CH 2 CH 2 NH 2
description
Transcript of CH 2 CH 2 NH 2
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CH2CH2NH2
OHHO
The Playful Mind
Play Behavior and the Neurobiology of Having Fun
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References to “fun” in the scientific literature are few and far between
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Is play fun?
• Ask any kid
• Rats will run a maze when the opportunity to play is the reward
• Rats will prefer an environment where they’ve played over an environment where they haven’t played
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The questions of the day
• What exactly is play and how do we study it in a rat?• Is there a neural circuit for play?• Since dopamine is involved in everything else, is it
also involved in play?• Are there genes for playfulness?• Can studying play in rats tell us anything about
psychiatric conditions in human children?• Is this the “fountain of youth”?
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What exactly is play and how do we study it in rats?
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What exactly is play?
Play is repeated, incompletely functional behavior differing from more adaptive versions structurally, contextually, or ontogenetically, and initiated voluntarily when the animal is in a relaxed or unstressed state.
Burghardt (2001)
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The many faces of play
• Imaginative play
• Symbolic play
• Sensorimotor play
• Object play
• Rough-and-tumble play
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Dependent Measures for Studying Play in the Rat
• Contacts directed to nape
• Responses to nape contacts– Responses which tend to continue
the play bout– Responses which either stop the bout
or put the bout “on hold”• Frequency of pins
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Contact directed to nape
Response to nape contact
Complete rotation (pin)
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The Fun House
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Inside the Fun House
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Is there a neural circuit for play?
• Experimental approaches
– Lesions
– Metabolic markers
– Administration of neurochemicals
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What do we know?
• Cerebral cortex not that important
• Multiple subcortical circuits
– Thalamic / Somatosensory circuit
– Basal ganglia circuit
– Limbic circuit
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Thalamic – somatosensory circuitry
• Responsiveness to playful solicitation
• Specificity to stimulus type
• “tickling” and “laughter”
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Thalamic – somatosensory circuitry
• Responsiveness to playful solicitation
• Specificity to stimulus type
• “tickling” and “laughter”
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Basal ganglia circuitry
• Motor patterning
• Motivational component
• “sensitized” by lack of stimulation (boredom)
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Basal ganglia circuitry
• Motor patterning
• Motivational component
• “sensitized” by lack of stimulation (boredom)
Primary motor pathway
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Limbic circuitry
• Evolution of mammals and the emergence of limbic system
• Importance of the social bond
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Limbic circuitry
• Evolution of mammals and the emergence of limbic system
• Importance of the social bond
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Is there a neural circuit for play?
• Multiple circuits
• Cortical development may inhibit subcortical “play circuitry”
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Since dopamine seems to be involved in everything else, is it
also involved in play?
CH2CH2NH2
OHHO
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“Dopamine, how do I love thee? Let me count the ways”, jokes George Koob, Ph.D., from the Scripps Institute. Excitement about dopamine is now so high that the danger is not underestimating its reach, but exaggerating it:
“Today’s gig is that dopamine is a kind of everyman’s neurotransmitter because it does everything. And the fact is, it doesn’t.
“The Plunge of Pleasure”Psychology TodaySeptember/October 1997
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CPuNAc
SN
VTA
PFC
Brain Dopamine Systems
Nigrostriatal systemMesolimbic/Mesocortical system
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“Tweeking” receptors with neurochemicals
• Agonists • Antagonists• Reuptake inhibitors• Reverse-reuptake
(release)
Administer drug Observe behavior
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Dopamine and play
• Psychomotor stimulants (amphetamine, methyphenidate) potently reduce play
• D1 dopamine agonists and antagonists uniformly reduce play
• D2 dopamine agonists reduce play– Low doses may increase play
• D2 dopamine antagonists uniformly reduce play
• Extensive dopamine lesions alter the patterning of play
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Breaking up play
Anticipatory/Preparatory Behaviors
Consummatory Behaviors
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Stimuli predictive of reinforcer
Increased release of dopamine in mesolimbic terminal regions
Increased anticipatory or preparatory responding
Anticipatory/Preparatory Behaviors
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Anticipatory Response for Play
Control
Play
5 minutes 5 minutes
alone
alone
alone
playpartner
Dependent measure: tunnel crosses
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Day of Testing
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tun
nel C
ross
es
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Control (n=9)Play (n=9)
Play experience yields an anticipatory response
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Blockade of dopamine receptors with haloperidol
disrupts anticipatory activityTun
nel C
ross
es
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Control Play
VehicleHaloperidol (0.05 mg/kg)
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Stimuli predictive of play
Increased release of dopamine in mesolimbic terminal regions
Anticipatory eagerness
Anticipatory Behavior and Play
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Ultrasonic vocalizations as measure of anticipatory eagerness
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• Control animals placed in chamber for 2 minutes
• Experimental animals placed in chamber for 2 minutes prior to a 5 minute opportunity to play
Acquisition of 55 kHz vocalizations
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Haloperidol reduces vocalizations
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Effects of haloperidol on play
• Nape contacts reduced in rats allowed to play with same partner every day
• No effects on responsiveness to nape contacts
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Since dopamine seems to be involved in everything else, is it
also involved in play?
• Important for actual execution of the behavior patterns
• Anticipatory eagerness• Mesolimbic vs.
nigrostriatal involvement
CH2CH2NH2
OHHO
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Are there genes for playfulness?
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Use of inbred strains• Known behavioral and neurobiological
differences between selected strains• Fischer-344 and Lewis strains
• Groundwork for studying genetics of play
• Increased understanding of disorders with genetic origins
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Fischer-344 and Lewis strains• Responsiveness to stress
• Fischer > Lewis
• Reactivity to handling and novelty• Fischer > Lewis
• Susceptibility to inflammatory disease• Lewis > Fischer
• Self-administration of abused drugs• Lewis > Fischer
• Play behavior• Lewis > Fischer
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Play solicitation
Playful responsiveness
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Does isolation affect sensitivity to amphetamine?
Fischer or
Lewis
Socialvs.
1 day isolation
Socialvs.
3 days Isolation
60 minutes baseline
Amphetamine (2 mg/kg)
90 minutes post-injection
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Amphetamine has comparable effect after 1 day of isolation
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3 days of isolation results in sensitized response in Lewis rats, but not Fischer rats
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Chronic, intermittent drug taking
Chronic, intermittentbouts of play
withdrawal
isolation
Sensitized responseto amphetamine
Sensitized responseto amphetamine
Drug-induced sensitization
Isolation-induced sensitization
Is there a parallel with drug use and abuse?
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Are there genes for playfulness?
• Strain differences
• Independence of maternal influence
• Individual differences?
• Personality traits?
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Can studying play in rats tell us anything about psychiatric conditions
in human children?
• Attention deficit disorder (ADHD)
• Autism
• Childhood depression
• Anti-social behaviors and violent tendencies
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Is this the “fountain of youth”
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Why is it important for your child to play?
When children play, they exercise their senses, their intellect, their emotions, their imagination - keenly andenergetically…to play is to explore, to discover and to experiment. Playing helps children develop ideas and gainexperience. It gives them a wealth of knowledge and information about the world in which they live - andabout themselves. So to play is also to learn. Play is funfor children. But it’s much more than that - it’s good forthem, and it’s necessary…play gives children the opportunityto develop and use the many talents they were born with.
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Why is it important for your child to play?
When children play, they exercise their senses, their intellect, their emotions, their imagination - keenly andