy supports GeoTIFF pre-calibrated maps suchas those issued by the United States GeologicalSurvey (USGS) in their Digital Raster Graphics(DRG) CD-ROM series of the entire United StatesWith GeoTIFF maps there is no need for usercalibration

GPSy also supports TFW (TIFF World File) calibra-tion data such as provided by non-USGS topomaps orthophotos and ArcView compatible mapviewers TFW files must be supplemented by theUTM zone information more information can befound at

httpwwwgpsycommaps

Chapter 2 File Menu ndash View Map Data Logging

NOTE GPSy caches the map imageinto memory for faster performanceAllocating more memory to GPSyallows a higher resolution cache imageto be stored

TIP Most GeoTIFFs are in 256-colorformat Change your monitor bit-depth to 256 colors to save image cachememory and speed performanceHowever if you have the memory andprocessor-speed higher bit-depths aremore beautifully rendered

14


Manual Map CalibrationMaps without calibration data need to be calibratedmanually After the map opens hold down theoption key while clicking on a point with knowncoordinates in your map Many maps indicatelatitudelongitude markings either alongside theedge of the map or using grid lines (graticules) Atleast three points must be known to calibrate a mapand the points should not lie along the same line andshould be as spaced as far away from each other aspossible After calibrating the map you can save thecalibration points to a file Opening the calibrationfile will automatically open the associated image filewhich may be on a CD-ROM or network Howeverdo not delete or move the image file to a differentserver or volume or the calibration file will not beable to automatically locate and open it In thesecases you will need to manually locate the appropri-ate image file

GPSy uses a single-degree polynomial in its usercalibrations Because of this scanned maps that haverelatively straight latitude-longitude lines (ie nocurving due to the projection system) will calibrateto a higher degree of accuracy

If you need more accuracy due to a map projectedon a non-rectilinear grid step up to GPSy Protradewhich uses higher order polynomial solutions thatcan solve curved or distorted map images

Navigating and Using Digital MapsYou can zoom in and out of the map using theCommand-Arrow keys (Command-LeftArrow isZoom Out Command-RightArrow is Zoom-In) orusing Command +-

Scrolling can be done using the standard scrollers orusing the arrow keys Alternately you can hold downthe SPACE key while inside the map to drag andscroll in real time

Your current position will be displayed using a red-cross graticule and a track record will be overlaid onthe map as you move To center the map on yourcurrent position go to the GPSyLink menu andselect ldquoGPSy (Digital Map)rdquo as the GPSyLinkoption The ldquoLocate Oncerdquo and ldquoLocate Repeatrdquooptions under the GPSyLink menu will then allowyou to center the map on the current position eitheronce or in real-time Switch off the ldquoLocate Repeatrdquomode if you need to scroll manually

Moving the mouse inside the calibrate maps willdisplay the position of the point The primarycoordinate system and primary datum are used whendisplaying the map location point

Uploading a Map Waypoint to the GPSYou can upload a map position to your GPS unit byclicking on the waypoint position in the map thenselecting the ldquoSend map waypointrdquo command underthe UtilitiesSend to GPS menu You will be asked

TIP Use the SPACE bar dragscroll feature to navigate quicklyinside a map and the ldquoLocateOncerdquo GPSyLink to quickly centerthe map on your current position

Tip Rightangle and isoceles triangleswork well as calibration vertices

TIP If you create a QuickTimeldquopreviewrdquo for the map file whenopening it the calibration file willcopy over the preview data Since thecalibration file doesnrsquot have to be inthe same directory or have the samename as the original file this is aquick and easy way to create a linkfolder to your favorite maps completewith previews

15


for the waypoint name and then GPSy will uploadit using the current data transfer protocol

If you have MacOS 8 installed you can use thecontrol-click Contextual Menu shortcut to accessthis feature

Note that most GPS units will overwrite waypointswith the same name (or waypoint number forEagleLowrance)

Copying the Current Map PositionYou can copy the coordinates of this point to theclipboard by clicking on a position and thenselecting ldquoCopy Map Pointrdquo under the Edit menuThis will export a copy of the map pointrsquos coordi-nates in as a GPSy Extended Format record Pastethis into a text editor spreadsheet or database tocreate a GPSy extended format waypoint file


GPS Log FilesGPSy can record and playback NMEA-0183logfiles A NMEA logfile is a raw ASCII version ofthe NMEA-0183 sentences (ldquocommandsrdquo) nor-mally sent from your GPS unit to your MacintoshThere are three primary reasons why you wouldwant to record a logfile

bull For later playback revisiting a trip you made atan earlier date

bull For data analysis with a GIS program plotter orspreadsheet

Due to their binary nature raw logging of NMEA-0182 Rockwell Sony and Garmin protocols is onlyprovided as a debugging aid for developers and cannotbe played back Condensed NMEA-0183 compatiblelogs of these formats are supported

GPSy supports other logging formats including

bullNMEA-0183 RMC Sentences (easier to parse)bullTab-delimited ASCII (database import)bullHTML web file (for real-time vehicleposition

tracking over the Internet using Personal WebSharing)

bullDeLorme track file (for playback in SA4)bullMapFan TRK format (for playback in MapFan)bullDMAPWin POT format (send to PC users)

RecordingTo start recording your NMEA data go to the Filemenu and select ldquoStart GPS DataLogginghelliprdquo Youwill be asked for the name and location of a file tosave to as well as the data format If you are going tobe replaying the data in GPSy select either the ldquoRawNMEArdquo data format or the ldquoNMEA-0183 RMCrdquodata format

Data log files are usually saved as a standardMacintosh text files (file type lsquoTEXTrsquo creator lsquoGPSyrsquo)

16


share this file onto the Internet mdash using a RicochetInternet wireless modem or PCSGSMPFIASCellular PPP connection mdash other people can viewyour position using any web browser from anylocation on the Internet This feature was designedspecifically for multiple vehicle and remote positiontracking

NMEA-0183 Log CommentsYou can enter ldquocommentsrdquo into NMEA-0183 typelog files (see below for the proprietary tag) by hittingthe ltRETURNgt key while recording This willopen a small dialog box asking for the tag commentthe default is the current time and date and a recordnumber You can hit ltreturngt again or type in yourown comment To view comments during playbackkeep the ldquoNMEA Sentence Datardquo window open andlook for the Notes field to appear

Log Comments are only supported in raw NMEA-0183 and NMEA-0183 RMC log files

NMEA-0183 PlaybackYou can playback a NMEA-0183 logfile by choosingthe option ldquoStart NMEA Playbackhelliprdquo You will beasked for a file to playback The file will playback inGPSy just as if it were being received ldquoliverdquo You canalso ldquodrag and droprdquo a log file onto GPSy to play itback

that can be opened in any word processor spread-sheet or data analysis program

The ldquoRaw NMEArdquo format can be extremely bulkyand difficult to process since it captures all of thedevicersquos NMEA-0183 data Interval logging is notavailable with this option The internal format is thestandard raw NMEA data format which is easilyeditable or data-extractable For more informationon the NMEA-0183 data format see Appendix CThe Raw NMEA format requires that the currentposition communications protocol be set to NMEA-0183

The ldquoNMEA-0183 RMCrdquo data format writes onlyNMEA-0183 $GPRMC data sentences at timedintervals The RMC sentence contains most of theinformation needed for later GIS processing in acomma delimited format The NMEA-0183 RMCsentences are generated by GPSy internally so thatyou can use this format regardless of the GPS posi-tion communication protocol in use

The ldquoTab delimited ASCIIrdquo option allows you tosave the GPS data as a series of tab-delimited fieldsAll database and spreadsheet programs support a tab-delimited ASCII input Datetime (UTC) positionvelocity and DOP values are written out to the file

The ldquoHTML Web Filerdquo option saves the currentGPS position and velocity information as a HTMLweb file with GPSyLinks to map data If you useldquoPersonal Web Sharingrdquo (available in MacOS8) to

17


GPSy can read back its own log files of course butyou can also read back log files created by telecom-munications programs including those created onDOS machines However log files must be inlsquoTEXTrsquo format (use ResEdit or FileTyper to changethe type to lsquoTEXTrsquo) GPSy will skip over unknowndata and blank lines However each NMEA sen-tence must be on its own line with a carriage returnafter each line and each sentence beginning withthe $ marker

GPSy can also playback track files downloadedfrom GPS units as long as they are saved in theGPSy native track file format (either classic orextended formats)

Proprietary TagsIn order to make log files more useful GPSy addstwo proprietary tags to the NMEA datafile format

$PGPSyC This is a comment Commentsare displayed in the ldquoAdditional DeviceInfordquo panel $PGPSyP30T

The first line shows how a comment is used Youcan see the comments in the sample data file byopening the GPS Data Monitor (Command-6)panel

The second line changes the playback speed of alogfile By default GPSy reads one line every 30

SidebarIf you are a nerd you canedit the demo mode log atSTR resource 6000 Notethat demo mode ignoresNMEA checksums regardlessof the serial protocolpreference setting This is afeature not a bug

ticks (there are 60 ticks per second) You can changethis using the lsquo$PGPSyPrsquo tag Units are in ticks (lsquoTrsquo)or seconds (lsquoSrsquo) The smaller the delay (number ofticks) the faster GPSy will read the log file

Demo ModeGPSy cannot function without an attached GPS unitIf you wanted to ldquodemordquo GPSy to a friend yoursquodeither have to attach it to a GPS unit mdash outdoors mdashor find a NMEA log file to playback

In order to make it easier to demo GPSy a shortNMEA log file is embedded in the resource fork ofGPSy and can be played back by selecting theldquoDemordquo feature The embedded demo log was chosento have as many NMEA sentences as possible so thatGPSy could show off all of its features However ifyou map the route using GPSyLink you will noticethat the vehicle marker is travelling straight throughbuildings since it was recorded while I was beta testingthe latest LSD Systems TrippingMate Crsquoest la vie

18


The Display Preferences Panel

19


Chapter 3 Edit Menu ndash Preferences

The Edit menu contains the usual copypastecommands but it also includes the various Prefer-ences panels that control how GPSy works

bull Display Preferences controls the display ofinformation in the various Display panels (seeChapter 4 for information on the individualpanels)

bull Serial Preferences controls which serial portGPSy expects to find your GPS the bps rate atwhich GPSy reads the NMEA data and otherprotocol information

bull Static Position Calculation Mode controls thealgorithm by which GPSy calculates your StaticPosition (anti-SA feature) See the next chapterfor more information about this feature

bull Keyboard Commands allows you to view thecurrent keyboard command settings

bull License Key allows you to enter your GPSylicense key thus enabling the full feature set ofGPSy

Display PreferencesDisplay Preferences allows you to control howinformation is displayed in the various Displaypanels Some of the options seem to be quitecomplex but it is worth learning what they signifyas they directly affect the accuracy of your positiondata

Datum TranslationMaps are built on assumptions about the curvature ofthe earth and assumed fixed starting points Theseassumptions are called ldquodatumsrdquo and as cartographyadvances we develop new datums that fit the earth orour mapping requirements more appropriately Noone datum is a perfect fit for all mapping applicationsThe Global Positioning System uses the WGS-84datum which is designed to approximate the entireearth using the latest mapping data

However many topographic maps use other nationaldatums which produce smaller errors for the localgeographic region For example many USGS topomaps are in the NAD-27 datum and most Britishmaps use the OSGB datum GPSy uses the WGS-84datum internally and automatically translates to theproper display datums

Appendix D ldquoA Warning on Datumsrdquo includes moreinformation on why knowing what your datum is soimportant

Most maps will include the map datum in the indexor corner of the map Look for something like ldquoNAD-1927rdquo ldquoWGS-84rdquo ldquoOSGBrdquo etc Set your GPSdevice to this datum and then read the instructions tosee if GPSy also needs to be set to correct datum or ifyour GPS unit automatically sends the datum correc-tion

GPSy performs datum translations during RealtimeDisplay mode and when performing a Data Transfer

TipGarmin units can be set to any datumsince they report datum informationback to GPSy Set both the Garminunit and GPSy to the datum you wishto use

20


Realtime Display is when GPSy takes its data fromthe NMEA data stream and shows it on its displaypanels and in text-to-speech ldquoData Transferrdquo is whenGPSy is transferring waypoint route or track datato a GPS unit and is what is saved in the trackroutewaypoint data files

Realtime Display Datum GPS units vary as towhether they send the datum correction information

to the computer or not Garmin GPS units all sendcorrected data so you can set GPSy to the correctdatum without worrying about datum problems

For other manufacturers you will need to run aquick test Put the GPS unit in simulator mode andmake sure your current simulated speed is 0 (zero)Launch GPSy and note the current location Goback to the GPS and switch datums If the position

AvailableCoordinateSystems

DDMMSS 41deg15rsquo23rdquo latitudelongitude degrees minutes secondsDDMMM 55deg6315rsquo latitudelongitude degrees decimal minutesDDDDDD 1209853deg latitudelongitude decimal degrees

UTMUPS Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)Normal Grid All 7 UTM digits displayed in large digits

12345671000m Grid Middle digits highlighted for use with 125000 maps

123456710000m Grid Middle digit highlighted for use with 1250000 maps

1234567AMG Australian Map GridBNG British National Grid (Use OSGB Datum)Grads French-style grads (100 grads = 90 degrees)Irish Irish Transverse Mercator (Use Irish Datum)NZMG New Zealand Map GridSwedish Swedish Grid SystemSwiss Swiss Map GridECEF xyz Earth Centered Earth-Fixed x y z Coordinate System (for GISGeodesy)Maidenhead Amateur Radio Maidenhead GridMGRS US Military Grid Reference System

Tip Maidenhead support is providedfor ham radio operators However dueto the low resolution of this format wedo not recommend uploading data toGPS units using Maidenhead

21


in GPSy changes then your GPS unit is notsending the proper correction information In thatcase change the datum setting in the GPS unit tothe one you want and set GPSyrsquos Realtime DisplayDatum to ldquono translationrdquo

Some GPS units such as the Eagle Accunav Sportonly have a few datums and might not have onethat you want (such as the OSGB datum for theBritish National Grid) For these units set the GPSunit to the WGS-84 datum and let GPSy handlethe real-time datum conversion

Please read Appendix D on datum translationsbefore changing the Display Datum setting

Data Transfer Datum When performing a datatransfer Garmin GPS units use the WGS-84datum regardless of what is chosen in the GPS unitsettings If you wish to save your trackwaypointroutes in a different datum than WGS-84 thenchoose a different datum in the ldquoData TransferDatumrdquo popup

North DisplayHopefully you know that there is a differencebetween magnetic north and true north Magneticnorth is where your compass points while truenorth is the axis around which the earth spinsThey are close but not close enough and thedeclination (or difference) varies depending onwhere you are on earth Itrsquos confusing when younavigate since you and your map must agree oneither true or magnetic north If your GPS unitsends enough information to calculate northdeclination GPSy can display north info in either

true north or magnetic north format If your GPSunit doesnrsquot send the declination information GPSywill ignore this setting

Normally coordinates are displayed in degrees (0deg isdue North 90deg East 180deg South 270deg West)however users in Francophone countries may preferthe grades (GRAD) option (0G is due North 100GEast 200G West 300G West)

Speed UnitsYou can specify your speed units here as kilometersper hour (kmh) statute miles per hour (mph)nautical miles per hour (knots) or Keanu Reeves perhour (krvh) KRVH may not be available in non-Hollywood versions of GPSy

Measurement UnitsYou can specify your measurement units here asmetric (meterskilometers) statute (feetstatutemiles) or nautical (feetnautical miles) Why ldquospeedunitsrdquo and ldquomeasurement unitsrdquo arenrsquot simply col-lapsed into one panel is a good question This settingalso affects the use of Fahrenheit or Celsius in theMaritime Data Panel

Primary Coordinate SystemGPSyrsquos Location panel shows your location informa-tion using a large ldquoprimaryrdquo location spot and asmaller ldquosecondaryrdquo spot The primary coordinatesystem also affects how data is shown in the Naviga-tion display as well as how it is read aloud using text-to-speech You can switch from any of the coordinatesystem options listed on the previous page

The primary coordinate system selection also affectsthe coordinate system used when transferring data

22


Secondary Coordinate SystemSame as the primary coordinate system but affectsthe smaller display portion of the Location panel

Display AltitudeSince the GPS system is notoriouslyatrociously badat calculating altitude information itrsquos often simplerto not have altitude displayed This turns off altitudein all display panels and prevents it from beingspoken in text-to-speech

Serial PreferencesSee Appendix A for general information on connect-ing your GPS unit to your Mac

Serial PortDefault Modem Port

GPSy allows you to set which serial port your GPSunit is connected to GPSy recognizes all Communi-cations Toolbox (CTB) compliant real and virtualserial ports including PortJuggler Hustler serialports PortShare multi-port PCI cards andPCMCIA serial and GPS cards (NMEA-0183Trimble TSIP or Rockwell NavCore compliant)

Realtime Display ProtocolDefault NMEA-0183

GPSy normally uses the NMEA-0183 protocol forreal-time positional data (your location speedheading bearing etc) You can also optionally selectthe older NMEA-0182 protocol or manufacturerspecific protocols such as the Rockwell protocolsSony Protocol Trimble TSIP or Garmin Real-Timeprotocol

NMEA-0183 is the preferred protocol since itusually contains the most data sentences and is astandard protocol among most GPS units GPSy hasthe most extensive support for NMEA-0183 on anycomputer platform GPSy supports all versions ofNMEA-0183 mdash in general later versions of NMEA-0183 (20 and above) include more informationthan earlier ones for GPS units with that option

NMEA-0182 is an older predecessor of -0183 that isstill used with some ancient marine equipment Youshould only select this if you have no other choicesince it only provides a very limited amount ofnavigational information

23


Garmin Real-Time Protocol is manufacturer-specificcommunications protocol that allows you to leaveyour Garmin GPS unit in GRMNGRMN modewhile navigating thus ending the frustrating switchbetween GRMN and NMEA data modes Unfortu-nately the GRMN protocol only provides limitednavigational information on position speed andbearing and can cause GPSy to slow down For full-time navigating switching to NMEA-0183 mode isrecommended

Rockwell NavCore V Protocol is a manufacturerspecific protocol Rockwell GPS chips are used inmany popular off-the-shelf GPS units GPS PC-Cards and embedded GPS systems The RockwellNavCore protocol provides highly accurate naviga-tional information The DeLorme TrackNGo andRockwell NavCards are two examples of units thatuse the Rockwell NavCore V format

Rockwell Zodiac Protocol is a newer protocol fromRockwell used in their ZodiacJupiter GPSchipsets The DeLorme Tripmate is one example ofa GPS unit that uses the Zodiac Protocol

Sony IPS Protocol is a manufacturer specific proto-col from Sony for their OEM and brand-nameGPS units The Sony IPS-5000 and PACY-CNV10are two examples of Sony IPS format GPS units

Trimble TSIP Protocol is a manufacturer specificprotocol from Trimble for their GPS units TheTrimble Mobile GPS Card and Trimble Scoutmas-ter are two examples of Trimble TSIP format GPSunits Use NMEA-0183 if you have the choice asthe Trimble protocol does not provide all the datathat NMEA-0183 does

Protocol BPS RateDefault 4800 8N1

Although the default NMEA-0183 protocol speedis 4800 BPS 8 data bits 1 stop bit no parity someGPS units allow you to change the BPS rate mdashusually to a higher speed This allows more data tobe transferred in a smaller amount of time Onlythe speed for NMEA-0183 is changeable since thespeed for NMEA-0182 is fixed at 1200 8O1Rockwell NavCore at 9600 8O1 Garmin at 96008N1 and Trimble TSIP at 9600 8O1

Data Transfer ProtocolDefault Garmin

The current version of GPSy supports the GarminGRMN protocol LowranceEagle Software Inter-face (LSI-100) protocol and Magellan protocol forwaypoint data upload and downloads

Annoying Warning MessageDefault On

When uploading or downloading data GPSy mustswitch from its real-time positional protocol to itsdata transfer protocol You the user must alsoswitch your GPS unit between the two if appli-cable GPSy will normally alert you of this protocolswitch with an ldquoannoying warning messagerdquo

Require NMEA-0183 ChecksumDefault Off

The NMEA-0183 transfer protocol specifies anoptional 2-byte checksum on each sentence Thechecksum follows an (asterisk) at the end of each

24


sentence Some units do not send a checksum (suchas Magellan GPS 4000s) You might want to just thisoption turned off unless you are sure your unit sendschecksum data

Initialize Garmin TracPak Default On

GPSy fully supports the full range of GarminTracPaks 20 20SL 30 31 35 36 in their nativeNMEA-0183 modes However some of these unitsrequire initialization when starting up

The 20 20SL 30 and 31 units do not have anyNVRAM to store their last position and currenttimedate after power has been removed Theyrequire this information to be provided to them for afast warm initialization mdash otherwise they mustautolocate which takes up to 30 minutes TheInitialize TracPak option should be turned on if youhave one of these units hooked to GPSy

The 35 and 36 however store their last position andhave a real-time-clock with battery backup Theyonly require initialization if the GPS unit has movedmore than 300 miles since its last fix Since yourMac clocklocation are usually not set as accuratelyas the 3536rsquos last fixtime you should leave thisoption off unless you have moved position signifi-cantly

When the initialization string is sent to the TracPakGPSy will emit a small ldquopingingrdquo sound to let youknow the TracPak is initializing It usually takes lessthan a few minutes for TracPaks to acquire its first

fix after being initialized if the Mac system timelocation is set accurately

Because GPSy uses the Macintoshrsquos time and loca-tion data stored in PRAM to initialize the TracPakitrsquos very important to have these set properly Inorder to have speed future TracPak acquisition timesset the Macintosh system time and location usingGPSy after the Tripmate has made an accurate fixSee Chapter 5 Time Synchronization for details

This setting also controls initialization of TrimbleTSIP devices at startup as well Some TSIP deviceswork better without initialization try the settingboth ways with your particular unit

A Special Note on DeLormereg Tripmatesreg

The DeLorme Tripmate also requires a specialinitialization string since it does not have anyNVRAM or real-time clock While other non-DeLorme GPS programs (on the PC) send a simpleldquowakeuprdquo message to the Tripmate GPSy will auto-sense when a TripMate is attached and perform thefull initialization sequence giving it the currentlocation of the Macintosh and UTC time

When the initialization string is sent to theTripmate GPSy will emit a small ldquopingingrdquo sound tolet you know the Tripmate is initializing It usuallytakes less than a minute for the Tripmate to acquireits first fix after being initialized if the Mac systemtimelocation is set accurately

In order to have speed future Tripmate acquisitiontimes set the Macintosh system time and locationusing GPSy after the Tripmate has made an accuratefix See Chapter 5 Time Synchronization for details

25


Static Position Calculation ModeGPSy normally takes the straight average of yourlocation and altitude when trying to cancel outSelective Availability error in the Static Positiondisplay panel This usually produces very goodresults if your Dilution of Precision (DOP) mdash theerror estimate provided by the GPS unit mdash is lowHowever if your DOP is high because satellitevisibility is being obstructed by cliffs buildingsrain snow or forest cover you may wish to tellGPSy to take DOP into account There are severalways GPSy can do this

The first is to use the DOP value as a weightingfactor Since the smaller DOP is the more accuratethe reading you can use the inverse of DOP as astatistical weighting factor Rather than each samplehaving a weight of 1 the sample is weighted 1DOP So a sample whose DOP is 4 is only 025 thevalue of a sample whose DOP is 1

Another method is to cutoff or ignore samples witha high DOP These options will omit from thecalculations any samples with DOPs greater than

specified This works well as long as you have somereadings coming in with low DOPs

Some Thoughts on DOP Cutoffsbull Normal mode works best when the DOP is

consistently lowbull Weighted mode works best if you donrsquot know the

DOP variance or if there is a lot of variance andyou donrsquot want to miss any samples

bull Cutoff mode works best if you wish to get themost accurate sample and are willing to have towait to get it since your data sample will be muchsmaller than normal Cutoff gt 2 will give the bestresults

bull You can calculate your own static position by alsorecording the NMEA data to logfile and post-processing it with a spreadsheet or GIS programThis is left as an exercise to the reader (my favoritewords in CS textbooks)

Keyboard CommandsThere are several keyboard commands in GPSy thatdonrsquot require the command-key They are the text-to-speech navigational features and the log-com-

ment feature This version of GPSyallows you to view but not edit thekeyboard commands

Text to SpeechGPSy has a text-to-speech (TTS)navigational capability Type one of thefive TTS commands listed in the key-board commands panel to explore theseoptions

26


License KeyWhen you purchased GPSy you should have re-ceived a license key number You can enter thatlicense key here in order to enable GPSy to runwithout any limitations If you should lose or mis-place your license key contact ordersgpsycomthrough e-mail

DGPS-IP Server PreferencesGPSy can access Internet DGPS-IP servers thatprovide high-quality RTCM-104 DGPS correctionsto the SA signal Using one of these servers yourhandheld unit can totally remove the effects of SAachieving meter-accuracy positions

Choose the DGPS-IP server closest to your locationNote that DGPS-IP service requires a real-timeconnection to the Internet and a PowerPC machinewith OpenTransport installed

Internet PreferencesIf you have InternetConfig or MacOS 85 or higherinstalled this option will automatically open theInternetConfig or Inrenet preferences panel andallow you to change your Internet settingsGPSyLinktrade uses the Internet preferences to openyour default web browser to the correct location onthe Internet as well as when selecting the ldquoSend use-mailrdquo option under the Apple menu

27


GPSy displays information sent from your GPSunit using eight different display panels GPSyrsquoscapability to display information is of coursecontingent on your GPS actually sending thecorrect data See the chart at the end of this chapterfor information on the data provided in datasentences for each protocol

Location PanelThe location paneldisplays your currentlocation in two separateareas A larger primarydisplay and a smallersecondary display Youcan set both to latitude and longitude UTMUPSAustralian Map Grid French GRADs Irish GridBritish National Grid (BNG) Maidenhead GridNew Zealand Map Grid Swiss Grid or ECEF X YZ format The panel optionally displays youraltitude as well

You can control how the information is displayedby using the Display Preferences panel

Heading and Speed PanelThe Heading panel shows your current heading(the direction yoursquore heading towards) speed overground (SOG) and yourvelocity made good(VMG) towards your nextwaypoint

Speed Over Ground (SOG) reflects ground speed anddoes not include a vertical component This is ofinterest only if you are climbing or falling very rapidly(skydiving etc) Velocity Made Good (VMG) re-quires a quick explanation While your speed overground is your physical speed VMG is the speed atwhich yoursquore approaching your waypoint So if yoursquoreldquonot quiterdquo heading towards your waypoint yourVMG will be less than your SOG

Heading is given in compass degrees where 0deg is dueNorth 90deg is due East 180deg due South and 270deg isdue West North can be given as true north or mag-netic north Headings can also be listed in rdquogradesrdquo forFrancophone users You can change the headingdisplay settings in the Display Preferences panel

Navigation PanelThe Navigation panel displays the bearing (directiontowards the waypoint from your current location)distance-to-go (DTG) and crosstrack error (XTE)Bearing and distance-to-go are not hard to under-stand Cross-track-error is defined as the distanceperpendicular to the course created from the originwaypoint to the destination waypoint OK thatwasnrsquot too goodhellip Imaginea line drawn from theorigin to your destinationCrosstrack error is theamount of deviation(distance) left or right fromthat line Itrsquos useful forboaters navigating throughchannels and boatways

Chapter 4 Displays Menu

Note Distance to Go is limited by a bugin NMEA-0183 to a maximum of 9999nautical miles GPSy will attempt todetect this situation and will indicateldquoDTG gt= 9999 nmrdquo (or the metricequivalent) when this is detected

28


Additional Device Data PanelThe Additional Device Data panel displays miscella-neous data from the GPS unit First it displays theGPS system time reported by the GPS unit TheGPS system time is synchronized to extremelyprecise atomic clocks and GPSy displays the amountof deviation your Macintosh system clock has fromGPS system time (specifically UTC time) If youwant to set your Mac to GPS system time see thesection on setting your Macintosh system clock

As you most probably know (I certainly hope youdo) magnetic north deviates slightly from truenorth Magnetic north is the location of the mag-netic poles while true north is the axis along whichthe earth spins and they deviate slightly from eachother If your GPS unit sends enough information tocalculate the deviation GPSy will display magneticnorth declination Usually this means that the GPSsentence contains both true north and magneticnorth data GPSy calculates the difference betweenthe two to find the current deviation

Geoidal separation is the amount of deviation fromthe mathematical ellipsoidal model to the geoidalmodel In English the GPS uses a mathematicalmodel called WGS-84 (World Geodetic System1984) which describes the earth as an ellipsoid The

earth isnrsquot actually an ellipsoid and the geoidal separa-tion describes the amount of deviation the ellipsis hasfrom the geoidal model which represents average sealevel This may still not reflect actual ldquoground levelrdquoand is partially why many GPS units report altitudeseemingly incorrectly

The last bit of information displayed is the currentdatum being used by the GPS unit Only Garmin andSony IPS units send this information in a proprietarysentences WGS-84 is the standard datum for GRMNand Rockwell NavCoreZodiac protocols

GPS Satellite DataThe GPS data type tells you if yoursquore using standardGPS or differential GPS The fix type tells you ifyoursquore using a 3D fix or a 2D fix

Now for the satellite display The graphic displayshows a ldquobirdrsquos eyerdquo view of the satellites The outercircle is the horizon and the middle circle is 45degelevation above the horizon The center of the circleindicates directly above you The satellites are de-scribed with their PRN identifying numbers above thecolored dot marking their location and below theirstrength in dBHz The position dot is color coded redfor weak orange for moderate yellow for medium-strong and green for very strong

On the left side of the panel you can see how manysatellites the GPS unit is using and how many satel-lites are theoretically visible You can also see a list ofthe satellite PRNs that the GPS unit is using to locateits fix This is useful for example if you find thatyour fix is being blocked or weakened by an obstruc-

29


tion You can use the satellite display to find thelocation of the obstruction and either move it ormove to a more visible location

The GPS system depends on triangulating yourposition using three or more satellites It requiresthree satellite locks at minimum for a 2D fix andfour for a three-dimensional fix with altitudeHowever if the satellites that you are using totriangulate your location are located close togetherthe GPS fix may not be accurate since the angle ofseparation is not wide enough This can happenfor example if yoursquore trying to locate yourself insidea canyon or among high-rise buildings mdash the onlysatellites visible are straight above

GPSy calculates how much error can be introducedby the satellite geometry and presents this to you astwo numbers Dilution of Precision (DOP) andEstimated Position Error (EPE) The two numbersare related to each other mathematically DOP isgiven as a unitless number between 1-infin where 1 isno DOP error EPE is given in feet or meters andspecifies the amount of estimated error in thelocation data EPE is the product of the DOP errorand the individual satellites range errors GPSy willdisplay this information if it is made available to itand can calculate the EPE error if it has the DOPerror values When GPSy calculates the EPE errorrather than relying on the GPS unit to transmit itit places a small ldquo95rdquo accuracy calculation notenext to the calculated EPE error

RockwellSony Channel InformationGPS units that use the Rockwell InternationalZodiac GPS chipset Rockwell NavCore V chipsetor Sony IPS Protocol send detailed channel informa-tion on each of their parallel channels

On the left of the channel information is the satellitePRN code number (corresponding to the PRNnumbers in the satellite display) To the right is the4-letter status code

N = Satellite used in Navigation solution E = Acquiring satellite Ephemeris (Zodiac Only) T = Tracking satellite signal D = Differential GPS data available for this satellite (Zodiac Only)

30


GPS Data MonitorThe GPS Data Monitor displays the informationcurrently being sent by your GPS unit to yourMacintosh

The first line of the panel shows which type ofdevice is sending the data GPSy usually is usedwith GPS units but other types of devices such asLoran-C Decca Omega etc are also supported

If you are using the default NMEA-0183 commu-nications protocol the second and third linesdescribes which NMEA sentences have beenreceived and parsed by GPSy If GPSy recognizesbut doesnrsquot parse a sentence it lists it betweenltangle bracketsgt In the above example the ltRTEgtsentence was seen by GPSy but not parsed since itdoesnrsquot contain information GPSy is interested inGPSy recognizes all of the major NMEA-0183

sentences and most of the minor ones as well Youcan see Appendix C for more information about thedata contained in NMEA sentences

GPSy displays the last eleven (11) data sentences in ascrolling buffer If GPSy does not recognize a sen-tence or a checksum is invalid it will list that sen-tence as a Note below the parsing line It will alsonote when GPSy initializes a DeLorme Tripmate orGarmin TracPak A short ldquobeeprdquo sound is emittedwhen a new entry is placed in the Note area If youare playing back a NMEA log file and it has anembedded comment in it (see the previous chapteron NMEA playback files) the comment informationwill also be shown in the Notes section of thispanel

31


Misc Maritime DataThis display panel is still in the design stage sincethe author does not have access to any deviceswhich speak the sentences required The MiscMaritime Panel gives information on the meanwater temperature and the depth below transducerinformation provided by the NMEA device (usu-ally not a GPS unit)

Misc Aviation DataThis display panel is still in the design stage andcurrent displays altitude and climb rate Rate ofascent is currently provided by only the GarminGPS 35 or 36 using the proprietary PGRMVsentence or by GPS units using the RockwellNavCore protocol NMEA being a maritimeprotocol does not have a standard sentence for rateof ascent

Uncorrected GPS is notoriously bad for reportingaltitude Please be careful and use a properlycalibrated altimeter FLIR or other system in lieuof GPS altitude readings You and your passengerswill be happy you did so when you fly over themountain instead of into it

GPSytrade is not certified for use as an airplanenavigational aid

Suggestions for additions and changes to the MaritimeData and Aviation Data panels are more thanwelcome at supportgpsycom

DGPS-IP DATA MONITORGPSytrade offers a unique feature where it can accessInternet DGPS-IP servers for high-quality RTCMdata corrections to Selective Availability The USgovernment designed and built the Global PositioningSystem primarily for military purposes There wasconcern when the system was opened up to civilianuse that the GPS system might be used against theUS In order to prevent this the Department ofDefense decided that the civilian (L1) GPS signalwould be slightly degraded so that only the militarywould have access to a high degree of position accu-racy This degradation of the signal goes by theeuphemism Selective Availability (SA) Also civilianGPS users do not have access to a second encryptedGPS signal broadcast at a different frequency (L2P-Code) which allows 2-frequency receivers to calculateand remove ionospheric interference

32


Selective Availability introduces a slight ldquonoiserdquo inthe L1 GPS signal so that civilian GPS units cannotprecisely locate a fix The noise is calibrated that95 of the time the GPS unit will find itself within100 meters of the actual position In reality thegovernment seems to limit the noise so that yourGPS unit is only about 50 meters off of the targetThis is precise enough for a boat or person tonavigate with but not for a cruise missile to find ahidden bunker or a space alien fleet to bombard thetop-secret Area 51 with their Death Raytrade

However some people need to know where they areto a much higher degree than plusmn50 meters There areseveral solutions The expensive one is to buy a $500differential GPS (DGPS) receiver and connect it toyour GPS unit The DGPS receiver will take signalcorrection information transmitted by coast guardbeacons (for free along the US coastline) or from

satellites on FMpaging frequencies (for a monthlyservice fee from commercial DGPS vendors) andapplies this to the GPS data The end result is a 1-10 meter positional solution in real-time Somecommercial DGPS services offer sub-meter accuracySee the GPS Resource Library for links to DGPSproviders

Or you can access DGPS-IP servers through theInternet that will provide you with the same correc-tion data for free GPSytrade has a built-in DGPS-IPclient that does this for you Opening the DGPSData Monitor window causes GPSytrade to open andnegotiate a DGPS-IP session with the DGPS-IPserver that you specified in the DGPS-IP ServerPreferences

In less than a minute you should see DGPS datastreaming in the DGPS Data Monitor Window Besure to set your GPS unit to NMEA-OUTRTCM-IN in order to take advantage of the DGPS correc-tions

STATIC POSITION (ANTI-SA)

One other way to remove SA-effects is throughstatistical sampling in GPSytrade Unfortunatelytherersquos a hitch and itrsquos not only your registrationpayment GPSy uses a statistical method to get bythe SA error As we mentioned before the govern-ment introduces ldquonoiserdquo into the system that makesyour position wrong by up to 100 meters in anyhorizontal direction (150 meters wrong vertically)If you were to sit down with your GPS and leave theplotter window open in maximum zoom you would

SidebarCivilian GPS units also havemaximum speed and altituderestrictions which also obviatetheir use in cruise missiles (butcanrsquot be achieved in civilianaircraft) The government takesthe fun out of everything eh

Note however that while thecenter of the error cloud isusually the right location in factthe government makes nopromise that this is the case andit may change in the future Atbest check the MIT SatelliteAccuracy Page to verify currentGPS satellite accuracy and driftinformation

33


slowly see your currentlocation ldquowanderrdquoacross the plot windowAfter an hour or twoyou would see aldquocloudrdquo or ldquobubblerdquocreated by the tracingsof your plot windowYour actual position isusually near the centerof the error cloud

GPSy automates this process by continually listen-ing to the GPS stream and calculating the averagelocation and altitude data Our estimates show thatafter three hours the calculated solution is within10 meters of the actual location however this mayvary with your own usage and with continuinggovernment policy on Selective Availability Notethat the nominal accuracy of civilian GPS receiverswithout SA-error is about 15 meters

Remember that SA is not the only source of errorSatellite geometry can also cause an error fromldquodilution of precisionrdquo (DOP) In fact if your DOPis greater than three or four (DOP gt 3~4 the errorfrom that source may be greater than that from SAGPSy shows your average DOP in the displaywindow In order to help alleviate the degree towhich DOP errors cause problems GPSy hasseveral options in the ldquoStatic Position Calculationrdquopreferences panel See the documentation on thatpanel for more information

Reset Static PositionThe static position window normally resets to zerowhen you open it You will need to remain in thesame position for the duration of the data sample Ifyou find however that you need to move and re-sample you can reset the counters back to zero byeither closing the window and opening it back up orby selecting ldquoReset Static Positionrdquo from the menu

Reset GPSyGPSy is designed to deal with most anomaloussituations automatically If however you find thatGPSy is displaying incorrect strange or out-of-datedata in its windows you may wish to reset it Reset-ting GPSy with this menu option will 1) reset allstored device data to zero 2) reset static position dataand 3) re-initialize the serial ports and renegotiateany necessary GPS communications protocols

Forcing the serial port closed Holding down theoption-key while selecting ldquoReset GPSyrdquo will force ablocked serial port to close Serial ports can be stuckopen if the program controlling it (likehellip GPSy)happens to exit anomalously (crash) You should notforce the serial port closed if it is being used by alegitimate running application mdash such as fax soft-ware LocalTalk or so forth You should always quitthose applications to free up the serial port since theywill not appreciate it being stolen by GPSy

34


Rockwell Rockwell Sony Garmin Trimble NMEA NMEA-0183NavCore Zodiac IPS Real-Time TSIP 0182 GGA GLL RMB RMC Other

Location bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull PGRMFAltitude bull bull bull bull bull PGRMZHeading bull bull bull Est bull bull bull HDM HDT VTG PGRMFSOG (Speed) bull bull bull Est bull bull bull VTG PGRMFVMG bull WCVBearing bull bull APB BOD BWC BWRDTG bull BWC BWRXTE bull bull APA APB XTE XTRWaypoint bull BWC BWRArrival Circle bull AAM APA APBDevice Time bull bull bull bull bull bull bull bull ZTGDeclination BOD or BWC or VTGGeoidal Separation bullDatum Name WGS84 WGS84 bull WGS-84 WGS-84 PGRMMGPS 2D3D bull bull bull bull bull GSA PGRMFSatellites in Use bull bull bull bull bull bullSatellies in View bull bull bull GSVActive PRNs bull bull bull GSAVisual Satellite Display bull bullDOP (See Note 1) PHVGT PHVGT PH PH H HVPEPE (See Note 1) HVEvT PHVGT PGRMEFix Quality (GPSDGPS) bull bull bull bull PGRMZReceiver Channel Info bull bull bull PRWIZCHClimb Rate bull bull PGMRVWater Temperature MTWDepth Below Transducer DBT

Note 1 P = Position H = Horizontal V = Vertical G = Geometric T = Time v = Horizontal Velocity E = Expected Est = Estimated or Extrapolated

Data Provided by GPS Protocol Sentence Types

35


The Utilities menu contains three different sets ofcommands The first allows you to synchronize yourMacintosh system clock and location information tothe GPS system timelocation The second allowsyou to upload and download almanac track routeand waypoint data and will be discussed in theChapter 6 Finally GPSy allows you to send com-mands to high-end computer-controllable GPS unitssuch as the Ashtec SCA-12 This is discussed inChapter 7 Sending GPSNMEA Commands

Set Macintosh Location TimeThe Global Positioning System uses extremelyaccurate atomic clocks on-board the satellites inorder to locate your position on the earth Thepleasant side-effect of this is that every GPS receiveris in effect a clock synchronized to GPS time MostGPS receivers send the current UTC time along withtheir positional and navigational information in theirNMEA data With the proper program (such asGPSy) you can set your Macintosh system clock tothis time and get a very reliable highly accurate timesource However there are three caveats

1 GPS units produce UTC time and do notcorrect for local time (time zone + daylightsavings etc)

2 Most GPS units assign a very low priority totheir serial ports therefore timing data is likelyto be late and slightly inaccurate

3 The Macintosh system clock can only be set to 1second accuracy

Problem 1 is easy we just need our current timezone information Can we work around problem 2The quick answer is Yes but because of 3 the Macsystem clock will always be accurate to only +- 1second at best However most of us are more wor-ried about clock drift over a month (we wouldnrsquotwant to be seconds late for our favorite episode ofER) rather than absolute clock accuracy in millisec-onds To alleviate these problems

1Before you adjust the system clock you shouldverify your Macintoshrsquos location time zone anddaylight savings adjustment in the ldquoSet MacLocationhelliprdquo window The correct time zone andDST setting will ensure that GPSy can convertthe UTC time to local time

2GPSy works at a very low system level to grabthe GPS data as soon as possible Nevertheless itcan unfortunately be too late by several hundredmilliseconds GPSY allows you to manually adda small correction factor to the clock adjustmentwhich should cancel out the delay

3 The third problem canrsquot be solved The Macsystem clock is only accurate to +- 1 secondYou can lessen the problem by often synchroniz-ing the system clock

Chapter 5 Utilities Menu ndash Time Synchronization

SidebarGPS time is more or less the samething as UTC mdash universalcoordinated time the new politi-cally-correct name for and equiva-lent of the euro-centric GMT mdashGreenwich Mean Time

GPS time doesnrsquot have UTC timersquosleap seconds and is set relative to theGPSrsquos epoch in 1980 but when theGPS units sends NMEA data theycorrect GPS time into UTC time soyou never know the difference

36


Set Macintosh LocationYoursquoll first want to verify and set the Mac systemlocation before setting the system time If the Maclocation (more accurately the UTC offset time zoneand DST setting) is incorrect your Macintosh willbe set to the wrong time so this is a necessary stepbefore setting the time

In the left hand column are your PRAM or currentvalues for your Macrsquos location DST and UTC offset(time zone) The right hand columns are filled outby GPSy GPSy fills in the location data from yourcurrent GPS location The DST value is copied overfrom the Macrsquos current setting

GPSy will make a ldquobest guessrdquo at your UTC offset time zone using your longitude But global geopoli-

tics often overrides logical time zones so be sure toset this accurately

Alternately you can also set the location DST andtime zone in the Map control panel which comeswith most Macintoshes but that isnrsquot as cool Inaddition if you have a Garmin TracPak DeLormeTripmate or Rockwell NavCore receiver it is veryimportant that you set the locationzonetime usingGPSy These units depend on the system clocklocation setting to be very precise in order to per-form a ldquowarm start acquisitionrdquo in minimal time

Set Macintosh TimeThis panel is fairly simple and self-explanatoryGPSy is continually monitoring the time deviationbetween the system clock and GPS time You canview the deviation in the Additional Device Datawindow When you open the window this value iscopied over into the ldquoReported Time Deviationrdquo

As noted above most GPS units assign a low prior-ity to the serial ports Together with the latencyintroduced by the serial port there can be up to300-2000 msecs latency between actual GPS timeand the time data GPSy receives You can manuallyadjust for this in the Additional Adjustment field Avalue of 300 msecs appears to be a good value

Note Because of the GPSserial latency you will wantyour Macintosh to be approximately 300-500 msec

SidebarYou can set the UTC offset (timezone) to a half -hour setting forhalf-zones however the Macintoshsystem clock appears to ignorehalf-zone settings mdash despite thefact that the UTC offset isactually stored in the PRAM as aseconds-offset Write to Apple andask them to respect their own zoneoffsets GPSy will allow anydecimal offset in the zone settingand will calculate and store itaccordingly

37


ahead of GPS time as displayed in the AdditionalDevice Data window This will yield the closest toactual coordinated time as possible

How can you make this more accurateThe limiting factor is the serial communicationsprotocol At 4800 bps (the NMEA standard commrate) a full paragraph of NMEA sentences can takeover a second to deliver If the GPS device pre-computes a paragraph at a time then inaccuraciescan be introduced The best solution to this is tocrank up the serial communications rate to as fastas your GPS unit and GPSy can handle GPSy canhandle up to 38400 bps which should be morethan enough Note that many GPS units donrsquot

allow you to change the comm port rate higher than4800 bps Poops

GPS units with 1 PPS accuracy such as the TrimbleScoutmaster 1PPS or Ashtec SCA-12 assign higherpriority to the serial ports and will yield more accurateresults

The latency delays with the Rockwell and Garminprotocols has not been analyzed fully yet but Isuspect the Rockwell will be on par with NMEA-0183 while the Garmin may introduce some addi-tional processing overhead and protocol delays

38


Almanac Week TOA Af0(s) Af1(s) Eccent SQRT(A) M Anom Perigee RAsc Rate OrbitA 886 319488 0000010 0000000 0003432 5153632812 -2461164 -1543206 1118660 -0000000 0954204

Route Number NameR 0 AWAY

Wpt Num Name Comment DateTime Latitude Longitude Zone Alt Coord Datum Icon ProxWx 0 MARKET 10 BROADWAY 12311996 000000 34 deg40rsquo028 133 deg55rsquo053 - 00 DMS WGS 84 70 000

Trk Num Name Comment DateTime Latitude Longitude Zone Alt Coord Datum Icon ProxT 0 TRACK ltBLANKgt 12311996 000000 34 deg40rsquo028 133 deg55rsquo053 - 00 DMS WGS 84 0 000

Extended Format Records

39


GPSy allows you to download almanac routetrack and waypoint data from your Garmin GPSunit and waypoint and routes from your LowranceEagle and supported Magellan units Since the GPShandheld GPS units can only store a few hundredwaypoints per unit internally this allows you tokeep a library of your routes or waypoints You canalso use your downloaded track log file for laterediting or analysis with your GIS program

Garmin models 12 12XL 12CX 38 40 45 48II II+ III III+ StreetPilot Color and StreetPilotare known to support the Garmin GRMN protocolused by GPSy and other units may as well You canedit the route track and waypoint data as text filesand upload them back to your unit

Most EagleLowrance GPS units should supportthe LSI-100 (Lowrance Software Interface) proto-col used by GPSy

Magellan 3000XL and 4000XL units support theMagellan protocol used by GPSy

Garmin units must be manually switched betweenNMEA-0183 for real-time navigating and theGRMN protocol for transfering waypoints Re-member to set your Garmin unit to the GRMNprotocol before selecting any uploaddownload

menu options Magellan and EagleLowrance units donot require switching to a different mode

Although Garmin units do have a real-time mode(PVT protocol) it is not stable responsive or infor-mative enough for full-time use We strongly recom-mend switching Garmin units back to NMEA-0183when real-time navigating

GPSy 30 and above use a new ldquoGPSy Extended DataFormatrdquo for data transfers as well as retaining theoption to read and write the older ldquoClassic Formatrdquoused by previous versions as well as some other GPSsoftware The GPSy Extended Format was designedspecifically for use with database programs spread-sheets GIS software and other data managementproducts Unlike the Classic Format which storedmuch of the vital info in the data file header theExtended format stores datum and coordinate systeminfo inside the waypoint record itself while allowingfor icon proximity waypoint altitude and otherinformation not available in the older format

Extended Format DatafilesGPSy prepends a short data file header to the begin-ning of each downloaded file This header should beincluded when reuploading the data via GPSy al-though the only key piece of information in it is thedata file format (field 2) If the header is not in-cluded GPSy will attempt to autodetect the file type

Chapter 6 Utilities Menu ndash GPS Data UploadDownload

GPSy3 Waypoint (30) NUMBERNAME COMMENT DATE LATNORTHING LONEASTING ZONEALT COORD DATUM ICON PROX

Extended Format Header

TIP Global Mapping Systems has produceda FileMaker Pro template that allows you tomanage your waypoint files more easily Wehave also produce a database of 5402 publicuse airports in the United States for use withGPSy Please visit the registered users web sitefor more information

40


Using the extended format the record layout isdescribed in the Extended Format header whicheases importing into spreadsheets databases or otherGIS software See below for the extended formatheader layout

Extended Format Almanac DataThe almanac data downloaded from your GPS unitis useful to geeks geekettes and other people inter-ested in satellite orbital information (such as thefamed Space Aliens that came visited us last July)Downloading satellite almanac data is a sure way towin at least one womanrsquos heart and will make youthe envy of the town Really

Normally you will not want to upload an almanacsince you do not want to risk corrupting your GPSunit with a stale almanac However there are occa-sions when you might want to upload an almanacThis might occur if you have to hard reset your GPSunit or if you want to transfer a new almanac to aunit that has lain dormant for a while

The almanac data format is one line per each pos-sible satellite slot (32 in total) Almanac upload anddownloads are currently only supported using theGarmin protocol

Almanac FormatItrsquos assumed that if yoursquore looking at this data youactually know what it means or can pretend to

Week = GPS system week (-1 means satelliteunhealthy or data invalid)

TOA = Time of applicability (seconds since GPSweek init)

Af0(s) = Af0(s) Af1(s) = Af1(s) Eccent = Eccentricity SQRT(A) = Sqrt(A) (m^12) M Anom = Mean Anom (rad) Perigee = Argument of Perigee (rad) RAsc = Right Ascent at TOA (rad) Rate = Rate of Right Ascent (rs) Orbit = Orbital Inclination

Waypoint DataIn the GPSy Extended File Format route waypointsare stored using a tab-delimited record Each recordencodes the name comment location coordinatesystem and datum used Altitude and proximitywaypoint radii are always listed using meters

The icon format is proprietary to each manufacturerFor Garmin units the icon number is listed firstfollowed by the icon visibility state Note that iconnumbers are not compatible between GPS units(even between some of the same brands)

GPSy automatically detects the features of each GPSunit when uploading data and will not try to uploaddata that the unit does not support However youmay find it necessary to strip the icon format fieldwhen uploading data between units of differentmanufacture

41


Classic Data File FormatThe Classic Format GPS data file is the same formatused by a variety of Mac UNIX and Windows GPSsoftware based on John Waerrsquos original MacGPSfreeware program

In the Classic Format GPSy appends a short 4-6 linefile header that indicates the file type the currentcoordinate system format UTC offset geodeticdatum in use GPSy version and software protocolinformation

When managing your waypoints in FileMaker Pro orother database program yoursquoll often want to removethe header before importing the waypoints Yoursquollneed to reattach the header after exporting out ofFileMaker In particular the coordinate system andgeodetic datum information is extremely importantwhen GPSy reuploads the file to your GPS unit Youwill also need to make sure you always use the samecoordinate system and datum for all transferredwaypoints since the current database format has noway to tell what each individual record is

GPSyrsquos classic data format is mostly compatible withthat produce by MacGPS MacGPS Pro and otherderivative products However you may find that youneed to modify the header format to match thesimpler format used by these products or specify thedata type (waypoint route or track) when uploadingGPSyrsquos almanac format is not compatible as it rendersthe satellite almanac data in human-readable formwhile MacGPSetc do not parse the data

Unlike other formats the GPSy Extended Formatencodes the datum used and data format Use theextended format when mixing and matching datafrom various sources

Route DataThe route data consists of a series of lsquoRrsquo linesspecifying route names and then lsquoWrsquo lines consist-ing of the waypoints that make up that route Seethe waypoint file format above for information onwaypoint records

The route line lists the route number and nameThe waypoint lines specify the way name com-ment and location in descending order through theroute

With Garmin StreetPilots the ldquocommentrdquo field isused in routes as the ldquolink-tordquo field specifyingwhich route is used to link two route segments Anadditional classsubclass identifier is appended tothe end of route waypoint records to indicatewaypoints located in ROM

Track DataThe track data consists of a series of track datalines Each line gives the datetime of the trackpoint and the location A gap in the track data fileindicates a new track was started Track files arestored in the same format as waypoint files

TIP For these reasons we recommendthe Extended Format for data mining

42


StreetAtlas 4 Route Format UploadsGPSy can upload route files created using DeLormeStreetAtlas 4 This is an easy way to export way-points and routes out of StreetAtlas and into yourGPS unit

First create a route in StreetAtlas using the standardSA4 route tools Then select ldquoCopy Routerdquo underthe File Menu in SA4 Switch to a text editor (suchas SimpleText or BBEdit) and paste the route into anew document

Yoursquoll need to make two changes so GPSy canupload the route file First yoursquoll need to add a datafile header so that GPSy can recognize the file as aSA4 route file Type the following at the top of thefile

DeLorme SA4 Route

(Spaces between the words not tabs)

Then if your route has more than one ldquoSTOPrdquoyoursquoll need to rename the stops to give them uniquenames

Feel free to rename ldquoSTARTrdquo and ldquoFINISHrdquo to haveunique names as well You can also insert commentsinto the second field after the name These will

appear in the waypoint comment field in supportedGPS units

Upload the data to your GPS unit using GPSyrsquosldquoSend Datardquo command Your route and waypointswill appear as listed Note that GPSy will upload toRoute 0 in GPS units that use route numbers thiswill erase any previous route stored at that location

MAPGENMATLAB Vector MapsGPSy can also upload vector maps stored in theMAPGEN or MATLAB format as track files Manyusers have used this to upload the USGS WorldCoastline Extractor to their handheld GPS unitsproviding a coastal background map to units with-out built-in map data

Note that most handheld GPS units have only avery limited track memory (usually 500-1000 trackpoints) This means that you must usually use thelowest resolution vector data possible keeping thenumber of points to a minimum

Visit our web site to find sources of vector map data

httpwwwgpsycommaps

DeLorme SA4 RouteStart - Lets go N 40 40 N43 deg 39561rsquo W70 deg 15627rsquoStop1 Rest stop NE 27 67 N43 deg 42792rsquo W70 deg 14003rsquoStop2 Are we there yet NE 18 84 N43 deg 44948rsquo W70 deg 12748rsquoStop3 Are we THERE yet NE 29 113 N43 deg 46292rsquo W70 deg 11753rsquoFinish - There N43 deg 48417rsquo W70 deg 09845rsquo

StreetAtlas 4 Route Format(After modifications)

43


Chapter 7 Sending GPSNMEA Commands

initialization string (ASTRAL) or a Hayes-compat-ible modem dialing string (ATDT) you will definitenot want checksums enabled as they will confusenon-NMEA devices

Certain GPS units such as the Ashtec SCA-12 andGarmin TracPaks allow computer-control throughthe serial port Often this computer-control takesthe form of proprietary NMEA sentences GPSytradeallows you to send both pre-formatted and arbi-trary NMEA sentences to computer-controllableGPS units This feature also lets you control remoteGPS units connected via modems Ricochet orTNCs

GPSy is the only program to support all 53$PASHQPASHS command sentences for theAshtec SCA-1212S Garmin TracPak series theDeLorme Tripmate command sentences StarlinkDifferential GPS command sentence and evenHayes-compatible modem dialing string You caneasily add your own custom commands usingResEdit

The command interface is quite simple SelectldquoSend GPSNMEA Commandrdquo from the Utilitiesmenu and the window to your right will pop-up

You will find it useful to open up the ldquoGPS DataMonitorrdquo window ahead of time to see your com-mand results

Select a command fill out the parameters and sendit to the unit If you would like GPSy to calculateand append the NMEA checksum on your com-mands you can check the ldquoCalculate and sendNMEA checksum optionrdquo In most cases this is notnecessary If you are sending a non-NMEA com-mand such as the DeLorme Tripmate wakeup

44


All command responses appear in the NMEASentence Data panel

Adding Custom CommandsIf you can use ResEdit or Resorcerer you can easilyadd your own custom command sentences toGPSyrsquos list You need to edit three resources

MENU 4110 This is the menu pop-up listingall of the commandsSTR 4110 This is the stringlisting the command paradigmsSTR 4111 This is the stringlisting all of the command descrip-tions

If you edit the resources be sure to editall three at the same time (for example ifyou add a command to MENU 4110you must also add it in the same place inSTR 4110 and 4111) Please send anycustom commands yoursquove built to theauthor at supportgpsycom Wersquoll addthem to future versions of GPSy

Sending GPS Commands

45


GPSyLinktrade connects GPSy with DeLormeStreetAtlasreg 30 40 (a CD-ROM streetdatabase of the entire United States) iPCMapFan II (a CD-ROM street database ofJapan) and to various Internet Map Serverswhich cover the entire world such as theUS Census Tiger MapBlast MapsOnUsMapFan Web and Xerox PARC

Linked to these third-party mapping sys-tems you can view your position at variouszoom levels from the street-level to entirecontinents In conjunction with your GPSunit this provides accurate auto-mappingrivalling some of the $1000~2000 dedicatedcar navigation units on the market

In order to use GPSyLink with a commercial CD-ROM map database you must have a copy ofDeLormersquos Street Atlas 30 or 40 iPC MapFan IIBoth DeLorme StreetAtlas (USA) and iPC MapFan(Japan) can be purchased through most majorretailers and mail order catalogues

If you are GPSyLinking to Internet Map Serversyou must have a working Internet connection(PPP Ricochet Packet Radio PFIAS CellularModem etc) and the free InternetConfig program

Setting ldquoGPSyLinkrdquo to ldquoGPSy (Digital Maps)rdquomakes GPSyLink control the auto-map centeringfeatures of GPSyrsquos scanned maps

StreetAtlas 34 map support is optional and must bepurchased separately Check your invoice to see ifyou have StreetAtlas support

StreetAtlas 4 GPSyLink Quick Directions-2 Make sure that your copy of StreetAtlas iPC

MapFan II or your Internet browser arelaunched and working

-1 Connect your GPS unit to your Macintosh 0 Launch GPSy and open the ldquoLocationrdquo and

ldquoSatelliterdquo displays Wait until you see that GPSyis correctly receiving data from your GPS unitGPSy will not let you GPSyLink if it doesnrsquothave a locational fix

Chapter 8 GPSyLinks to DeLorme Street Atlasreg iPC MapFanII Internet Map Servers

46


waypoint (as entered into your GPS) is indicatedby the blue arrow Your waypoint is indicated bya red starIn iPC MapFan II your position is located witha red cross inside a circle The MapFan IIprotocol doesnrsquot allow for waypointheadingdisplays within the program itself mdash use theGPSy panels for these featuresWith the Internet Map Servers the supporteddata varies from server to server

5 Once you are sure that the link works you canselect ldquoLocate Repeatrdquo in order to get a continu-ously updating display You can change theupdate rate in the GPSyLink menu Donrsquot select1 or 3 seconds unless you have a very fastcomputer or have most of the map featuresturned off 15 and 30 seconds are good choices

6 If you wish to zoom in or out in StreetAtlasswitch back to GPSy and select ldquoZoomrdquo fromthe GPSyLink menu Donrsquot use the zoom ormap features in StreetAtlas when GPSyLinkedsince it will confuse SA If you do make anychanges in SA it may ask you if you want tosave them the next time you make a changethrough GPSyLinkYou are free to zoom using the controls inMapFan II and the Internet Map Servers sincethese controls are independent of GPSy

7 See the section on ldquoStreetAtlas 4 Route Up-loadsrdquo for info on how to upload your routewaypoint data into your GPS units

1 In the GPSyLink menu select the typeof GPSyLink that you want StreetAtlas3 StreetAtlas 4 iPC Map Fan InternetMap Server etc

2 If you are using the StreetAtlas orInternet Map Server databases make sureyour primary datum display is set toWGS-84If you are using iPC MapFan II withinJapan make sure your primary map

datum is set to TOKYO Please read the Appen-dix D warning on the vagaries of GPS unitsNMEA-0183 and geodetic datums in order toensure you are getting the proper datum displayin GPSy

3 Go to the ldquoGPSyLinkrdquo menu and select ldquoLocateOncerdquo If it isnrsquot already running StreetAtlasMapFanII or your web browser should launchand link up with GPSy If your application isldquohiddenrdquo it may update invisibly so be sure thatitrsquos in the back mdash but not hiddenIf you had been previously working with a mapStreetAtlas may ask you whether you want tosave it or not

4 Once GPSyLinked the third party program willdisplay a map with your current locationIn StreetAtlas your position is indicated by a bluecar Your current heading and speed are indicatedby the green arrow The direction to the next

GPSyLink Quick Start (cont)

47


Current LimitationsFuture DirectionsGPSyLink currently canrsquot work with map databasefiles that you might have already constructed withlandmarks etc It currently only displays one land-markwaypoint mdash the one that the GPS unit isusing I have signed a license agreement withDeLorme that will give GPSy further access to themap features in the near future

Notes on the SA4 GPSyLinkbull Heading and bearing information given in the

maps are in True North not magnetic northThat is because third party maps display ldquouprdquo asTrue north If you donrsquot like this behaviorplease tell me For trivia buffs StreetAtlas andall other digital US maps based on the TIGERCensus data uses the WGS-84 datum AllJapanese maps are based on the TOKYOdatum

bull You donrsquot really have to have a location win-dow open but it makes switching into GPSyeasier

bull Since Selective Availability reduces the accuracyof GPS units to about 25-100~ meters donrsquot besurprised if your car occasionally seems like itrsquosoff the road a bit (or under water as in theabove example) Velocity information at slowspeeds is notoriously bad under SA Yourestimated position error changes as a functionof your ldquoHorizontal Dilution of Precisionrdquowhich is visible in your Satellite Data panel inGPSy Any DOP gt 3 should be suspect

bull If the GPSyLink menu is grayed out itrsquos eitherbecause 1) GPSy is not receiving positioninformation or 2) your 15 minute non-licenseexperimental period has expired

bull Note that the DeLorme Tripmatereg does not

store waypoints and only provides real-timenavigation information

48


THIS PAGE DELIBERATELY LEFT BLANK

49


Chapter 9 GPSyLink AppleEvent Support

GPSy allows access to key GPS data through itsAppleEvent support This allows third-party soft-ware and user-written scripts to easily poll for GPSdata without having to deal with the intricacies ofthe Macintosh serial port or GPS communicationsprotocols

GPSy supports the standard required and coreAppleEvent suites and data is polled using thestandard GET AppleEvent Any Open ScriptingArchitecture (OSAX) compatible application orscripting system including Userland Frontier andAppleScripts can access GPS data easily Includedwith the standard GPSy distribution is a samplescript showing how to poll the application for data

Potential uses of the AppleEvent support are tocreate custom data logs or to pass the data to otherGIS applications for further processing

Class GPS GPS variables through GPSyLinktradeProperties

latitude real [ro] mdash Latitude of the GPS unit (decimal degrees N=positiveS=negative datum is GPSy primary datum)longitude real [ro] mdash Longitude of the GPS unit (decimal degrees W=positiveE=negative datum is GPSy primary datum)altitude real [ro] mdash Altitude of the GPS unit (meters)depth real [ro] mdash Depth from the depthranger (meters)track real [ro] mdash Track of the GPS (degrees)speed real [ro] mdash Speed of the GPS (kph)utctime integer [ro] mdash UTC time of last fix in seconds Use SecondsToDate() to convert back to a DateTimeRecHDOP real [ro] mdash HDOP of the GPS fixPDOP real [ro] mdash PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision) of the GPS fixVDOP real [ro] mdash VDOP (Vertical Dilution of Precision) of the GPS fixTDOP real [ro] mdash VDOP (Time Dilution of Precision) of the GPS fixGDOP real [ro] mdash GDOP (Geometric Dilution of Precision) of the GPS fix

Since we continually improve GPSy you should pollthe applicationrsquos AppleEvent dictionary (AETEresource) for all of the supported methods and classesListed below is the current GPS class configurationand a sample script

tell application GPSy (Fat)copy latitude to latcopy longitude to lonset x to The current latitude is

amp lat amp and the longitudeis amp lon

display dialog xend tell

Third-party software developers who want to link intoGPSy may contact us for a OEM development kit

50


THIS PAGE ACCIDENTALLY LEFT BLANK (JUST KIDDING)

51


Hooking a GPS unit to a Mac can sometimes be abit more complex than you might think Firstmost GPS data cables from GPS vendors andmanufacturers come with DB-9 type connector forPCs and not the Mini DIN-8 that Macintoshesuse Second many GPS units use an electricalsignal standard which is slightly different than theRS-232422 signal your Macintosh expects Thelack of available GPS cables designed for Macsmakes connections a bit frustrating at times

If you wish to buy pre-made Mac GPS cables thatsolves the cabling issues see the GPSy web site pagehttpwwwgpsycomcables We strongly recom-mend that people who arenrsquot comfortable withsoldering irons and multimeters purchase pre-testedcable since Global Mapping Systems is not able toprovide technical support for third-party or user-constructed cables since the issues are too variousand difficult to solve over e-mail or phone

For cable hackers If yoursquove read this far you aregoing to try to make your own cable Well itrsquos yourown time wastedhellip First wersquoll try to make aconnection using simple off-the-shelf adaptors thatyou can find at any computer superstore or throughmail-order If that doesnrsquot work then you can alsotry making your own cable from parts

Do we have enough connectorsIf your GPS data cable comes out with a DB-9connector for PCs then try this series of connectorsfor a non-solder solution

GPSdata cable to DB-9 DB-9 to DB25adaptorMac Modem CableMac Serial Port

This is the ldquosimplestrdquo solution that doesnrsquot involve anysoldering or making cables It works only in caseswhere the GPS unit is fully RS-232 compatible Sincemost GPS units (GarminMagellanEagle) arenrsquot fullyRS-232 compatible it doesnrsquot work without modifica-tions such as pulling pin 8 Some users have used theMiniDin8 ldquoMacintosh adaptorrdquo provided with digitalcameras and some modems successfully with their PCGPS data cables

If you arenrsquot seeing any data from your GPS unit

bull remember to turn on NMEA-0183 output onyour GPS

bull some GPS units (such as Magellans) only transmitNMEA data when they have a positional fix Takea walk outdoors or use ldquosimulator moderdquo

bull add a null modem adaptorbull your GPS device may not be fully RS-232

compatible Try pulling Pin 8 of the MiniDinconnector (see below for details)

bull see the list of frequently encountered hardwarecabling issues at httpwwwgpsycomfaqhardwarehtmlserial

Appendix A Hooking Your GPS Unit to Your Mac

52

I am solder hear me rosinMaking your own cable is not as difficult as our words of cautionmay indicate If you cut a standard Apple printer cable (MiniDin8to MiniDin8) in half and use DB-9 crimp connectors from RadioShack you may not have to even heat up your soldering iron

If you feel confident enough to make your own cables then trythese direct connection methods See the next page for cable con-nector schematics and pin descriptions In terms of cable designsyou can choose from the following options

bull NMEA raw data cable to the Macrsquos Mini Din-8 directly (Sche-matic 1)

bull NMEA raw data cable to DB-25 then DB-25 to Mini Din-8(Schematic 2)

bull DB-9 GPS data cable to Mini-Din 8 (Schematic 3)

Schematic 1a Raw Unbalanced NMEA to Mini-Din 8 Direct NMEA TxD mdashmdashmdashgt Mini-Din Pin 5 RxD- NMEA RxD ltmdashmdashmdash Mini-Din Pin 3 TxD- NMEA Gnd ltmdashmdashgt Mini-Din Pin 4 GND

Schematic 1a works well with Magellan and Garmin GPS data cables terminated inraw cable strands

Schematic 1b Differential EIA-422 NMEA to Mini-Din 8 Direct NMEA TxD- mdashmdashgt Mini-Din Pin 5 RxD- NMEA TxD+ mdashmdashgt Mini-Din Pin 8 RxD+ NMEA RxD- ltmdashmdash Mini-Din Pin 3 TxD- NMEA RxD+ ltmdashmdash Mini-Din Pin 6 TxD+ NMEA Gnd ltmdashmdashgt Mini-Din Pin 4 GND

Schematic 2 Raw NMEA to DB-25 (for later connection to MacmdashgtModemCable) NMEA TxD mdashmdashmdashgt DB-25 Pi n 3 RxD (mdashmdashgt MiniDin Pin 5 RxD-) NMEA RxD ltmdashmdashmdash DB-25 Pin 2 TxD (ltmdashmdash MiniDin Pin 3 TxD-) NMEA Gnd ltmdashmdashgt DB-25 Pin 7 GND (ltmdashmdashgt MiniDin Pin 4 GND

Schematic 3 GPS Data Cable Male DB-9 to Male Mini Din-8 DB-9 Pin 2 TxD mdashmdashgt MiniDin Pin 5 RxD- DB-9 Pin 3 RxD ltmdashmdash MiniDin Pin 3 TxD- DB-9 Pin 4 DTR ltmdashmdash MiniDin Pin 1 HSKo DB-9 Pin 8 CTS mdashmdashgt MiniDin Pin 2 HSKi DB-9 Pin 5 GND ltmdash+mdashgt MiniDin Pin 4 GND

|mdashgt MiniDin Pin 8 RxD+(read below before connecting)

Note Pins labelled in RED are optional except for connection to the DeLormeTripmate which requires DB-9 Pin 8 to be asserted in order to turn on Only groundMiniDin Pin 8 (labelled in green) if your GPS device is truly RS-232 compatible(most arenrsquot) Some adaptors connect Mini-Din-8 Pin 1 (HSK0DTR) to DB-9 Pin 7(RTS) this wonrsquot work for the Tripmate which needs it connected as above Check withyour multitester to be sure

Schematic 4 Male DB-9 to Female DB-25 AdaptorDB-9 Pin 1 ltmdashmdashgt DB-25 Pin 8 DB-9 Pin 6 ltmdashmdashgt DB-25 Pin 7DB-9 Pin 2 ltmdashmdashgt DB-25 Pin 3 DB-9 Pin 7 ltmdashmdashgt DB-25 Pin 4DB-9 Pin 3 ltmdashmdashgt DB-25 Pin 2 DB-9 Pin 8 ltmdashmdashgt DB-25 Pin 5DB-9 Pin 4 ltmdashmdashgt DB-25 Pin 20 DB-9 Pin 9 Not Connected

DB-9 Pin 5 ltmdashmdashgt DB-25 Pin 7

53

Mini Din-8 DB-25 DB-9 Connector Schematics and Signal Functions

Mini-Din 8 Pins and Signal Functions Pin 1 HSKo Handshake Output (from Zilog 8530 DTR pin) Pin 2 HSKi Handshake Input CTS or TrxC Pin 3 TxD- Transmit Data - Pin 4 SG Signal Ground Pin 5 RxD- Receive Data - Pin 6 TxD+ Transmit Data + Pin 7 GPi General-purpose Input Pin 8 RxD+ Receive Data +

(ground to emulate RS-232)

DB-25 Pins and Signal Functions Pin 1 Shield EMI Shield Pin 2 TxD Transmit Data Pin 3 RxD Receive Data Pin 4 RTS Ready to Send Pin 5 CTS Clear to Send Pin 7 GND Signal Ground Pin 8 DCD Detect Carrier Detect Pin 20 DTR Data Terminal Ready

DB-9 Pins and Signal Functions Pin 1 DCD Detect Carrier Detect Pin 2 TxD Transmit Data Pin 3 RxD Receive Data Pin 4 DTR Data Terminal Ready Pin 5 GND Signal Ground Pin 7 RTS Ready to Send Pin 8 CTS Clear to Send

Note Pins 2 amp 3 (RxDTxD) and other signal lines may bereversed in DB-25 and DB-9 connectors depending on device

54

GPS Custom Connectors and Cabling

Garmin PowerData Cable Magellan PowerData Cable Black -gt GND Black -gt GND Red -gt V+ Red -gt V+ Brown -gt TxD Yellow -gt TxD

White -gt RxD Orange -gt RxD

Eagle Explorer Lowrance Sea Nav Pin 1 V+ Power (5-15V) Pin 2 RxD Receive Data Pin 3 GND SignalPower Ground Pin 4 TxD Transmit Data Pin 5 RC1 Recharger Pin 6 RC2 Recharger

Pin 8 CTS Clear to Send

Garmin Handhelds (38 45 45XL 48 II II+ 12 12XL III StreetPilot) Pin 1 GND SignalPower Ground Pin 2 TxD Transmit Data Pin 3 V+ Power (see manual) Pin 4 RxD Receive Data

Note Voltage requirements of Garmin handhelds vary widely Seeyour userrsquos manual before connecting to any V+ source to preventyour unit going up in smoke Check amperage limitations beforedrawing power from the ADB or Geoport of your Macintosh to preventyour Macintosh from going up in smoke

Garmin GPSMap 195 Pin 1 GND Signal Ground Pin 4 TxD Transmit Data Pin 5 RxD Receive Data

Garmin GPSMap 195 diagram courtesy of Dennis Fraser of LaserType Inc

Global Map Sport NMEA Interface Cable Pin 1 Shield Ground Pin 2 Red Power Pin 3 White TxD (NMEA) Pin 4 Green RxD (NMEA) Pin 5 Brown TxD (RS232) Pin 6 Blue RxD (RS232)

55

Should I Remove Pin 8The NMEA standard dictates that the electrical signals be eithersingle pair +5V0V TTL or comply to the differential plusmn5V EIA-422standard Most NMEA vendors have chosen to implement theirdevices using the single pair unbalanced TTL signal option Mean-while Mac serial port expects either differential plusmn5V RS-422 seriallevels9 or plusmn12V RS-232 Wersquoll discuss how the Macintosh serial portis configured for RS-232 devices with Pin 8 grounded and how tofool the Mac with TTL devices by removing Pin 810

Most users will find that their GPS units are neither EIA-422compliant with differential signals nor are they RS-232 compli-ant11 If the electrical signals of your TTL-level NMEA port are nottotally compatible with the serial port on your Mac you will have toeither have to build a cable that fools the Mac into accepting TTLor convert the TTL-level NMEA into proper RS-232 This appen-dix will discuss building cables that fool the Mac first and thendescribes how you can buy or build a TTL-to-RS-232 adaptor

RS-422 Devices With plusmn5V RS-422 devices both Pin 5 and Pin 8are connected to their respective pairs on the receiver end (pin 3 amp6) and the 10V differential voltage between the two is used This isthe preferred method using balanced lines for optimal noise resis-tance unfortunately most GPS units are not built to this standard

RS-232 Devices If Pin 8 is grounded (as with most Macintoshmodem cables) then pin 5 must go significantly above ground to bedetected as ldquo+rdquo and significantly below ground to be detected as ldquo-rdquoSince pin 5 is connected to the plusmn12V TxD of a RS-232 device (mostmodems) the 12V difference between pin 5 and GND is enough todrive the Mac serial port If your GPS receiver emits true RSndash232then grounding pin 8 should work fine Most GPS units arenrsquot RS-232 compliant either

NMEA TTL The NMEA TTL standard used onthe majority of GPS units has only +5V0V on theTxD line Connected to the RxD- Pin 5 of the Macthis signal isnrsquot really enough to drive the Macintoshserial port on its own especially since the voltage onPin 5 never goes below +0V and so Pin 5 appearshigh all the time

Setting the Macrsquos Pin 8 (RxD+) to a fixed +2V or sowould make it work with the NMEA TTL level Butit turns out that in most cases this is unnecessary IfPin 8 is simply left unconnected either the RxD+input ldquofloatsrdquo to about that level on its own or itfloats to the average voltage on the RxD- inputAnyway it may be a fluke or it may be design butleaving Pin 8 unconnected seems to work in mostcases

Note If your GPS unit delivers a RS-422 compliantdifferential signal (it has both TXD+ and TXD-lines) then yoursquore all set Simply follow Schematic1b above

SidebarEIA-422 is substantially thesame as (and supersedes)RS-422 The author usesldquoRS-422rdquo for sentimentalreasons

56

Useful Part NumbersRadio Shack276-1427 9 Position Male D-Submini Connector (Crimp-Type)ndash $099276-1537C 9 Position Male D-Submini Connector (Solder-type) ndash $099276-1428 9 Position Female D-Submini Connector (Crimp-Type) ndash $099276-1539C D-Submini Connector Hood (for 9 Position Connectors) ndash $198276-1426 Pin Insertion Extraction Tool for Crimp Pins ndash $299

BelkinF2L087 DB-25 Male to DB-9 Male Serial Adaptor ndash $1299F2V004-06 Macintosh Mini-Din8 to Mini-Din-8 Straight Thru ndash $999

Useful DocumentsApple Inside Macintosh Volume III - Hardware

httpdevworldapplecomZilog z85C30 SCC Chip

httpwwwzilogcomserialserialhtml

57


This chapter originally appeared as an article by KarenNakamura titled ldquoFeeling Lost An Overview of GlobalPositioning Systemsrdquo in the newsletter TidBits 388

Until about five years ago the Global Posi-tioning System (GPS) existed in the realm of high-tech military thrillers Fictional spies would totehand-held units that precisely displayed theirlocations (or that of their objectives) anywhere onearth - with street maps and 3D topographicrepresentations to boot

Reality imitates art In the past ten years threeamazing things have happened First the USmilitary opened up the Global Positioning Systemfor civilian use Then the price of receivers plum-meted from the $1000-$10000 range to $100-$200 making them widely affordable And lastadvanced computer-controllable units have ap-peared making integration with personal comput-ers a reality With your Macintosh and about $300in additional hardware and software you can dothings that were science fiction just a little whileago

In this article I explain the technology behindthe Global Positioning System and discuss somereceiver units currently available

Your Tax Dollars at Work mdash The Global Posi-tioning System is truly amazing Developed by theUS military at a cost of several billion dollarsGPS is based on 24 orbiting satellites (space-headscall them SVs which is short for ldquoSpace Ve-

hiclesrdquo) These satellites broadcast a precise data signalthat allow GPS receivers to locate themselves any-where on the planet A receiver can calculate itsposition (latitude and longitude) altitude velocityheading and precise time of day Most units also havea built-in mapping feature that displays their positionsrelative to waypoints yoursquove pre-programmed intothem and a plot trail that shows where yoursquove trav-elled Advanced models have built-in street or water-way maps plus serial ports for computer connections

Military and high-end survey-grade models areaccurate to the millimeter level (less than one-six-teenth of an inch) However standard over-the-counter civilian models are nominally accurate toldquoonlyrdquo about 100 meters (roughly a city block) This isdue to military-induced Selective Availability - aeuphemism for scrambling the GPS signal justenough to reduce the accuracy to sub-military levelsSuch scrambling leaves the signal accurate enough tofind your favorite fishing hole but prevents you fromaccurately dropping a cruise missile into thegovernmentrsquos classified Area 51 base in Nevada Oneamusing consequence is that many car navigationsystems that use GPS will put you slightly off the road- making it seem as though yoursquore driving into a riveror building

If you need better accuracy than 100 meters anFM radio receiver called a Differential GPS unit(DGPS) used in conjunction with your GPS receivercan provide three to ten meter accuracy The US

Appendix B A Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Tutorial

58


Coast Guard broadcasts DGPS signals for free alongthe entire coastline of the United States and inlandfor a small subscription cost from various DGPSbroadcast companies The inland cost should goaway soon because the Federal Aviation Administra-tion (FAA) wants to use GPS for all aircraft andplans to begin wide-scale broadcasting of free DGPSsignals around the year 2000 DGPS receiverscurrently go for about $500 but once the FAA plangoes into action GPS units should start to havebuilt-in DGPS receivers

Behind the ScenesThe 24 satellites have a staggered orbit designed

so four satellites will be visible from any location onearth 95 percent of the time This number four isimportant as we will see

Each satellite broadcasts a repeating messageindicating the position and orbital parameters ofitself and the other satellites (almanac) a bill ofhealth for the satellites (health bit) and the preciseatomic time The information is encrypted into asignal with strict timing characteristics

In order to understand how the GPS systemworks wersquore going to jump into a bit of simplealgebra Remember echolocation from high schoolphysics If we send out a pulse of sound or radiowaves and wait for them to bounce off somethingand come back we can determine the distance to theobject by dividing the time it took for the reply bythe speed of sound (or light)

Distance = Speed Time

Time = Distance Speed

GPS works on much the same principle exceptthat unlike RADARSONAR where the transmitteris also the receiver of the signal GPS satellites onlytransmit the timing data pulses GPS receiver unitsonly receive

So how does the system work Imagine you anda friend had precision-synchronized watches andwere standing in a football field If she shouted ldquoIrsquomat the far right cornerpost and itrsquos now 500 and00000 secondsrdquo and you heard this message at 500and 0333 seconds you could determine how faraway she was by the timing delay of 0333 secondsEstimating the speed of sound at around 300 metersper second you can guess shersquos about 100 metersaway from you (or that yoursquore 100 meters away fromthe far right cornerpost)

Suppose you had another friend at the far leftcornerpost and he shouted the same message at thesame time and you calculated him to be 150 metersaway Could you tell where you were Pretty muchYou know that yoursquore 100 meters away from yourfirst friend so you could take a diagram of the fieldand draw a circle with a 100 meter radius around herknown position Then you could draw a circle with a150 meter radius around your second friendrsquos knownposition The two circles should intersect at twopoints - one of which should be your real positionWith three friends yoursquod have no ambiguity

Draw this on a piece of paper if it doesnrsquot makesense as a written example

59


Shouting from the StarsThe Global Positioning System works on thisprinciple although it uses much more preciseclocks and the speed of light Therersquos a hitchthough The above example required that eachperson had precision-synchronized clocks If eachGPS unit had to have an atomic clock it would beoutrageously expensive With three friends (or threesatellites) we can solve three of these four variables

X Y = horizontal position

Z = altitude

t = time

With only three satellites and an imprecise clockwe have to assume altitude to be a known constant(eg sea level) since we can only solve for threevariables using three satellites X Y and time Butif we have four visible satellites we can solve for allfour variables X (longitude) Y (latitude) Z (alti-tude) and t (precision time) The pleasant sideeffect is that not only do we have our precisionlocation but we also have precision time - whichmakes GPS valuable technology not only forgeophiles but chronophiles as well Many peopleare now synchronizing their systems or networkclocks to GPS signals since itrsquos a cheap and highlyaccurate source

However thinking back to our example thereare some important caveats Our friends or thesatellites must be spaced well apart If theyrsquore tooclose together the timing difference between theirsignals isnrsquot enough to calculate our location pre-cisely In GPS parlance this is your ldquodilution of

precisionrdquo and it greatly affects your accuracy Alsothere must be a clear path between us and them - wecanrsquot have anything blocking our signals or a largereflective object causing unwanted echoes(ldquomultipathrdquo signals) These errors can further degradethe accuracy of our location

GPS signals work in the microwave band Theycan pass through glass but are absorbed by watermolecules (wood heavy foliage) and reflect off con-crete steel and rock This means that GPS units havetrouble operating in rain forests urban jungles deepcanyons inside automobiles and boats and in heavysnowfall - among other things These environmentalobstacles degrade positional accuracy or make itimpossible to get a fix on your location

GPS Receiver TechnologyThe core of GPS receivers come in two major varia-tions sequential single-channel and parallel multi-channel Single-channel GPS units have only oneradio receiver unit and they must step sequentiallythrough all possible satellites This takes time anddegrades their accuracy since they may lose a ldquolockrdquoeach time they switch channels Parallel units havefrom between four and twelve receivers each dedi-cated to one particular satellite signal so strong lockscan be maintained on all the satellites

There are some two-channel units out there butin practice these are only slightly better than single-channel units Parallel-channel units are up to 15times faster in satellite acquisition times and they areunparalleled (sorry for the pun) in their ability to lock

60


onto the satellite signals even in difficult situationslike heavy foliage or urban skyscraper canyons

Boaters however may be content with single ordual channel sequential units since there are fewenvironmental obstacles on the open ocean Thesemodels are now considered outmoded technology soyou may be able to pick one up cheaply But forothers donrsquot settle for anything less than a full 12-channel parallel system especially since the pricedifferential has closed greatly in the past six months

Reviewing Some ReceiversLetrsquos take a quick peek at a few low-end consumerGPS units in the $150 to $300 range All these unitshave parallel 12-channel receivers They also all havethe same 100 meter accuracy because the USgovernment reduces all civilian GPS units in asimilar fashion If the government were to removethe SA interference the units would be accurate toabout 15 meters

If yoursquore shopping for a unit pay attention tofeatures like form factor (handheld versus mounted)external antennas mapping computer-controllabil-ity and availability of compatible software (GPSy iscompatible with all of the units mentioned)

Irsquove included on my Web site a list of resellerswhere you can buy these GPS units For local shop-ping try your neighborhood boating stores oroutdoor sports stores they often carry the lower-endunits

Garmin mdash My favorite GPS receivers are fromGarmin Inc Their main handheld unit the GarminGPS 12XL is about $200 The 12XL is designed for

handheld use and fits in your palm It runs on 4 AAbatteries for about 12 hours and has a backlight fornight use Garmin also sells the lower-end GPS 12 a12XL without an external antenna connection oraudible beeper for about $150 but otherwise sport-ing the same handheld form factor

The GPS III and III+ on the other hand aredesigned for vehicular use and sit on a dashboard orconsole They have built-in digital maps and dedi-cated zoom buttons which make it easier for one-handed use while piloting (though not recom-mended while driving) Garmin also sells a niftyhandlebar mount I have an GPS III mounted onmy Honda CX500 Custom motorcycle and itrsquos myconstant companion when I tour New England

In my car I use Garminrsquos latest StreetPilot whichis a dashboard size unit with a 3rdquo screen and built-inhighway maps With a MetroPilot map cartridgeinstalled it gives street-level maps as well Thedisplay is bright and clear the only minuses of theunit are the high price and lack of ldquogeekrdquo featuresthat the handhelds have

The greatest thing about Garmin units is thatthey have a bidirectional serial port that allows themto hook up to your computer Though many GPSunits can only transmit their current positionalinformation the Garmin units also allow you totransfer their waypoint databases route tables andother useful information The wide availability ofprograms supporting the Garmin transfer protocolmakes the Garmin units good choices for computer-based use

httpwwwgpsycomgpsinfoindexhtmlresellers

NOTE A new and updated GPS buyingguide can be found at

httpwwwgpsycomfaqgps-unitshtml

61


Lowrance mdash EagleLowrance sells an inexpensivetwelve-channel unit called the Global Map 100(approximately $200) The GM100 has a strong12-channel GPS receiver but unfortunately theuser interface is harder to use than the GarminsOn the other hand EagleLowrance have publiclyreleased their software protocol so you can expectstrong support for these units in the coming future

The GM100 also has uploadable mapsUnfortunately Lowrance hasnrsquot released the proto-col specs on the map features so itrsquos difficult forthird-parties such as ourselves to developMacintosh support for it

DeLorme mdash DeLorme Mapping publishes CD-ROM and paper maps of the United States Theirmost famous product is StreetAtlas a street levelmap of the entire US on CD-ROM But they alsomanufacture a neat little 12-channel unit called theDeLorme Earthmate The Earthmate has nodisplay or controls of its own and is designedstrictly to be used with a computer Although $150for the EarthMate and StreetAtlas isnrsquot a bad priceif yoursquore at all interested in using your GPS unitldquoofflinerdquo wersquod recommend the Garmin GPS 12which will set you back just about the sameamount

Data CablesThe biggest problem facing Macintosh GPS users isthe unavailability of data cables Most data cablescome in PC-style DB-9 connectors not theMacintosh-style DIN-8 Currently the only com-mercial source for GPS cables for the Macintoshappears to be my company However you can makeyour own cables if yoursquore handy with a soldering

iron or wire-crimps Our GPS Cable Page providesdetails

Finding Your Way GPS receivers arenrsquot yet standard equipment in carsbut with price drops and improvements itrsquos only amatter of time Ubiquitous availability of GPS deviceswill help eliminate the angst of finding yourself in atleast one sense

For more information about GPS check outresources from the US Coast Guard NOAA (Na-tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)Iowa State University and my own Web site

lthttpwwwnavcenuscgmilgt

lthttpwwwngsnoaagovGPSGPShtmlgt

lthttpwwwcndeiastateedugpshtmlgt

lthttpwwwgpsycomgpsinfogt

62


This page was left blank for a reasonbut I forgot why

63


NMEA stands for the National MaritimeElectronics Association They govern standards forthings like maritime radar systems Loran-C auto-pilots depth sounders and of course GPS unitsTheyrsquove defined a communications protocol calledNMEA-0183 that is the basis for almost all stan-dard GPS data output

NMEA-0183 is a simple protocol At the electricallevel it is defines a TTL level output of +5V0Vwith a timing signal compatible to RS-232RS-422at 4800 bps 1 stop bit no parity no flow controlBecause NMEA is so similar to RS-232RS-422 itrsquosoften possible to connect your Macintosh to yourGPS unit the subject of Appendix A

This chapter instead will focus on the data struc-ture of the NMEA sentences themselves SomeGPSy users who are interested in GIS work maywant to log GPS data and analyze it post-factoThis is quite simple using GPSyrsquos logging feature Abasic GIS utility might be a short AppleScriptprogram that strips the NMEA sentences you areinterested in (such as GLL for latitudelongitude)and then plugs that data into a spreadsheet or GISapplication such as MapInfo for further analysis

NMEA-0183 Data StructureNMEA-0183 is delivered as standard 7-bit print-able ASCII characters Each sentence begins withthe lsquo$rsquo character following by a 2-character deviceidentifier or talker type The defined talker typesare

AG - AUTOPILOT - GeneralAP - AUTOPILOT - MagneticCD - COMMUNICATIONS - Digital Selective Call-ing (DSC)CS - COMMUNICATIONS - SatelliteCT - COMMUNICATIONS - Radio-Telephone (MFHF)CV - COMMUNICATIONS - Radio-Telephone (VHF)CX - COMMUNICATIONS - Scanning ReceiverDE - DECCA NavigationDF - Direction FinderEC - Electronic Chart Display amp InformationSystem (ECDIS)EP - Emergency Position Indicating Beacon(EPIRB)ER - Engineroom Monitoring SystemsGP - Global Positioning System (GPS)HC - HEADING SENSORS - Compass MagneticHE - HEADING SENSORS - Gyro North SeekingHN - HEADING SENSORS - Gyro Non-North SeekingII - Integrated InstrumentationIN - Integrated NavigationLA - Loran-ALC - Loran-COM - OMEGA Navigation SystemP - Proprietary CodeRA - Radar andor ARPASD - Sounder depthSS - Sounder scanningTI - Turn Rate IndicatorTR - Electronic positioning system othergeneralVD - VELOCITY SENSORS - Doppler othergeneralVM - VELOCITY SENSORS - Speed Log WaterMagneticVW - VELOCITY SENSORS - Speed Log WaterMechanicalWI - Weather InstrumentsYX - TransducerZA - TIMEKEEPER - Atomic ClockZC - TIMEKEEPER - ChronometerZQ - TIMEKEEPER - QuartzZV - TIMEKEEPER - Radio Update WWV or WWVH

Appendix C (Almost) Everything You Wanted to Know about NMEA-0183

64


As you can tell from your GPS unitrsquos NMEA outputmost GPS sentences beginning with ldquo$GPrdquo al-though the Garmin proprietary sentences begin withthe proprietary lsquoPrsquo marker and then the ldquoGRMrdquoGarmin identifier to make up ldquo$PGRMrdquo

For nonproprietary sentences the next three charac-ters identify the NMEA sentence itself So a sentencethat begins with ldquo$GPGLLrdquo indicates a GLL sen-tence coming from a GPS device The data in thesentence then follows in a comma-delimited formatUnavailable data is usually either left blank orzeroed Most GPS units calculate an optionalchecksum that follows an optional asterisk endingthe sentence Others such as the Magellan simplyterminate the sentence with a carriage return lsquorrsquo

Here is a sample ldquoparagraphrdquo of NMEA sentencesemitted by a DeLorme Tripmate

$GPGGA18181741223506N072552026W1070982533M-343M48$GPGSAA3223103162914181800981510E$GPGSV311022630454329561944303471564318363064270$GPGSV3210252210440161825837311718737191129572$GPGSV331014112293417020723372$GPRMC181817A41223506N072552026W000000310197144W4A$PRWIZCH22725631719000003716717629700014718742

Standard NMEA TagsThese are some of the most important NMEA tagstaken from Peter Bennetrsquos GPS FAQ (ftpsundaetriumfcapubpeterindexhtml) See hisFAQ for information on other tags that may appearin the raw output

Overview of NMEA SentencesNMEA-0183 Standard SentencesAPA = Autopilot Format AAPB = Autopilot Sentence BBOD = Bearing ndash Origin to DestinationWaypointBWC = Bearing and Distance to Waypoint ndashGreat CircleGGA = Global Positioning System Fix DataGLL = Geographic Positionndash Latitude LongitudeGSA = GPS DOP and Satellites in UseGSV = GPS Satellites in ViewRMB = Recommended Minimum NavigationInformationRMC = Recommended minimum specific GPSTransit dataRTE - Waypoints in active routeVTG = Actual Track and Ground Speed (SOG)WPL = Waypoint LocationXTE = Cross-track error measured

65


GGA - Global Positioning System Fix Data $GPGGA1235194807038N01131324E108095454M469M 42 123519 Fix taken at 123519 UTC 4807038N Latitude 48 deg 07038rsquo N 01131324E Longitude 11 deg 31324rsquo E 1 Fix quality 0 = invalid 1 = GPS fix 2 = DGPS fix 08 Number of satellites being tracked 09 Horizontal dilution of position 5454M Altitude Meters above mean sea level 469M Height of geoid (mean sea level) above WGS84 ellipsoid (empty field) time in seconds since last DGPS update (empty field) DGPS station ID number

GLL - Geographic position Latitude and Longitude $GPGLL491645N1231112W225444A 491646N Latitude 49 deg 1645 min North 1231112W Longitude 123 deg 1112 min West 225444 Fix taken at 225444 UTC A Data valid (Garmin 65 does not include time and status)

RMC - Recommended minimum specific GPSTransit data $GPRMC225446A491645N1231112W000505471911940203E68 225446 Time of fix 225446 UTC A Navigation receiver warning A = OK V = warning 491645N Latitude 49 deg 1645 min North 1231112W Longitude 123 deg 1112 min West 0005 Speed over ground Knots 0547 Course Made Good True 191194 Date of fix 19 November 1994 0203E Magnetic variation 203 deg East 68 mandatory checksum

66


This page left blank on purposeHave you ever wondered about these blank pages indocumentation They exist so that the pagination works smoothly(ie Chapters always begin on odd number pages on the righthand side) But does this make any sense in the day and age ofPDF documents I think so otherwise I would have never had achance to write this short editorial

67


You should read this section even if you know allabout geodetic datums since GPSyrsquos interaction withsome GPS units can be unpredictable Skip to thebottom if yoursquore already a pro and just need the facts

First a tutorial on geodetic datums Since Irsquomstudying to be a professor herersquos a quick pop quiz

The world is shaped like A) a flat sheet of paper duh B) a perfect sphere C) an Apple Macintosh (complete with stem) D) an ellipsoid E) None of the above this is obviously a trickquestion

The answer is (E) none of the above Although welearned in grade school that the earth was roundand then in high school or college that itrsquos actuallyan ellipsoid that bulges at the centers due to rota-tional forces in actuality itrsquos something that looksalllllllmost like an ellipsoid but is just slightlyimperfect Geologists have come up with differentmathematical models of the earthrsquos shape slowlyrefining it until itrsquos now fairly close to reality buteven as we learn more about the earth it changesshape beneath our feet so we will always have differ-ent ellipsoidal models of the earth

Cartography itself is imperfect and maps have beenbased on several assumptions The first major as-sumption is the shape of the earth The first simplemaps used a spherical model then quickly wererevised to use ellipsoids Secondly before satellitenavigation allowed precise positioning it was verydifficult to get a highly accurate ldquofixrdquo on a locationSo when the first cartographers were creating thefirst precise charts of the Americas for example theynot assumed the shape of the earth but they alsoassumed a certain starting reference point By assum-ing that a USGS marker point is at a certain lati-tudelongitude it became much easier to chart thearea around it relative to that marker Unfortunatelyif the original reference point was incorrect youwould also need a reference correction

The assumed ellipsoidal model combined with theassumed reference point make up the geodeticdatum For example the current and most highlyaccurate datum available for the entire world is theWorld Geodetic System 1984 datum (WGS-84)WGS-84 is the fundamental model built into theGPS system as well as the default datum for mosthandheld GPS units If yoursquore using your handheldGPS receiver for navigating and you never look at apublished map the WGS-84 datum will work justgreat for you

Unfortunately many published maps use olderdatums For example many USGS topographicmaps use the much older NAD 27 (thatrsquos 1927)datum In some cases the difference or ldquoerrorrdquo

Appendix D A Warning on Datums

68


time (although this problem doesnrsquot occur withGarmin GPS units which report the correct datumdata at all times)

You would in effect be applying a correction factortwice producing an inaccurate result In order toprevent this either

1) Set your GPS unit to the WGS-84 datum andthen set your desired datum in GPSyrsquos DisplayPreferences dialog

or 2) Set your GPS unit to your desired datum and

set GPSy to ldquono [datum] translationrdquo

There are some minor points to note

bull For non-Garmin units GPSy will assume thatthe positional data provided by the connectedGPS unit is in the WGS-84 datum All datumtranslations done by GPSy will convert from theWGS-84 datum to your desired datum So ifyour GPS changes datums on the outgoingNMEA stream then set GPSyrsquos datum prefer-ence to ldquoNo translationrdquo

bull For Garmin units GPSy will attempt to use thePGRMM sentence to determine the inputdatum and correct for it However since differ-ent Garmin units spell datums different waysthis is unreliable at best The safest is to setGPSy to ldquoNo translationrdquo and to let the GPShandle the translation

between WGS-84 and NAD-27 can be severalhundred meters When you tell your GPS unit (orGPSy) to use the NAD-27 datum it performs acalculation that takes the ellipsoidal model andcorrectional factor for NAD-27 and applies it to itspositional data The result is that you get a latitudelongitude (or UTM etc) that matches the topomap

Any map that is worth its price will have its datumlisted somewhere Otherwise you may have to do abit of guessing If yoursquore in a foreign country youcan try one of the country-specific datums Forexample the ldquoTokyordquo datum covers maps created inJapan and South Korea before the end of the WarThe OSGB datum covers Great Britain Note thatmost electronic maps such as TIGER or StreetAtlasnow use the WGS-84 datum so ask if yoursquore notsure

GPSy and Datums ndash A CaveatGPSy 20 introduced a way to perform datumtranslations within GPSy itself This is useful if youhave a GPS unit (or other navigational unit) thatdoesnrsquot have datum translations or doesnrsquot have thedatum you want

You can select from a list of 124 available datums inthe Display Preferences panel By default no datumtranslationcorrection is used

However there is a very important caveat Sinceeither GPSy or your GPS unit can both do datumtranslations very bad things can happen if you setboth of them to a non-WGS84 datum at the same

69


Glossary

1 PPM1 Pulse Per Minute A signal (electronic orotherwise) sent once per minute usually tosynchronize timing equipment

1 PPS1 Pulse Per Second A signal (electronic orotherwise) sent once per second usually tosynchronize timing equipment

AEAntenna Electronics

ADAnalog to Digital (converter) Part of theelectronic equipment that converts analogsignals into digital signals pending furtherprocessing

AFBAir Force Base

AFIAutomatic Fault Indication Ability of equip-ment to indicate lsquofaultsrsquo or the inability of theequipment to operate properly Usually part ofthe self-test process Also ability of equipment

to detect signals that are malformed due to equip-ment failure source failure or enemy spoofing

AFSAir Force Station

AHRSAttitude and Heading Reference System

AIMSAirspace Traffic Control Radar Beacon SystemIFF Mark XII System

AJAnti-Jamming Ability to prevent or overcomeenemy jamming of your signal

AOC

Auxilliary Output Chip

A-SAnti-Spoofing See spoofing

ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit

ATEAutomatic Test Equipment

70


BCDBinary Code Decimal Coding digits in thecomputer as decimal floating point rather thanas binary floating point This requires morememory space but prevents binary floatingpoint anomalies such as (10 20 ) 20 =09999999 which can occur on some systems(gratuitous example)

BearingThe compass direction towards your next way-point

BIHBureau International de LrsquoHeure

BIPMInternational Bureau of Weights and Measures

BITBuilt-In Test

BPSKBi Phase Shift Keying

CA CodeCoarseAcquisition Code CourseAcquistion orldquoCivilian Coderdquo The unencrypted L1 sequenceavailable to all civilian users broadcast at12276Mhz Also used by military users to

synchronize to the P code since the CA code isdesigned to be easily acquired The CA code isa sequence of 1023 bits sent at 1023 Mhz Seealso Pseudo-Random Number and P-Code

CADCCentral Air Data Computer

CDMACode Division Multiplex Access Sending morethan one signal on a single carrier wave bymultiplexing the signals at the code level GPSL1 and L2 signals are CDMA respectively sincethey both combine all 24 GPS satellite signalsinto each of their code frequencies In compari-son the Soviet GLOSNASS positioning systemis FDMA (frequency division multiple access)since each SV has its own designated frequencyslot

CDUControl Display Unit

CEPCircular Error Probable Probability that theactual location is within a circular area

71


CMOSComplementary Metal Oxide SemiconductorA common semiconductorIC manufacturingmethod

CNoCarrier to Noise Ratio

CRPAControlled Radiation Pattern Antenna

CSOCConsolidated Space Operations Center

CWContinuous Wave

DACDigital to Analog Converter

dBDecibel (X = 10 Log

10 X dB)

DegreeA system of measuring angles where a right-angle is 90 degrees Accordingly in compassmeasurements 0deg is due North 90deg is due East180deg grades is due South 270deg or -90deg is dueWest See also Grades

DGPSSee Differential GPS

Differential GPS (DGPS)Since errors caused by Selective Availability andionospheric interference tend to be the same forGPS units operating in the same relative area(~100km) placing one GPS unit at a knownfixed location enables one to calculate thepseudorange errors

If you were to broadcast this data to otherGPS units in the area they would be able tocorrect for the SA and ionospheric errors andobtain a much more accurate (often sub-meter)navigational solution DGPS signals are broadcastalong the US coastline by the US Coast Guardgradually replacing LORAN Inland DGPSsignals are broadcast by several commercialservices In the future the FAA may broadcastDGPS for the entire US as a way to phase outthe obsolete navigational beacons used by aircraftas part of the WAAS and LAAS systems

Because any primary navigational aid shouldhave built-in redundancy and error-checking webelieve the DGPS will always be a required

72


component of the Global Positioning System forprofessional and commercial use regardless of thestatus of Selective Availability

Distance to Go (DTG)The distance from the current position until thenext waypoint

Dilution of Precision (DOP)A dimensionless variable that accounts for thedegree of imprecision caused by satellite geom-etry Closely spaced satellites will cause a highDOP as the angle between them will not beenough to triangulate your position preciselyMultiply DOP by the User Estimated RangeError to get the EPE

DOP ranges from 1 to infin with 1 being thebest DOP possible Usual DOP values rangefrom 10 to 50 in normal circumstances and canbe much higher when satellite visibility is lim-ited such as in canyons or urban jungles

D-LevelDepot Level

DLMData Loader Module

DLRData Loader Receptable

DLSData Loader System

DMADefense Mapping Agency The official mappingagency of the US Department of DefenseDeveloper of such wonderful gifts to human-kind as the Universal Transverse Mercator(UTMUPS) system and WGS-84

DoDDepartment of Defense The department of theUnited States government responsible forprotecting the US again foreign threats andblowing them to smithereens Also the sugardaddy of the Global Positioning System

DOPSee Dilution of Precision

dRMSDistance Root Mean Square

DRSDead Reckoning System Navigation estimatesusing the vehiclersquos current speed and bearing toguesstimate its position Ie ldquoif I know where Iam now and walk 10 miles due North I shouldbe 10 miles North of hererdquo Called dead reckon-ing since current speed distance and bearingare hard to estimate and you often ended up

73


dead by walking off a cliff or into the BermudaTriangle Note that before GPS most naviga-tion methods involved a component of dead-reckoning

DTampEDevelopment Test and Evaluation

ECEFEarth-Centered Earth-Fixed A positioningsystem that uses the geometric center of theearth as the starting point with x y z axes

ECP Engineering Change Proposal

EDMElectronic Distance Measurement

EFISElectronic Flight Instrument System

EHVEEstimated Horizontal Velocity Error See EPE

Estimated Position Error (EPE)Also Expected Position Error The radius ofthe sphere of probability in which you arelocated When the GPS reports your positionit reports an X Y Z (altitude) coordinates andthe EPE Draw a sphere with a radius of yourEPE around the X Y Z coordinates Your

actual position is somewhere within that sphere ofprobability Itrsquos often easier to ignore altitude andto use X Y coordinates and EPE as a circle

The probability figure varies If you have a50 EPE 50 of the time you should be withinthe circle A 95 EPE figure will locate youwithin the circle 95 of the time GPSy and mostGPS units display and output 95 EPE figuresalthough Garmin units are reported to give themore optimistic (and smaller) 50 figure

EPE is directly related to the Dilution ofPrecision (DOP see separate entry) You reach the50 EPE figure by multiplying the DOP by theUser Estimated Range Error (see UERE nomi-nally held at 32 meters SA-non-corrected) Multi-ply by 2 to get the 95 confidence level

EPE has related variants HPE (HorizontalPosition Error) VPE (Vertical Position Error)ETE (EstimatedExpected Time Error) andEHVE (EstimateExpected Horizontal VelocityError)

EMElectro Magnetic

EMCONEmission Control

74


ERAEstimated Range Error The estimated amountof error in each pseudorange calculation given byeach GPS satellite When Selective Availability ison this value is set to 32 meters by default

ETAEstimated Time of Arrival The local or UTCtime of arrival at the selected waypoint

ETEEstimated Time Error See EPEAlso Estimated Time Enroute the estimate timespent enroute to the destination

ESGNElectrically Suspended Gyro Navigator

FAAFederal Aviation Administration

FOMFigure Of Merit

FRPAFixed Radiation Pattern Antenna

FRPA GPFRPA Ground Plane

FUDFear Uncertainty and Doubt A markettingtechnique pioneered by IBM and later put to

great use by Microsoft This technique involesinjecting fear uncretainty and doubt into yourcustomers who are thinking of switching sys-tems by use of false or misleading markettingstatements (ie ldquono one ever got fired for buyingan IBM mainframerdquo)

GaAsGallium Arsenide

GDOPGeometric Dilution of Precision

GMTGreenwich Mean Time The former name forwhat is now known as UTC (Universal Coordi-nated Time) See UTC

GPSGlobal Positioning System A multi-billionproject by the Department of Defense to createa satellite based navigational system for militaryuse Later opened up for civilian use withaccuracy limited by Selective Availability (seeentry for SA)

GPSyreg (pronounced ldquogypsyrdquo)GPSyreg is an advanced Macintosh GPS commu-nications and mapping software program Itallows you to connect your Macintosh to almost

75


any computer-capable GPS unitGPSyreg is a registered trademark of KarenNakamura

GPSy Protrade

GPSy Protrade is an enhanced version of GPSyreg

designed for use with nautical charts largetopographic maps or complex map images Itfeatures support for BSB format nautical chartsimproved algorithm for map calibrationimproved waypoint and planning support andmore printing options

GPSyLinktrade

GPSyLinktrade provides the conduit throughwhich GPSytrade can communicate with otherapplications on the Macintosh The ldquopushrdquo sideof GPSytrade currently pushes data to DeLormersquosStreetAtlas and iPC MapFan as well as InternetMap Servers providing a real-time street-levelmapping system The ldquopullrdquo side of GPSyLinkis its AppleEvent support allowing third partyprograms and user-written scripts to easilyaccess GPS dataGPSyLinktrade is a trademark of Karen Naka-mura

Grade (GRAD)A system of measuring angles where a right-angle is 100 grades Accordingly in compassmeasurements 0 grade is due North 100

grades is due East 200 grades is due South 300or -100 grades is due West The grade system ispredominantly used by decimal-loving Franco-phone counties See also Degrees

GRMN Protocol (Garmin Protocol)Garmin Incrsquos proprietary bidirectional GPS serialcommunications protocol used for transferringroutes waypoints almanacs and tracks with theirhandheld GPS units

HDOPHorizontal Dilution of Precision See Dilution ofPrecision

HeadingThe compass direction in which you are travel-ling

HOWHand Over Word The portion of the CA codethat allows the L-2 PPS receiver to switch from CA code to the more complexprecise P-Code

HPEHorizontal Position Error See EPE

HSIHorizontal Situation Indicator

HVHost Vehicle

76


HQ USAFHeadquarters US Air Force

ICDInterface Control Document

ICSInitial Control System

IFIntermediate Frequency

IFFIdentification Friend or Foe Equipment inmilitary vehicles that allows them to detect ifother vehicles are allies or the enemy

I-LevelIntermediate Level

ILSInstrument Landing System

INSInertial Navigation System

IONInstitute of Navigation

IOTampEInitial Operational Test and Evaluation

IPInstrumentation Port

ITSIntermediate Level Test Set

JPOJoint Program Office

JSJamming to Signal Ratio

JTIDSJoint Tactical Information Distribution System

L1 FrequencyGPS signals broadcast at the L1 (12276Mhz)are unencrypted CoarseAcquisition (CA) codeand are part of the SPS Standard PositioningSystem component of the GPS L1SPS signalsare degraded per Selective Availability such thatuncorrected signals are only accurate to within100 meters 95 of the time

L2 FrequencyGPS signals broadcast at the L2 frequency(157542Mhz) are for the PPS Precise Position-ing System military-authorized users only andare encrypted using the P-Code and AS anti-spoofing code However some civilian surveyingand high-end GPS units use advanced carrier

77


wave matching to synchronize the L2P -Codeallowing for millimeter accuracy with a DGPSreference station

LEPLinear Error Probable

LRIPLow Rate Initial Production

LRULine Replaceable Unit

LOLocal Oscillator

mBMillibar

MCSMaster Control Station

MCTMean Corrective Maintenance Time

MHzMegahertz (106 Hz)

MLVMedium Launch Vehicle

MmaxCTMaximum Corrective Maintenance Time

MOUMemorandum of Understanding

MSMeters per Second A measurement of speed(velocity)

MSLMean Sea Level

MTBFMean Time Between Failure

MTBMMean Time Between Maintenance

NANot Applicable

NAV msgNavigation Message

NavStarThe original military name for the Global Posi-tioning System (see GPS)

NMEAThe National Marine Electronics Association anorganization that governs standards for marineequipment NMEA came up with a standard thatallows GPS and other electronic maritime naviga-tional aid units to communicate with devices suchas marine autopilots depth finders and so forth

78


The NMEA-0183 standard describes a simpleserial protocol and message structure for allelectronic marine equipment GPS units thathave some sort of data-output usually supportthe NMEA-0183 standard (as well as their ownproprietary protocols) since mariners were earlyadopters of GPS equipment More informationabout NMEA-0183 can be found in Appendix Cof this manual

NOSCNaval Ocean Systems Center

NRLNaval Research Labratory

NSNanosecond (10-9 second)

NSANational Security Agency The top-secret depart-ment of the United States government that noone is quite sure what theyrsquore responsible for butwersquore all scared of nonetheless

NTDSNavy Tactical Data System

NTSNavigation Technology Satellite

OBSOmni Bearing Select

OCSOperational Control System

O-LevelOrganization Level

OTHTOver The Horizon Targeting

PCPersonal Computer Not a Mac

P-CodeP-CodePrecise or Protected Code The GPS signalbroadcast at 157542Mhz (L2) for use by theUS military and selected civilians The P-Codeis broadcast at a chip rate of 1023 Mhz andrepeats every 267 days

PDOPPosition Dilution of Precision

Precise Positioning Service (PPS)The military level of access to GPS PPS pro-vides the highest accuracy of GPS ranging byusing both L1 and L2 frequencies (without theSA inaccuracies of course)

79


PLSSPrecision Location Strike System

P 3IPre Planned Product Improvement Alsoknown as planned obsolesenceCf Pentium Pro

Pseudo-Random Number (PRN)Also Pseudo-Random NoiseIn order to prevent enemy detection acquisi-tion or spoofing of the GPS signal each GPSsatellite (SV) encodes its data stream using aunique PRN The PRN number is used toidentify the SV used for positional calcula-tions Each SV is also assigned an SV numberthat is separate from the PRN number and israrely used except to identify a particular SV mdashwhile PRN numbers can and are reassigned asSVs move in and out of service each SVnumber is unique and is assigned at the time oflaunch GPSy and GPS units display satellitePRN numbers in their satellite almanac dis-plays

PPMParts Per Million (106)

PPSSee Precise Positioning System

PPS-SMPPS Security Module

PRNSee Pseudo Random Number

Pseudo-rangeBased on the timing signals and known positionof each satellite the GPS receiver can estimate thedistance or ldquorangerdquo to each satellite Howeverbecause there may be errors caused by interfer-ence faulty calculations Selective Availability orother sources these range estimates are calledldquopseudo-rangesrdquo

PTTIPrecise Time and Time Interval

PVTPosition Velocity and Time

RAMReliability and Maintainability

RCVRReceiver

RFRadio Frequency

RMSRoot Mean Square

80


RNAVArea Navigation

RSSRoot Sum Square

RTRemote Terminal

RTCARadio Technical Commission for Aeronautics

RTCMRatio Technical Commission for MaritimeServices

SASelective Availability The US DoD policy ofdegrading the position accuracy of the civilianGPS signal

SAMSOSpace and Missile Systems Organization

SBBSmart Buffer Box Many of our friends who laterwhen to law school

Selective Availability (SA)A military euphemism for the reduction ofaccuracy of civilian GPS units by the introduc-tion of a small amount of random errors into theCA GPS data stream The errors are calibrated

such that the actual position should be within100 meters of the reported position 95 of thetime

SCSpecial Committee

SEPSpherical Error Probable

SIInternational System of Units

SILSystem Integration Labratory

SINSShipborne INS Shipborne Inernational Naviga-tion System See Dead Reckoning

SpoofingSpoofing is when the enemy generates a (radio)transmission that you mistakenly believe is yourown sidersquos Often utilized by adroit football andbasketball coaches Anti-spoofing is commonlyachieved by encrypting your signal so that theenemy cannot imitate (spoof ) it

SPSSee Standard Positioning Service

SRUShop Replacable Unit

81


Standard Positioning Service (SPS)The standard single-frequency unencryptedSelectively Available signal available to civilianusers SPS is limited by SA to 100 meters (95probability) accuracy Without SA SPSrsquosnominal accuracy is about 15 meters (95)

STDCDUStandard CDU

SVSpace Vehicle Also known as ldquosatellitesrdquo tonon-space-heads Since a satellite is any objectin orbit around another (including our moon) adistinction must be made between artificialsatellites and natural ones However no distinc-tion is made here between manned SVs andunmanned

TACANTactical Air Navigation

TAIInternational Atomic Time

TBDTo Be Determined A common line used bysoftware developers when asked about shipschedules and feature support

TDOPTime Dilution of Precision See Dilution ofPrecision

TFOMTime Figure Of Merit

TTFFTime to First Fix Time from when the GPSreceiver equipment is turned on until it acquires aposition lock ldquoColdrdquo TTFF is when the receiveris turned on without having a current satellitealmanac and thus much acquire an almanacbefore position lock ldquoWarmrdquo TTFF is when thereceiver has a current almanac but no satelliteephemeris data and must acquire that ldquoHotrdquoTTFF is when the receiver has both currentsatellite and ephemeris data

TDOPTime Dilution of Precision See DOP

TTGTime To Go Amount of time until the nextwaypoint or destination is reached

UEUser Equipment

UEREUser Equivalent Range Error Also User Esti-mated Range Error The estimated error in therange (distance from GPS satellite to receiver)calculation

82


UHFUltra High Frequency

UltimateA high-paced field sport played using FrisbeestradeUltimate is one of the most aerobic sports andhas been described as a mix between soccerfootball and basketball

USAUnited States of America

USNOUS Naval Observatory

UTUniversal Time

UT0UT0 is an atomic time standard that does notinvolve coordinationsynchronization with theslowing of the earthrsquos rotation An offset isapplied to UT0 to obtain UTC

UTCUniversal Coordinated Time The time standardformerly known as Greenwich Mean Time(GMT) UTC is deliberately neither an acronymfor the French(CTU) or English (UCT) UTCis coordinated with the rotational slowing of theearth through the periodic use of leap secondsSee UT0

VDOPVertical Dilution of Precision See DOP

Velocity-Made-Good (VMG)The velocity at which you are approaching yournext waypoint

VHSICVery High Speed Integrated Circuit

VLSICVery Large Scale Integrated Circuit

VORVery High Frequency (VHF) OmnidirectionalRange

VPEVertical Position Error See EPE

WGS-84World Geodetic System -1984 A geodeticdatum developed by the US military thatachieves a very good ldquofitrdquo for the ellipsoidalshape of the earth The WGS-84 datum is thebasis of the Global Positioning System

YPGYuma Proving Ground A military base in theUnited States where much of the GPS develop-ment and testing occurs

83


Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS 43

A

Adding Custom Commands 44Additional Adjustment field 36Additional Device Data Panel 28 36AETE resource 49almanac 39 40 58altimeter 31altitude 22 31 59anti-SA feature See Static Position (Anti-SA)AppleEvent 49Area 51 32 57Ashtec SCA-1212S 35 43atomic clocks 28 35atomic time 58Australian Map Grid 27

B

bearing 47 70BNG See British National Grid (BNG)British National Grid (BNG) 20 27

C

CA Code 70Celsius 21climb rate 31clock drift 35Coast Guard 58 61CodeWarrior Pro 2

comments 16Communications Toolbox (CTB) 22Compatible GPS Units 6Copyright and Trademark Information 2crosstrack error (XTE) 27CTB See Communications Toolbox (CTB)

D

Data Provided by GPS Sentence Types 34Data Transfer Datum 21Datum Translation 19Daylight Savings Time (DST) 35 36DB-25 Pins and Signal Functions 53DB-9 Pins and Signal Functions 53dBHz 28DDDDDD 20DDMMM 20DDMMSS 20Decca 30degrees 21 27DeLorme StreetAtlas 42 45 61DeLorme StreetAtlas 4 Route Format 42DeLorme Tripmate 24 30 36 43 64Demo Mode 13depth below transducer 31development environment 2DGPS 32DGPS broadcast companies 58DGPS Data Monitor 31 32DGPS-IP Server Preferences 26Differential GPS (DGPS) 57 71Dilution of Precision (DOP) 25 29 59 72

84


Display Altitude 22Display Preferences 19Displays Menu 27Distance To Go (DTG) 27 72DOP See Dilution of PrecisionDST See Daylight Savings Time (DST)DTG See Distance To Go (DTG)

E

Eagle Accunav Sport 21Eagle Explorer 54EagleLowrance 61Earth Centered Earth-Fixed x y z Coordinate Sys See ECEF

xyzECEF x y z 20 27echolocation 58EHVE See Estimated Horizontal Velocity Error (EHVE)ellipsoidal models 67embedded comment 30EPE See Estimated Position Error (EPE)ERA See Estimated Range ErrorEstimated Horizontal Velocity Error (EHVE) 73Estimated Position Error (EPE) 29 73Estimated Range Error 74Estimated Time Enroute (ETE) 74Estimated Time of Arrival 74ETA See Estimated Time of ArrivalETE See Estimated Time Enroute (ETE)

F

Fahrenheit 21FAQ See Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)ldquofatrdquo binary 6Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 58feet 21

fix type 28FM radio receiver 57Forcing the serial port closed 33Francophone 21 27

G

Garmin 60Garmin GPS 12 12XL 38 40 45 II GPS II+ 39Garmin GPS III 39Garmin GPSMap 195 54Garmin GRMN protocol See GRMNGRMN host protocolGarmin PowerData Cable 54Garmin Real-Time Protocol 23Garmin TracPak 24 30 36 43geodetic datums 67Global Map Sport 54Global Positioning System (GPS) 57GPS 20 See Garmin TracPakGPS 20SL See Garmin TracPakGPS 30 See Garmin TracPakGPS 31 See Garmin TracPakGPS 35 See Garmin TracPakGPS 36 See Garmin TracPakGPS Data Monitor 30GPS data type 28GPS Satellite Data 28GPSy 74lsquoGPSyrsquo 15GPSyLink 75GPSyLink AppleEvent Support 49GRAD See grades (GRAD)grades (GRAD) 21 27GRMNGRMN host protocol 23 28 39

85


H

half-zones setting 36Hayes-compatible modem 43heading 47 75health bit 58Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP) 47HPE 75Hustler serial ports 22

I

Initialize Garmin TracPak 24Internet Map Servers 45InternetConfig 45iPC MapFan II 45Irish Transverse Mercator 20 27

J

Japan 46

K

Keyboard Commands 19 25

L

latitude and longitude 27Liability Disclaimer 2License Agreement 2License Key 19 26local time 35Loran-C 30Lowrance 61Lowrance Sea Nav 54LowranceEagle Software Interface (LSI-100) 23LSI-100 See LowranceEagle Software Interface (LSI-100)

M

Magellan PowerData Cable 54Magellan protocol 23magnetic north 28 47Maidenhead Grid 20 27manual map calibration 14Map control panel 36MapInfo 63mean water temperature 31Measurement Units 21MENU 4110 44millimeter accuracy 57Mini Din-8 DB-25 DB-9 Connector Schematics and S 53Mini-Din 8 Pins and Signal Functions 53Misc Aviation Data 31multi-channel GPS unit 59multi-port PCI cards 22multipath 59

N

NAD-27 datum 19 68National Maritime Electronics Association 63nautical miles 21NavCore V chipset 29Navigation panel 27NavStar 77New Zealand Map Grid 27NMEA 63 77NMEA log file 30NMEA-0182 6 22NMEA-0183 6 22 63NMEA-0183 Data Structure 63NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrat 61north See magnetic north

86


North Display 21NVRAM 24

O

Omega 30Open Scripting Architecture (OSAX) 49OSGB datum 19

P

P-Code 78parallel multi-channel GPS unit 59PCMCIA serial and GPS cards 22Peter Bennetrsquos GPS FAQ 64pinging sound 24PortJuggler 22PortShare 22PRAM 36pre-made Mac GPS cable 51precalibrated maps 13Precise Position Service (PPS) 78Primary Coordinate System 21Printing 13PRN See Pseudo-Random Number (PRN)Pseudo-Random Number (PRN) 28 79Pseudo-range 79

Q

Quit 13

R

rate of ascent 31Realtime Display 19Realtime Display Datum 20Realtime Display Protocol 22

reference correction 67Reported Time Deviation 36Require NMEA-0183 Checksum 23ResEdit 44Reset GPSy 33Reset Static Position 33Resorcerer 44Rockwell Channel Information 29Rockwell NavCore 6 22 36Rockwell NavCore V Protocol 23 28Rockwell Zodiac 6Rockwell Zodiac GPS chipset 29Rockwell Zodiac Protocol 23 28route 39Route Data 41RS-232RS-422 63

S

SA See Selective Availability (SA)satellite See Space Vehiclesatellite display 28satellite strength 28Secondary Coordinate System 22Selective Availability (SA) 5 25 31 47 57 80Sending GPSNMEA Commands 43serial port 22serial port latency 36Serial Preferences 19 22Set Macintosh Location 35 36Set Macintosh Time 36single-channel GPS unit 59SOG See Speed Over Ground (SOG)Sony IPS Protocol 6 23 28 29Sony IPS-5000 23Sony PACY-CNV10 23

87


Space Vehicle 57 81Speed Units 21Standard Positioning Service(SPS) 81Starlink Differential GPS 43Start NMEA Logging 13Start NMEA Playback 13Static Position (Anti-SA) 19 32Static Position Calculation Mode 19 25statute miles 21STR 4110 44STR 4111 44StreetAtlas See DeLorme StreetAtlasSV 57 See Space VehicleSystem Requirements 6

T

talker types 63TDOP 81lsquoTEXTrsquo 15Text to Speech 25text-to-speech (TTS) 25TIGER Census data 47Time Synchronization 35Tokyo Datum 46topographic maps 19track data 39 41TracPak See Garmin TracPakTrimble TSIP Protocol 6 23 24Tripmate See DeLorme Tripmatetrue north 28 47TTG 81TTL level output 63

U

Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) 20Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 20

Userland Frontier 49UTC offset 36UTC time 35Utilities Menu 35 39UTMUPS 20 27

V

Velocity-Made-Good (VMG) 82Vertical Dilution of Precision (VDOP) 82View Map 13

W

waypoint data 39WGS-84 19 21 28 47

X

XTE See Cross Track Error (XTE)

Z

Zodiac See Rockwell Zodiac ProtocolZodiac GPS chipset See Rockwell Zodiac GPS chipset

Table of Contents

Introduction


Ch2 File Menu

View Map

Open Map

GPS Log Files

Demo Mode

Ch3 Preferences

Display Preferences

Serial Preferences

Keyboard Commands

License Key

Internet Preferences

Ch4 Displays Menu

Location Panel

Heading and Speed Panel

Additional Device Data Panel

GPS Satellite Data

Ch5 Time Synch

Set Macintosh Time

Ch6 Data Transfers

Ch7 Send GPS Commands

Ch8 GPSyLink

StreetAtlas 4 GPSyLink Quick Directions

Notes on the SA4 GPSyLink

Ch9 AppleEvents

ApA Cable Making

Do we have enough connectors

I am solder hear me rosin


ApB GPS Tutorial

ApC NMEA-0183

NMEA-0183 Data Structure

Standard NMEA Tags

ApD Datum Issues

Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS

A

Adding Custom Commands

Additional Adjustment field


AETE resource

almanac

altimeter

altitude

anti-SA feature See Static Position (Anti-SA)

AppleEvent

Area 51

Ashtec SCA-1212S

atomic clocks

atomic time

Australian Map Grid

B

bearing

BNG See British National Grid (BNG)

British National Grid (BNG)

C

CA Code

Celsius

climb rate

clock drift

Coast Guard

CodeWarrior Pro

comments

Communications Toolbox (CTB)

Compatible GPS Units

Copyright and Trademark Information

crosstrack error (XTE)

CTB See Communications Toolbox (CTB)

D

Data Provided by GPS Sentence Types

Data Transfer Datum

Datum Translation

Daylight Savings Time (DST)

DB-25 Pins and Signal Functions


dBHz

DDDDDD

DDMMM

DDMMSS

Decca

degrees

DeLorme StreetAtlas

DeLorme StreetAtlas 4 Route Format

DeLorme Tripmate

Demo Mode

depth below transducer

development environment

DGPS

DGPS broadcast companies

Differential GPS (DGPS)

Dilution of Precision (DOP)

Display Altitude

Display Preferences

Displays Menu

Distance To Go (DTG)

DOP See Dilution of Precision

DST See Daylight Savings Time (DST)

DTG See Distance To Go (DTG)

E

Eagle Accunav Sport

Eagle Explorer

EagleLowrance

Earth Centered Earth-Fixed x y z Coordinate Sys See ECEF xyz

ECEF x y z

echolocation

EHVE See Estimated Horizontal Velocity Error (EHVE)

ellipsoidal models

embedded comment

EPE See Estimated Position Error (EPE)

ERA See Estimated Range Error

Estimated Horizontal Velocity Error (EHVE)

Estimated Position Error (EPE)

Estimated Range Error

Estimated Time Enroute (ETE)

Estimated Time of Arrival

ETA See Estimated Time of Arrival

ETE See Estimated Time Enroute (ETE)

F

Fahrenheit

FAQ See Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

ldquofatrdquo binary

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

feet

fix type

FM radio receiver

Forcing the serial port closed

Francophone

G

Garmin

Garmin GPS 12 12XL 38 40 45 II GPS II+

Garmin GPS III

Garmin GPSMap 195

Garmin GRMN protocol See GRMNGRMN host protocol

Garmin PowerData Cable

Garmin Real-Time Protocol

Garmin TracPak

geodetic datums

Global Map Sport

Global Positioning System (GPS)

GPS 20 See Garmin TracPak

GPS 20SL See Garmin TracPak





GPS Data Monitor

GPS data type

GPS Satellite Data

GPSy

lsquoGPSyrsquo

GPSyLink

GPSyLink AppleEvent Support

GRAD See grades (GRAD)

grades (GRAD)

GRMNGRMN host protocol

H

half-zones setting

Hayes-compatible modem

heading

health bit

Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP)

HPE

Hustler serial ports

I

Initialize Garmin TracPak

Internet Map Servers

InternetConfig

iPC MapFan II

Irish Transverse Mercator

J

Japan

K

Keyboard Commands

L

latitude and longitude


License Agreement

License Key

local time

Loran-C

Lowrance

Lowrance Sea Nav

LowranceEagle Software Interface (LSI-100)

LSI-100 See LowranceEagle Software Interface (LSI-100)

M

Magellan PowerData Cable

Magellan protocol

magnetic north

Maidenhead Grid

manual map calibration

Map control panel

MapInfo

mean water temperature

Measurement Units

MENU 4110

millimeter accuracy

Mini Din-8 DB-25 DB-9 Connector Schematics and S

Mini-Din 8 Pins and Signal Functions

Misc Aviation Data

multi-channel GPS unit

multi-port PCI cards

multipath

N

NAD-27 datum

National Maritime Electronics Association

nautical miles

NavCore V chipset

Navigation panel

NavStar

New Zealand Map Grid

NMEA

NMEA log file

NMEA-0182

NMEA-0183


NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrat

north See magnetic north

North Display

NVRAM

O

Omega

Open Scripting Architecture (OSAX)

OSGB datum

P

P-Code

parallel multi-channel GPS unit

PCMCIA serial and GPS cards

Peter Bennetrsquos GPS FAQ

pinging sound

PortJuggler

PortShare

PRAM

pre-made Mac GPS cable

precalibrated maps

Precise Position Service (PPS)

Primary Coordinate System

Printing

PRN See Pseudo-Random Number (PRN)

Pseudo-Random Number (PRN)

Pseudo-range

Q

Quit

R

rate of ascent

Realtime Display

Realtime Display Datum

Realtime Display Protocol

reference correction

Reported Time Deviation

Require NMEA-0183 Checksum

ResEdit

Reset GPSy

Reset Static Position

Resorcerer

Rockwell Channel Information

Rockwell NavCore

Rockwell NavCore V Protocol

Rockwell Zodiac

Rockwell Zodiac GPS chipset

Rockwell Zodiac Protocol

route

Route Data

RS-232RS-422

S

SA See Selective Availability (SA)

satellite See Space Vehicle

satellite display

satellite strength

Secondary Coordinate System

Selective Availability (SA)

Sending GPSNMEA Commands

serial port

serial port latency

Serial Preferences

Set Macintosh Location

Set Macintosh Time

single-channel GPS unit

SOG See Speed Over Ground (SOG)

Sony IPS Protocol

Sony IPS-5000

Sony PACY-CNV10

Space Vehicle

Speed Units

Standard Positioning Service(SPS)

Starlink Differential GPS

Start NMEA Logging

Start NMEA Playback

Static Position (Anti-SA)

Static Position Calculation Mode

statute miles

STR 4110

STR 4111

StreetAtlas See DeLorme StreetAtlas

SV

System Requirements

T

talker types

TDOP

lsquoTEXTrsquo

Text to Speech

text-to-speech (TTS)

TIGER Census data

Time Synchronization

Tokyo Datum

topographic maps

track data

TracPak See Garmin TracPak

Trimble TSIP Protocol

Tripmate See DeLorme Tripmate

true north

TTG

TTL level output

U

Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Userland Frontier

UTC offset

UTC time

Utilities Menu

UTMUPS

V

Velocity-Made-Good (VMG)

Vertical Dilution of Precision (VDOP)

View Map

W

waypoint data

WGS-84

X


Z

Zodiac See Rockwell Zodiac Protocol

Zodiac GPS chipset See Rockwell Zodiac GPS chipset

Software License Agreement

PLEASE READ THIS SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT ldquoLICENSErdquo CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THE SOFTWARE BY USING THE SOFTWARE YOU ARE AGREEING TO BEBOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE PROMPTLY RETURN THE SOFTWARE TO THE PLACE WHERE YOUOBTAINED IT FOR A REFUND

1 Reservation of Ownership and Grant of License The software accompanying this License whether on disk on compact disc in read only memory printed form or any other media the relateddocumentation and other materials (collectively the ldquoGPSy Softwarerdquo) are licensed not sold to you by Global Mapping Systems and Karen Nakamura (ldquoGlobal Mapping Systemsrdquo) Global Mapping Systemsand its third party licensor(s) retain exclusive rights title and ownership of the copy of the GPSy Software and hereby grants to Licensee a personal nonexclusive nontransferable license to use the GPSySoftware based on the terms and conditions of this agreement The GPSy Software in this package and any copies modifications and distributions which this License authorizes you to make are subject tothis license

2 Permitted Uses and Restrictions This License allows you to use the number of copies of the GPSy Software for which license fees have been paid on the computer system(s) andor specific computernetwork(s) for the Licenseersquos own internal use Except as expressly permitted in this License you may not decompile reverse engineer disassemble modify rent lease loan sublicense distribute or createderivative works based upon the GPSy Software in whole or part or transmit the Software over a network or from one computer to another Your rights under this License will terminate automatically withoutnotice from Global Mapping Systems if you fail to comply with any term(s) of this License

3 Term The license granted by this Agreement shall commence upon Licenseersquos receipt of the GPSy Software and shall continue upon such time that 1) Licensee elects to discontinue use of the GPSySoftware and terminates this Agreement or 2) Global Mapping Systems terminates for Licenseersquos material breech of this Agreement Upon termination of this Agreement in either instance Licensee shallreturn to Global Mapping Systems the GPSy Software and any whole or partial copies codes modifications and merged portions in any form The parties hereby agree that all provisions which operate toprotect the rights of Global Mapping Systems shall remain in force should breach occur

4 Limitation of Liability Global Mapping Systemrsquos entire liability and Licenseersquos exclusive remedy shall be the return of the license fee paid for the GPSy Software Global Mapping Systems shall not be liablefor indirect special incidental or consequential damages related to Licenseersquos use of the GPSy Software even if Global Mapping Systems is advised of the possibility of such damage

5 Governing Law This agreement is governed by the laws of the United States of America and the State of Connecticut without reference to conflict of laws principles

6 Entire Agreement The parties agree that this constitutes the sole and entire agreement of the parties as to the matter set forth herein and supersedes any previous agreements understandings andarrangements between the parties relating hereto and is effective valid and binding upon the parties


GPSy is a not a professional navigational aid and should not be used as a primary means of navigation or in any situations where damage to life or property is possible Please be very careful in using thisproduct since IN NO EVENT SHALL SOFTWARE AUTHOR BE LIABLE TO USER FOR ANY SPECIAL INDIRECT INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGE INCLUDING BUTNOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF REVENUE AND LOSS OF PROFITS OR LOSS OF LIFE OR PROPERTY EVEN IF AUTHOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCHDAMAGES The maximum liability accepted will be the refund of the purchase price of this software Your use of GPSy GPSy Pro or GPSyLink signifies your agreement with these conditions If you donot agree to these conditions or if these limitations to liability are illegal in your jurisdiction you must not use the software and must return it for a full refund

In other words use common sense donrsquot use GPSy for mission life-critical or plain stupid purposes (eg flying at night with only a GPS unit and GPSy to guide you delivering pizzas in a bad neighbor-hood driving while looking at a laptop using it for IFR flights climbing K2 walking into trees) unless you are willing to acknowledge that it may produce miscalculations with unforeseen or grave results ormay cause you to navigate in a potentially dangerous fashion Common sense dictates that you should have sole responsibility for your own actions so please please be responsible

Good navigators never rely on only one source of navigational information and always look where they are going (donrsquot crash that car into a tree looking at your laptop) The author has seen handheld GPSunits give erroneous positional information that was more than 200 miles off course Please be very careful and please donrsquot sue us I hate disclaimers donrsquot you Itrsquos sad that we need them

Copyright and Trademark InformationThe Macintosh program GPSy and its documentation are Copyright copy 1996-1999 by Global Mapping Systems and Karen Nakamura All rights reserved GPSyreg and GPSyCOMreg are registeredtrademarks and GPSy Protrade and GPSyLinktrade are trademarks of Karen Nakamura All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners GPSy may not be redistributed placed in any CD-ROM or on any software archive without the prior written consent of the author This manual and its contents may not be reproduced in any format without the express written permission of KarenNakamura

DeLormereg StreetAtlas USAreg and Tripmatereg are registered trademarks of DeLorme Mapping Inc Tripmate communication protocols and StreetAtlas links are used under license from DeLorme MappingInc All technical support questions related to GPSy and DeLorme products should be referred to GPSy technical support (supportgpsycom)

Development Environment and AcknowledgmentsGPSy was developed in CC++ using CodeWarrior Pro on a PowerBook 3400c and Yosemite G3 Portions of the source code were inspired by the EasyApp programming framework by James E TrudeauGarmin protocol code was initially derived from the free source code for MacGPS 01 by John Waers and substantially altered henceThe author would like to thank her parents for giving her a great education her cat for not walking on the keyboard her business partners Yuka Suzuki Kiyoshi Suzuki Eun Suk Joo Gunjeong Lee RitaMelendez DeLorme Mapping Company Dave Martindale Garmin Technical Support Pete Lindsley Allory Deiss anonymous Eagle engineer FGPS MacTech magazine numerous alpha and beta-testersand the letter Q iPC MapFan II inspired by Naoya Shindo Sony IPS Protocol with help from Takao Shimizu Geodetic gurus Chuck Gantz and Don Stierman Thank you

This documentation was typeset in Adobe Garamond 1012 using Adobe PageMaker 652 and exported directly to PDF format where Adobe Acrobat Exchange munged on it further













4



5


Introduction

















6



















7










mailtoordersgpsycom


httpwwwgpsycom


mailtoordersgpsycom


8




9














10






11




httpwwwgpsycommaps









12










13














httpwwwgpsycommaps



httpwwwgpsycommaps




14













15

















16











17












18



19
















20













21













22











23















24















25














26






27











28










29








30







31








32











33








34






35














36











37







38







39















40













41












42





DeLorme SA4 Route









httpwwwgpsycommaps



43









44







45













46












47










48



49













50



51















52















53







54











55









56






57











58













59




Z = altitude

t = time







60















61













62



63








64








65





66



67










68















69


Glossary





AFBAir Force Base







AOC





70






BITBuilt-In Test








71






CWContinuous Wave



10 X dB)






72






D-LevelDepot Level









73














EMElectro Magnetic


74







FOMFigure Of Merit










75



GPSy Protrade



GPSyLinktrade










HVHost Vehicle

76



















77






LOLocal Oscillator

mBMillibar








MSLMean Sea Level



NANot Applicable




78

















79













RCVRReceiver

RFRadio Frequency

RMSRoot Mean Square

80


RNAVArea Navigation

RSSRoot Sum Square

RTRemote Terminal








SCSpecial Committee








81



STDCDUStandard CDU










UEUser Equipment


82






UTUniversal Time











83


Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS 43

A


B


C



D


84



E



F



G


85


H


I


J

Japan 46

K


L


M


N


86



O


P


Q

Quit 13

R



S


87



T


U



V


W


X


Z


Table of Contents

Introduction


Ch2 File Menu

View Map

Open Map

GPS Log Files

Demo Mode

Ch3 Preferences

Display Preferences

Serial Preferences

Keyboard Commands

License Key


Ch4 Displays Menu

Location Panel



GPS Satellite Data

Ch5 Time Synch

Set Macintosh Time

Ch6 Data Transfers


Ch8 GPSyLink



Ch9 AppleEvents

ApA Cable Making




ApB GPS Tutorial

ApC NMEA-0183


Standard NMEA Tags

ApD Datum Issues

Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS

A




AETE resource

almanac

altimeter

altitude


AppleEvent

Area 51

Ashtec SCA-1212S

atomic clocks

atomic time

Australian Map Grid

B

bearing



C

CA Code

Celsius

climb rate

clock drift

Coast Guard

CodeWarrior Pro

comments






D


Data Transfer Datum

Datum Translation




dBHz

DDDDDD

DDMMM

DDMMSS

Decca

degrees

DeLorme StreetAtlas


DeLorme Tripmate

Demo Mode



DGPS




Display Altitude

Display Preferences

Displays Menu





E

Eagle Accunav Sport

Eagle Explorer

EagleLowrance


ECEF x y z

echolocation


ellipsoidal models

embedded comment










F

Fahrenheit




feet

fix type

FM radio receiver


Francophone

G

Garmin


Garmin GPS III

Garmin GPSMap 195




Garmin TracPak

geodetic datums

Global Map Sport








GPS Data Monitor

GPS data type

GPS Satellite Data

GPSy

lsquoGPSyrsquo

GPSyLink



grades (GRAD)


H

half-zones setting


heading

health bit


HPE


I



InternetConfig

iPC MapFan II


J

Japan

K

Keyboard Commands

L



License Agreement

License Key

local time

Loran-C

Lowrance

Lowrance Sea Nav



M


Magellan protocol

magnetic north

Maidenhead Grid


Map control panel

MapInfo


Measurement Units

MENU 4110

millimeter accuracy



Misc Aviation Data



multipath

N

NAD-27 datum


nautical miles

NavCore V chipset

Navigation panel

NavStar


NMEA

NMEA log file

NMEA-0182

NMEA-0183




North Display

NVRAM

O

Omega


OSGB datum

P

P-Code




pinging sound

PortJuggler

PortShare

PRAM


precalibrated maps



Printing



Pseudo-range

Q

Quit

R

rate of ascent

Realtime Display






ResEdit

Reset GPSy


Resorcerer


Rockwell NavCore


Rockwell Zodiac



route

Route Data

RS-232RS-422

S



satellite display

satellite strength




serial port

serial port latency

Serial Preferences


Set Macintosh Time



Sony IPS Protocol

Sony IPS-5000

Sony PACY-CNV10

Space Vehicle

Speed Units



Start NMEA Logging

Start NMEA Playback



statute miles

STR 4110

STR 4111


SV

System Requirements

T

talker types

TDOP

lsquoTEXTrsquo

Text to Speech


TIGER Census data


Tokyo Datum

topographic maps

track data




true north

TTG

TTL level output

U



Userland Frontier

UTC offset

UTC time

Utilities Menu

UTMUPS

V



View Map

W

waypoint data

WGS-84

X


Z















4



5


Introduction

















6



















7










mailtoordersgpsycom


httpwwwgpsycom


mailtoordersgpsycom


8




9














10






11




httpwwwgpsycommaps









12










13














httpwwwgpsycommaps



httpwwwgpsycommaps




14













15

















16











17












18



19
















20













21













22











23















24















25














26






27











28










29








30







31








32











33








34






35














36











37







38







39















40













41












42





DeLorme SA4 Route









httpwwwgpsycommaps



43









44







45













46












47










48



49













50



51















52















53







54











55









56






57











58













59




Z = altitude

t = time







60















61













62



63








64








65





66



67










68















69


Glossary





AFBAir Force Base







AOC





70






BITBuilt-In Test








71






CWContinuous Wave



10 X dB)






72






D-LevelDepot Level









73














EMElectro Magnetic


74







FOMFigure Of Merit










75



GPSy Protrade



GPSyLinktrade










HVHost Vehicle

76



















77






LOLocal Oscillator

mBMillibar








MSLMean Sea Level



NANot Applicable




78

















79













RCVRReceiver

RFRadio Frequency

RMSRoot Mean Square

80


RNAVArea Navigation

RSSRoot Sum Square

RTRemote Terminal








SCSpecial Committee








81



STDCDUStandard CDU










UEUser Equipment


82






UTUniversal Time











83


Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS 43

A


B


C



D


84



E



F



G


85


H


I


J

Japan 46

K


L


M


N


86



O


P


Q

Quit 13

R



S


87



T


U



V


W


X


Z


Table of Contents

Introduction


Ch2 File Menu

View Map

Open Map

GPS Log Files

Demo Mode

Ch3 Preferences

Display Preferences

Serial Preferences

Keyboard Commands

License Key


Ch4 Displays Menu

Location Panel



GPS Satellite Data

Ch5 Time Synch

Set Macintosh Time

Ch6 Data Transfers


Ch8 GPSyLink



Ch9 AppleEvents

ApA Cable Making




ApB GPS Tutorial

ApC NMEA-0183


Standard NMEA Tags

ApD Datum Issues

Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS

A




AETE resource

almanac

altimeter

altitude


AppleEvent

Area 51

Ashtec SCA-1212S

atomic clocks

atomic time

Australian Map Grid

B

bearing



C

CA Code

Celsius

climb rate

clock drift

Coast Guard

CodeWarrior Pro

comments






D


Data Transfer Datum

Datum Translation




dBHz

DDDDDD

DDMMM

DDMMSS

Decca

degrees

DeLorme StreetAtlas


DeLorme Tripmate

Demo Mode



DGPS




Display Altitude

Display Preferences

Displays Menu





E

Eagle Accunav Sport

Eagle Explorer

EagleLowrance


ECEF x y z

echolocation


ellipsoidal models

embedded comment










F

Fahrenheit




feet

fix type

FM radio receiver


Francophone

G

Garmin


Garmin GPS III

Garmin GPSMap 195




Garmin TracPak

geodetic datums

Global Map Sport








GPS Data Monitor

GPS data type

GPS Satellite Data

GPSy

lsquoGPSyrsquo

GPSyLink



grades (GRAD)


H

half-zones setting


heading

health bit


HPE


I



InternetConfig

iPC MapFan II


J

Japan

K

Keyboard Commands

L



License Agreement

License Key

local time

Loran-C

Lowrance

Lowrance Sea Nav



M


Magellan protocol

magnetic north

Maidenhead Grid


Map control panel

MapInfo


Measurement Units

MENU 4110

millimeter accuracy



Misc Aviation Data



multipath

N

NAD-27 datum


nautical miles

NavCore V chipset

Navigation panel

NavStar


NMEA

NMEA log file

NMEA-0182

NMEA-0183




North Display

NVRAM

O

Omega


OSGB datum

P

P-Code




pinging sound

PortJuggler

PortShare

PRAM


precalibrated maps



Printing



Pseudo-range

Q

Quit

R

rate of ascent

Realtime Display






ResEdit

Reset GPSy


Resorcerer


Rockwell NavCore


Rockwell Zodiac



route

Route Data

RS-232RS-422

S



satellite display

satellite strength




serial port

serial port latency

Serial Preferences


Set Macintosh Time



Sony IPS Protocol

Sony IPS-5000

Sony PACY-CNV10

Space Vehicle

Speed Units



Start NMEA Logging

Start NMEA Playback



statute miles

STR 4110

STR 4111


SV

System Requirements

T

talker types

TDOP

lsquoTEXTrsquo

Text to Speech


TIGER Census data


Tokyo Datum

topographic maps

track data




true north

TTG

TTL level output

U



Userland Frontier

UTC offset

UTC time

Utilities Menu

UTMUPS

V



View Map

W

waypoint data

WGS-84

X


Z



5


Introduction

















6



















7










mailtoordersgpsycom


httpwwwgpsycom


mailtoordersgpsycom


8




9














10






11




httpwwwgpsycommaps









12










13














httpwwwgpsycommaps



httpwwwgpsycommaps




14













15

















16











17












18



19
















20













21













22











23















24















25














26






27











28










29








30







31








32











33








34






35














36











37







38







39















40













41












42





DeLorme SA4 Route









httpwwwgpsycommaps



43









44







45













46












47










48



49













50



51















52















53







54











55









56






57











58













59




Z = altitude

t = time







60















61













62



63








64








65





66



67










68















69


Glossary





AFBAir Force Base







AOC





70






BITBuilt-In Test








71






CWContinuous Wave



10 X dB)






72






D-LevelDepot Level









73














EMElectro Magnetic


74







FOMFigure Of Merit










75



GPSy Protrade



GPSyLinktrade










HVHost Vehicle

76



















77






LOLocal Oscillator

mBMillibar








MSLMean Sea Level



NANot Applicable




78

















79













RCVRReceiver

RFRadio Frequency

RMSRoot Mean Square

80


RNAVArea Navigation

RSSRoot Sum Square

RTRemote Terminal








SCSpecial Committee








81



STDCDUStandard CDU










UEUser Equipment


82






UTUniversal Time











83


Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS 43

A


B


C



D


84



E



F



G


85


H


I


J

Japan 46

K


L


M


N


86



O


P


Q

Quit 13

R



S


87



T


U



V


W


X


Z


Table of Contents

Introduction


Ch2 File Menu

View Map

Open Map

GPS Log Files

Demo Mode

Ch3 Preferences

Display Preferences

Serial Preferences

Keyboard Commands

License Key


Ch4 Displays Menu

Location Panel



GPS Satellite Data

Ch5 Time Synch

Set Macintosh Time

Ch6 Data Transfers


Ch8 GPSyLink



Ch9 AppleEvents

ApA Cable Making




ApB GPS Tutorial

ApC NMEA-0183


Standard NMEA Tags

ApD Datum Issues

Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS

A




AETE resource

almanac

altimeter

altitude


AppleEvent

Area 51

Ashtec SCA-1212S

atomic clocks

atomic time

Australian Map Grid

B

bearing



C

CA Code

Celsius

climb rate

clock drift

Coast Guard

CodeWarrior Pro

comments






D


Data Transfer Datum

Datum Translation




dBHz

DDDDDD

DDMMM

DDMMSS

Decca

degrees

DeLorme StreetAtlas


DeLorme Tripmate

Demo Mode



DGPS




Display Altitude

Display Preferences

Displays Menu





E

Eagle Accunav Sport

Eagle Explorer

EagleLowrance


ECEF x y z

echolocation


ellipsoidal models

embedded comment










F

Fahrenheit




feet

fix type

FM radio receiver


Francophone

G

Garmin


Garmin GPS III

Garmin GPSMap 195




Garmin TracPak

geodetic datums

Global Map Sport








GPS Data Monitor

GPS data type

GPS Satellite Data

GPSy

lsquoGPSyrsquo

GPSyLink



grades (GRAD)


H

half-zones setting


heading

health bit


HPE


I



InternetConfig

iPC MapFan II


J

Japan

K

Keyboard Commands

L



License Agreement

License Key

local time

Loran-C

Lowrance

Lowrance Sea Nav



M


Magellan protocol

magnetic north

Maidenhead Grid


Map control panel

MapInfo


Measurement Units

MENU 4110

millimeter accuracy



Misc Aviation Data



multipath

N

NAD-27 datum


nautical miles

NavCore V chipset

Navigation panel

NavStar


NMEA

NMEA log file

NMEA-0182

NMEA-0183




North Display

NVRAM

O

Omega


OSGB datum

P

P-Code




pinging sound

PortJuggler

PortShare

PRAM


precalibrated maps



Printing



Pseudo-range

Q

Quit

R

rate of ascent

Realtime Display






ResEdit

Reset GPSy


Resorcerer


Rockwell NavCore


Rockwell Zodiac



route

Route Data

RS-232RS-422

S



satellite display

satellite strength




serial port

serial port latency

Serial Preferences


Set Macintosh Time



Sony IPS Protocol

Sony IPS-5000

Sony PACY-CNV10

Space Vehicle

Speed Units



Start NMEA Logging

Start NMEA Playback



statute miles

STR 4110

STR 4111


SV

System Requirements

T

talker types

TDOP

lsquoTEXTrsquo

Text to Speech


TIGER Census data


Tokyo Datum

topographic maps

track data




true north

TTG

TTL level output

U



Userland Frontier

UTC offset

UTC time

Utilities Menu

UTMUPS

V



View Map

W

waypoint data

WGS-84

X


Z



6



















7










mailtoordersgpsycom


httpwwwgpsycom


mailtoordersgpsycom


8




9














10






11




httpwwwgpsycommaps









12










13














httpwwwgpsycommaps



httpwwwgpsycommaps




14













15

















16











17












18



19
















20













21













22











23















24















25














26






27











28










29








30







31








32











33








34






35














36











37







38







39















40













41












42





DeLorme SA4 Route









httpwwwgpsycommaps



43









44







45













46












47










48



49













50



51















52















53







54











55









56






57











58













59




Z = altitude

t = time







60















61













62



63








64








65





66



67










68















69


Glossary





AFBAir Force Base







AOC





70






BITBuilt-In Test








71






CWContinuous Wave



10 X dB)






72






D-LevelDepot Level









73














EMElectro Magnetic


74







FOMFigure Of Merit










75



GPSy Protrade



GPSyLinktrade










HVHost Vehicle

76



















77






LOLocal Oscillator

mBMillibar








MSLMean Sea Level



NANot Applicable




78

















79













RCVRReceiver

RFRadio Frequency

RMSRoot Mean Square

80


RNAVArea Navigation

RSSRoot Sum Square

RTRemote Terminal








SCSpecial Committee








81



STDCDUStandard CDU










UEUser Equipment


82






UTUniversal Time











83


Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS 43

A


B


C



D


84



E



F



G


85


H


I


J

Japan 46

K


L


M


N


86



O


P


Q

Quit 13

R



S


87



T


U



V


W


X


Z


Table of Contents

Introduction


Ch2 File Menu

View Map

Open Map

GPS Log Files

Demo Mode

Ch3 Preferences

Display Preferences

Serial Preferences

Keyboard Commands

License Key


Ch4 Displays Menu

Location Panel



GPS Satellite Data

Ch5 Time Synch

Set Macintosh Time

Ch6 Data Transfers


Ch8 GPSyLink



Ch9 AppleEvents

ApA Cable Making




ApB GPS Tutorial

ApC NMEA-0183


Standard NMEA Tags

ApD Datum Issues

Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS

A




AETE resource

almanac

altimeter

altitude


AppleEvent

Area 51

Ashtec SCA-1212S

atomic clocks

atomic time

Australian Map Grid

B

bearing



C

CA Code

Celsius

climb rate

clock drift

Coast Guard

CodeWarrior Pro

comments






D


Data Transfer Datum

Datum Translation




dBHz

DDDDDD

DDMMM

DDMMSS

Decca

degrees

DeLorme StreetAtlas


DeLorme Tripmate

Demo Mode



DGPS




Display Altitude

Display Preferences

Displays Menu





E

Eagle Accunav Sport

Eagle Explorer

EagleLowrance


ECEF x y z

echolocation


ellipsoidal models

embedded comment










F

Fahrenheit




feet

fix type

FM radio receiver


Francophone

G

Garmin


Garmin GPS III

Garmin GPSMap 195




Garmin TracPak

geodetic datums

Global Map Sport








GPS Data Monitor

GPS data type

GPS Satellite Data

GPSy

lsquoGPSyrsquo

GPSyLink



grades (GRAD)


H

half-zones setting


heading

health bit


HPE


I



InternetConfig

iPC MapFan II


J

Japan

K

Keyboard Commands

L



License Agreement

License Key

local time

Loran-C

Lowrance

Lowrance Sea Nav



M


Magellan protocol

magnetic north

Maidenhead Grid


Map control panel

MapInfo


Measurement Units

MENU 4110

millimeter accuracy



Misc Aviation Data



multipath

N

NAD-27 datum


nautical miles

NavCore V chipset

Navigation panel

NavStar


NMEA

NMEA log file

NMEA-0182

NMEA-0183




North Display

NVRAM

O

Omega


OSGB datum

P

P-Code




pinging sound

PortJuggler

PortShare

PRAM


precalibrated maps



Printing



Pseudo-range

Q

Quit

R

rate of ascent

Realtime Display






ResEdit

Reset GPSy


Resorcerer


Rockwell NavCore


Rockwell Zodiac



route

Route Data

RS-232RS-422

S



satellite display

satellite strength




serial port

serial port latency

Serial Preferences


Set Macintosh Time



Sony IPS Protocol

Sony IPS-5000

Sony PACY-CNV10

Space Vehicle

Speed Units



Start NMEA Logging

Start NMEA Playback



statute miles

STR 4110

STR 4111


SV

System Requirements

T

talker types

TDOP

lsquoTEXTrsquo

Text to Speech


TIGER Census data


Tokyo Datum

topographic maps

track data




true north

TTG

TTL level output

U



Userland Frontier

UTC offset

UTC time

Utilities Menu

UTMUPS

V



View Map

W

waypoint data

WGS-84

X


Z



7










mailtoordersgpsycom


httpwwwgpsycom


mailtoordersgpsycom


8




9














10






11




httpwwwgpsycommaps









12










13














httpwwwgpsycommaps



httpwwwgpsycommaps




14













15

















16











17












18



19
















20













21













22











23















24















25














26






27











28










29








30







31








32











33








34






35














36











37







38







39















40













41












42





DeLorme SA4 Route









httpwwwgpsycommaps



43









44







45













46












47










48



49













50



51















52















53







54











55









56






57











58













59




Z = altitude

t = time







60















61













62



63








64








65





66



67










68















69


Glossary





AFBAir Force Base







AOC





70






BITBuilt-In Test








71






CWContinuous Wave



10 X dB)






72






D-LevelDepot Level









73














EMElectro Magnetic


74







FOMFigure Of Merit










75



GPSy Protrade



GPSyLinktrade










HVHost Vehicle

76



















77






LOLocal Oscillator

mBMillibar








MSLMean Sea Level



NANot Applicable




78

















79













RCVRReceiver

RFRadio Frequency

RMSRoot Mean Square

80


RNAVArea Navigation

RSSRoot Sum Square

RTRemote Terminal








SCSpecial Committee








81



STDCDUStandard CDU










UEUser Equipment


82






UTUniversal Time











83


Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS 43

A


B


C



D


84



E



F



G


85


H


I


J

Japan 46

K


L


M


N


86



O


P


Q

Quit 13

R



S


87



T


U



V


W


X


Z


Table of Contents

Introduction


Ch2 File Menu

View Map

Open Map

GPS Log Files

Demo Mode

Ch3 Preferences

Display Preferences

Serial Preferences

Keyboard Commands

License Key


Ch4 Displays Menu

Location Panel



GPS Satellite Data

Ch5 Time Synch

Set Macintosh Time

Ch6 Data Transfers


Ch8 GPSyLink



Ch9 AppleEvents

ApA Cable Making




ApB GPS Tutorial

ApC NMEA-0183


Standard NMEA Tags

ApD Datum Issues

Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS

A




AETE resource

almanac

altimeter

altitude


AppleEvent

Area 51

Ashtec SCA-1212S

atomic clocks

atomic time

Australian Map Grid

B

bearing



C

CA Code

Celsius

climb rate

clock drift

Coast Guard

CodeWarrior Pro

comments






D


Data Transfer Datum

Datum Translation




dBHz

DDDDDD

DDMMM

DDMMSS

Decca

degrees

DeLorme StreetAtlas


DeLorme Tripmate

Demo Mode



DGPS




Display Altitude

Display Preferences

Displays Menu





E

Eagle Accunav Sport

Eagle Explorer

EagleLowrance


ECEF x y z

echolocation


ellipsoidal models

embedded comment










F

Fahrenheit




feet

fix type

FM radio receiver


Francophone

G

Garmin


Garmin GPS III

Garmin GPSMap 195




Garmin TracPak

geodetic datums

Global Map Sport








GPS Data Monitor

GPS data type

GPS Satellite Data

GPSy

lsquoGPSyrsquo

GPSyLink



grades (GRAD)


H

half-zones setting


heading

health bit


HPE


I



InternetConfig

iPC MapFan II


J

Japan

K

Keyboard Commands

L



License Agreement

License Key

local time

Loran-C

Lowrance

Lowrance Sea Nav



M


Magellan protocol

magnetic north

Maidenhead Grid


Map control panel

MapInfo


Measurement Units

MENU 4110

millimeter accuracy



Misc Aviation Data



multipath

N

NAD-27 datum


nautical miles

NavCore V chipset

Navigation panel

NavStar


NMEA

NMEA log file

NMEA-0182

NMEA-0183




North Display

NVRAM

O

Omega


OSGB datum

P

P-Code




pinging sound

PortJuggler

PortShare

PRAM


precalibrated maps



Printing



Pseudo-range

Q

Quit

R

rate of ascent

Realtime Display






ResEdit

Reset GPSy


Resorcerer


Rockwell NavCore


Rockwell Zodiac



route

Route Data

RS-232RS-422

S



satellite display

satellite strength




serial port

serial port latency

Serial Preferences


Set Macintosh Time



Sony IPS Protocol

Sony IPS-5000

Sony PACY-CNV10

Space Vehicle

Speed Units



Start NMEA Logging

Start NMEA Playback



statute miles

STR 4110

STR 4111


SV

System Requirements

T

talker types

TDOP

lsquoTEXTrsquo

Text to Speech


TIGER Census data


Tokyo Datum

topographic maps

track data




true north

TTG

TTL level output

U



Userland Frontier

UTC offset

UTC time

Utilities Menu

UTMUPS

V



View Map

W

waypoint data

WGS-84

X


Z



8




9














10






11




httpwwwgpsycommaps









12










13














httpwwwgpsycommaps



httpwwwgpsycommaps




14













15

















16











17












18



19
















20













21













22











23















24















25














26






27











28










29








30







31








32











33








34






35














36











37







38







39















40













41












42





DeLorme SA4 Route









httpwwwgpsycommaps



43









44







45













46












47










48



49













50



51















52















53







54











55









56






57











58













59




Z = altitude

t = time







60















61













62



63








64








65





66



67










68















69


Glossary





AFBAir Force Base







AOC





70






BITBuilt-In Test








71






CWContinuous Wave



10 X dB)






72






D-LevelDepot Level









73














EMElectro Magnetic


74







FOMFigure Of Merit










75



GPSy Protrade



GPSyLinktrade










HVHost Vehicle

76



















77






LOLocal Oscillator

mBMillibar








MSLMean Sea Level



NANot Applicable




78

















79













RCVRReceiver

RFRadio Frequency

RMSRoot Mean Square

80


RNAVArea Navigation

RSSRoot Sum Square

RTRemote Terminal








SCSpecial Committee








81



STDCDUStandard CDU










UEUser Equipment


82






UTUniversal Time











83


Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS 43

A


B


C



D


84



E



F



G


85


H


I


J

Japan 46

K


L


M


N


86



O


P


Q

Quit 13

R



S


87



T


U



V


W


X


Z


Table of Contents

Introduction


Ch2 File Menu

View Map

Open Map

GPS Log Files

Demo Mode

Ch3 Preferences

Display Preferences

Serial Preferences

Keyboard Commands

License Key


Ch4 Displays Menu

Location Panel



GPS Satellite Data

Ch5 Time Synch

Set Macintosh Time

Ch6 Data Transfers


Ch8 GPSyLink



Ch9 AppleEvents

ApA Cable Making




ApB GPS Tutorial

ApC NMEA-0183


Standard NMEA Tags

ApD Datum Issues

Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS

A




AETE resource

almanac

altimeter

altitude


AppleEvent

Area 51

Ashtec SCA-1212S

atomic clocks

atomic time

Australian Map Grid

B

bearing



C

CA Code

Celsius

climb rate

clock drift

Coast Guard

CodeWarrior Pro

comments






D


Data Transfer Datum

Datum Translation




dBHz

DDDDDD

DDMMM

DDMMSS

Decca

degrees

DeLorme StreetAtlas


DeLorme Tripmate

Demo Mode



DGPS




Display Altitude

Display Preferences

Displays Menu





E

Eagle Accunav Sport

Eagle Explorer

EagleLowrance


ECEF x y z

echolocation


ellipsoidal models

embedded comment










F

Fahrenheit




feet

fix type

FM radio receiver


Francophone

G

Garmin


Garmin GPS III

Garmin GPSMap 195




Garmin TracPak

geodetic datums

Global Map Sport








GPS Data Monitor

GPS data type

GPS Satellite Data

GPSy

lsquoGPSyrsquo

GPSyLink



grades (GRAD)


H

half-zones setting


heading

health bit


HPE


I



InternetConfig

iPC MapFan II


J

Japan

K

Keyboard Commands

L



License Agreement

License Key

local time

Loran-C

Lowrance

Lowrance Sea Nav



M


Magellan protocol

magnetic north

Maidenhead Grid


Map control panel

MapInfo


Measurement Units

MENU 4110

millimeter accuracy



Misc Aviation Data



multipath

N

NAD-27 datum


nautical miles

NavCore V chipset

Navigation panel

NavStar


NMEA

NMEA log file

NMEA-0182

NMEA-0183




North Display

NVRAM

O

Omega


OSGB datum

P

P-Code




pinging sound

PortJuggler

PortShare

PRAM


precalibrated maps



Printing



Pseudo-range

Q

Quit

R

rate of ascent

Realtime Display






ResEdit

Reset GPSy


Resorcerer


Rockwell NavCore


Rockwell Zodiac



route

Route Data

RS-232RS-422

S



satellite display

satellite strength




serial port

serial port latency

Serial Preferences


Set Macintosh Time



Sony IPS Protocol

Sony IPS-5000

Sony PACY-CNV10

Space Vehicle

Speed Units



Start NMEA Logging

Start NMEA Playback



statute miles

STR 4110

STR 4111


SV

System Requirements

T

talker types

TDOP

lsquoTEXTrsquo

Text to Speech


TIGER Census data


Tokyo Datum

topographic maps

track data




true north

TTG

TTL level output

U



Userland Frontier

UTC offset

UTC time

Utilities Menu

UTMUPS

V



View Map

W

waypoint data

WGS-84

X


Z



9














10






11




httpwwwgpsycommaps









12










13














httpwwwgpsycommaps



httpwwwgpsycommaps




14













15

















16











17












18



19
















20













21













22











23















24















25














26






27











28










29








30







31








32











33








34






35














36











37







38







39















40













41












42





DeLorme SA4 Route









httpwwwgpsycommaps



43









44







45













46












47










48



49













50



51















52















53







54











55









56






57











58













59




Z = altitude

t = time







60















61













62



63








64








65





66



67










68















69


Glossary





AFBAir Force Base







AOC





70






BITBuilt-In Test








71






CWContinuous Wave



10 X dB)






72






D-LevelDepot Level









73














EMElectro Magnetic


74







FOMFigure Of Merit










75



GPSy Protrade



GPSyLinktrade










HVHost Vehicle

76



















77






LOLocal Oscillator

mBMillibar








MSLMean Sea Level



NANot Applicable




78

















79













RCVRReceiver

RFRadio Frequency

RMSRoot Mean Square

80


RNAVArea Navigation

RSSRoot Sum Square

RTRemote Terminal








SCSpecial Committee








81



STDCDUStandard CDU










UEUser Equipment


82






UTUniversal Time











83


Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS 43

A


B


C



D


84



E



F



G


85


H


I


J

Japan 46

K


L


M


N


86



O


P


Q

Quit 13

R



S


87



T


U



V


W


X


Z


Table of Contents

Introduction


Ch2 File Menu

View Map

Open Map

GPS Log Files

Demo Mode

Ch3 Preferences

Display Preferences

Serial Preferences

Keyboard Commands

License Key


Ch4 Displays Menu

Location Panel



GPS Satellite Data

Ch5 Time Synch

Set Macintosh Time

Ch6 Data Transfers


Ch8 GPSyLink



Ch9 AppleEvents

ApA Cable Making




ApB GPS Tutorial

ApC NMEA-0183


Standard NMEA Tags

ApD Datum Issues

Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS

A




AETE resource

almanac

altimeter

altitude


AppleEvent

Area 51

Ashtec SCA-1212S

atomic clocks

atomic time

Australian Map Grid

B

bearing



C

CA Code

Celsius

climb rate

clock drift

Coast Guard

CodeWarrior Pro

comments






D


Data Transfer Datum

Datum Translation




dBHz

DDDDDD

DDMMM

DDMMSS

Decca

degrees

DeLorme StreetAtlas


DeLorme Tripmate

Demo Mode



DGPS




Display Altitude

Display Preferences

Displays Menu





E

Eagle Accunav Sport

Eagle Explorer

EagleLowrance


ECEF x y z

echolocation


ellipsoidal models

embedded comment










F

Fahrenheit




feet

fix type

FM radio receiver


Francophone

G

Garmin


Garmin GPS III

Garmin GPSMap 195




Garmin TracPak

geodetic datums

Global Map Sport








GPS Data Monitor

GPS data type

GPS Satellite Data

GPSy

lsquoGPSyrsquo

GPSyLink



grades (GRAD)


H

half-zones setting


heading

health bit


HPE


I



InternetConfig

iPC MapFan II


J

Japan

K

Keyboard Commands

L



License Agreement

License Key

local time

Loran-C

Lowrance

Lowrance Sea Nav



M


Magellan protocol

magnetic north

Maidenhead Grid


Map control panel

MapInfo


Measurement Units

MENU 4110

millimeter accuracy



Misc Aviation Data



multipath

N

NAD-27 datum


nautical miles

NavCore V chipset

Navigation panel

NavStar


NMEA

NMEA log file

NMEA-0182

NMEA-0183




North Display

NVRAM

O

Omega


OSGB datum

P

P-Code




pinging sound

PortJuggler

PortShare

PRAM


precalibrated maps



Printing



Pseudo-range

Q

Quit

R

rate of ascent

Realtime Display






ResEdit

Reset GPSy


Resorcerer


Rockwell NavCore


Rockwell Zodiac



route

Route Data

RS-232RS-422

S



satellite display

satellite strength




serial port

serial port latency

Serial Preferences


Set Macintosh Time



Sony IPS Protocol

Sony IPS-5000

Sony PACY-CNV10

Space Vehicle

Speed Units



Start NMEA Logging

Start NMEA Playback



statute miles

STR 4110

STR 4111


SV

System Requirements

T

talker types

TDOP

lsquoTEXTrsquo

Text to Speech


TIGER Census data


Tokyo Datum

topographic maps

track data




true north

TTG

TTL level output

U



Userland Frontier

UTC offset

UTC time

Utilities Menu

UTMUPS

V



View Map

W

waypoint data

WGS-84

X


Z



10






11




httpwwwgpsycommaps









12










13














httpwwwgpsycommaps



httpwwwgpsycommaps




14













15

















16











17












18



19
















20













21













22











23















24















25














26






27











28










29








30







31








32











33








34






35














36











37







38







39















40













41












42





DeLorme SA4 Route









httpwwwgpsycommaps



43









44







45













46












47










48



49













50



51















52















53







54











55









56






57











58













59




Z = altitude

t = time







60















61













62



63








64








65





66



67










68















69


Glossary





AFBAir Force Base







AOC





70






BITBuilt-In Test








71






CWContinuous Wave



10 X dB)






72






D-LevelDepot Level









73














EMElectro Magnetic


74







FOMFigure Of Merit










75



GPSy Protrade



GPSyLinktrade










HVHost Vehicle

76



















77






LOLocal Oscillator

mBMillibar








MSLMean Sea Level



NANot Applicable




78

















79













RCVRReceiver

RFRadio Frequency

RMSRoot Mean Square

80


RNAVArea Navigation

RSSRoot Sum Square

RTRemote Terminal








SCSpecial Committee








81



STDCDUStandard CDU










UEUser Equipment


82






UTUniversal Time











83


Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS 43

A


B


C



D


84



E



F



G


85


H


I


J

Japan 46

K


L


M


N


86



O


P


Q

Quit 13

R



S


87



T


U



V


W


X


Z


Table of Contents

Introduction


Ch2 File Menu

View Map

Open Map

GPS Log Files

Demo Mode

Ch3 Preferences

Display Preferences

Serial Preferences

Keyboard Commands

License Key


Ch4 Displays Menu

Location Panel



GPS Satellite Data

Ch5 Time Synch

Set Macintosh Time

Ch6 Data Transfers


Ch8 GPSyLink



Ch9 AppleEvents

ApA Cable Making




ApB GPS Tutorial

ApC NMEA-0183


Standard NMEA Tags

ApD Datum Issues

Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS

A




AETE resource

almanac

altimeter

altitude


AppleEvent

Area 51

Ashtec SCA-1212S

atomic clocks

atomic time

Australian Map Grid

B

bearing



C

CA Code

Celsius

climb rate

clock drift

Coast Guard

CodeWarrior Pro

comments






D


Data Transfer Datum

Datum Translation




dBHz

DDDDDD

DDMMM

DDMMSS

Decca

degrees

DeLorme StreetAtlas


DeLorme Tripmate

Demo Mode



DGPS




Display Altitude

Display Preferences

Displays Menu





E

Eagle Accunav Sport

Eagle Explorer

EagleLowrance


ECEF x y z

echolocation


ellipsoidal models

embedded comment










F

Fahrenheit




feet

fix type

FM radio receiver


Francophone

G

Garmin


Garmin GPS III

Garmin GPSMap 195




Garmin TracPak

geodetic datums

Global Map Sport








GPS Data Monitor

GPS data type

GPS Satellite Data

GPSy

lsquoGPSyrsquo

GPSyLink



grades (GRAD)


H

half-zones setting


heading

health bit


HPE


I



InternetConfig

iPC MapFan II


J

Japan

K

Keyboard Commands

L



License Agreement

License Key

local time

Loran-C

Lowrance

Lowrance Sea Nav



M


Magellan protocol

magnetic north

Maidenhead Grid


Map control panel

MapInfo


Measurement Units

MENU 4110

millimeter accuracy



Misc Aviation Data



multipath

N

NAD-27 datum


nautical miles

NavCore V chipset

Navigation panel

NavStar


NMEA

NMEA log file

NMEA-0182

NMEA-0183




North Display

NVRAM

O

Omega


OSGB datum

P

P-Code




pinging sound

PortJuggler

PortShare

PRAM


precalibrated maps



Printing



Pseudo-range

Q

Quit

R

rate of ascent

Realtime Display






ResEdit

Reset GPSy


Resorcerer


Rockwell NavCore


Rockwell Zodiac



route

Route Data

RS-232RS-422

S



satellite display

satellite strength




serial port

serial port latency

Serial Preferences


Set Macintosh Time



Sony IPS Protocol

Sony IPS-5000

Sony PACY-CNV10

Space Vehicle

Speed Units



Start NMEA Logging

Start NMEA Playback



statute miles

STR 4110

STR 4111


SV

System Requirements

T

talker types

TDOP

lsquoTEXTrsquo

Text to Speech


TIGER Census data


Tokyo Datum

topographic maps

track data




true north

TTG

TTL level output

U



Userland Frontier

UTC offset

UTC time

Utilities Menu

UTMUPS

V



View Map

W

waypoint data

WGS-84

X


Z



11




httpwwwgpsycommaps









12










13














httpwwwgpsycommaps



httpwwwgpsycommaps




14













15

















16











17












18



19
















20













21













22











23















24















25














26






27











28










29








30







31








32











33








34






35














36











37







38







39















40













41












42





DeLorme SA4 Route









httpwwwgpsycommaps



43









44







45













46












47










48



49













50



51















52















53







54











55









56






57











58













59




Z = altitude

t = time







60















61













62



63








64








65





66



67










68















69


Glossary





AFBAir Force Base







AOC





70






BITBuilt-In Test








71






CWContinuous Wave



10 X dB)






72






D-LevelDepot Level









73














EMElectro Magnetic


74







FOMFigure Of Merit










75



GPSy Protrade



GPSyLinktrade










HVHost Vehicle

76



















77






LOLocal Oscillator

mBMillibar








MSLMean Sea Level



NANot Applicable




78

















79













RCVRReceiver

RFRadio Frequency

RMSRoot Mean Square

80


RNAVArea Navigation

RSSRoot Sum Square

RTRemote Terminal








SCSpecial Committee








81



STDCDUStandard CDU










UEUser Equipment


82






UTUniversal Time











83


Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS 43

A


B


C



D


84



E



F



G


85


H


I


J

Japan 46

K


L


M


N


86



O


P


Q

Quit 13

R



S


87



T


U



V


W


X


Z


Table of Contents

Introduction


Ch2 File Menu

View Map

Open Map

GPS Log Files

Demo Mode

Ch3 Preferences

Display Preferences

Serial Preferences

Keyboard Commands

License Key


Ch4 Displays Menu

Location Panel



GPS Satellite Data

Ch5 Time Synch

Set Macintosh Time

Ch6 Data Transfers


Ch8 GPSyLink



Ch9 AppleEvents

ApA Cable Making




ApB GPS Tutorial

ApC NMEA-0183


Standard NMEA Tags

ApD Datum Issues

Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS

A




AETE resource

almanac

altimeter

altitude


AppleEvent

Area 51

Ashtec SCA-1212S

atomic clocks

atomic time

Australian Map Grid

B

bearing



C

CA Code

Celsius

climb rate

clock drift

Coast Guard

CodeWarrior Pro

comments






D


Data Transfer Datum

Datum Translation




dBHz

DDDDDD

DDMMM

DDMMSS

Decca

degrees

DeLorme StreetAtlas


DeLorme Tripmate

Demo Mode



DGPS




Display Altitude

Display Preferences

Displays Menu





E

Eagle Accunav Sport

Eagle Explorer

EagleLowrance


ECEF x y z

echolocation


ellipsoidal models

embedded comment










F

Fahrenheit




feet

fix type

FM radio receiver


Francophone

G

Garmin


Garmin GPS III

Garmin GPSMap 195




Garmin TracPak

geodetic datums

Global Map Sport








GPS Data Monitor

GPS data type

GPS Satellite Data

GPSy

lsquoGPSyrsquo

GPSyLink



grades (GRAD)


H

half-zones setting


heading

health bit


HPE


I



InternetConfig

iPC MapFan II


J

Japan

K

Keyboard Commands

L



License Agreement

License Key

local time

Loran-C

Lowrance

Lowrance Sea Nav



M


Magellan protocol

magnetic north

Maidenhead Grid


Map control panel

MapInfo


Measurement Units

MENU 4110

millimeter accuracy



Misc Aviation Data



multipath

N

NAD-27 datum


nautical miles

NavCore V chipset

Navigation panel

NavStar


NMEA

NMEA log file

NMEA-0182

NMEA-0183




North Display

NVRAM

O

Omega


OSGB datum

P

P-Code




pinging sound

PortJuggler

PortShare

PRAM


precalibrated maps



Printing



Pseudo-range

Q

Quit

R

rate of ascent

Realtime Display






ResEdit

Reset GPSy


Resorcerer


Rockwell NavCore


Rockwell Zodiac



route

Route Data

RS-232RS-422

S



satellite display

satellite strength




serial port

serial port latency

Serial Preferences


Set Macintosh Time



Sony IPS Protocol

Sony IPS-5000

Sony PACY-CNV10

Space Vehicle

Speed Units



Start NMEA Logging

Start NMEA Playback



statute miles

STR 4110

STR 4111


SV

System Requirements

T

talker types

TDOP

lsquoTEXTrsquo

Text to Speech


TIGER Census data


Tokyo Datum

topographic maps

track data




true north

TTG

TTL level output

U



Userland Frontier

UTC offset

UTC time

Utilities Menu

UTMUPS

V



View Map

W

waypoint data

WGS-84

X


Z



12










13














httpwwwgpsycommaps



httpwwwgpsycommaps




14













15

















16











17












18



19
















20













21













22











23















24















25














26






27











28










29








30







31








32











33








34






35














36











37







38







39















40













41












42





DeLorme SA4 Route









httpwwwgpsycommaps



43









44







45













46












47










48



49













50



51















52















53







54











55









56






57











58













59




Z = altitude

t = time







60















61













62



63








64








65





66



67










68















69


Glossary





AFBAir Force Base







AOC





70






BITBuilt-In Test








71






CWContinuous Wave



10 X dB)






72






D-LevelDepot Level









73














EMElectro Magnetic


74







FOMFigure Of Merit










75



GPSy Protrade



GPSyLinktrade










HVHost Vehicle

76



















77






LOLocal Oscillator

mBMillibar








MSLMean Sea Level



NANot Applicable




78

















79













RCVRReceiver

RFRadio Frequency

RMSRoot Mean Square

80


RNAVArea Navigation

RSSRoot Sum Square

RTRemote Terminal








SCSpecial Committee








81



STDCDUStandard CDU










UEUser Equipment


82






UTUniversal Time











83


Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS 43

A


B


C



D


84



E



F



G


85


H


I


J

Japan 46

K


L


M


N


86



O


P


Q

Quit 13

R



S


87



T


U



V


W


X


Z


Table of Contents

Introduction


Ch2 File Menu

View Map

Open Map

GPS Log Files

Demo Mode

Ch3 Preferences

Display Preferences

Serial Preferences

Keyboard Commands

License Key


Ch4 Displays Menu

Location Panel



GPS Satellite Data

Ch5 Time Synch

Set Macintosh Time

Ch6 Data Transfers


Ch8 GPSyLink



Ch9 AppleEvents

ApA Cable Making




ApB GPS Tutorial

ApC NMEA-0183


Standard NMEA Tags

ApD Datum Issues

Index

Symbols

$PASHQPASHS

A




AETE resource

almanac

altimeter

altitude


AppleEvent

Area 51

Ashtec SCA-1212S

atomic clocks

atomic time

Australian Map Grid

B

bearing



C

CA Code

Celsius

climb rate

clock drift

Coast Guard

CodeWarrior Pro

comments






D


Data Transfer Datum

Datum Translation




dBHz

DDDDDD

DDMMM

DDMMSS

Decca

degrees

DeLorme StreetAtlas


DeLorme Tripmate

Demo Mode



DGPS




Display Altitude

Display Preferences

Displays Menu





E

Eagle Accunav Sport

Eagle Explorer

EagleLowrance


ECEF x y z

echolocation


ellipsoidal models

embedded comment










F

Fahrenheit




feet

fix type

FM radio receiver


Francophone

G

Garmin


Garmin GPS III

Garmin GPSMap 195




Garmin TracPak

geodetic datums

Global Map Sport








GPS Data Monitor

GPS data type

GPS Satellite Data

GPSy

lsquoGPSyrsquo

GPSyLink



grades (GRAD)


H

half-zones setting


heading

health bit


HPE


I



InternetConfig

iPC MapFan II


J

Japan

K

Keyboard Commands

L



License Agreement

License Key

local time

Loran-C

Lowrance

Lowrance Sea Nav



M


Magellan protocol

magnetic north

Maidenhead Grid


Map control panel

MapInfo


Measurement Units

MENU 4110

millimeter accuracy



Misc Aviation Data



multipath

N

NAD-27 datum


nautical miles

NavCore V chipset

Navigation panel

NavStar


NMEA

NMEA log file

NMEA-0182

NMEA-0183




North Display

NVRAM

O

Omega


OSGB datum

P

P-Code




pinging sound

PortJuggler

PortShare

PRAM


precalibrated maps



Printing



Pseudo-range

Q

Quit

R

rate of ascent

Realtime Display






ResEdit

Reset GPSy


Resorcerer


Rockwell NavCore


Rockwell Zodiac



route

Route Data

RS-232RS-422

S



satellite display

satellite strength




serial port

serial port latency

Serial Preferences


Set Macintosh Time



Sony IPS Protocol

Sony IPS-5000

Sony PACY-CNV10

Space Vehicle

Speed Units



Start NMEA Logging

Start NMEA Playback



statute miles

STR 4110

STR 4111


SV

System Requirements

T

talker types

TDOP

lsquoTEXTrsquo

Text to Speech


TIGER Census data


Tokyo Datum

topographic maps

track data




true north

TTG

TTL level output

U



Userland Frontier

UTC offset

UTC time

Utilities Menu

UTMUPS

V



View Map

W

waypoint data

WGS-84

X


Z



Version 3.30 Documentation

Documents

Transcript of Version 3.30 Documentation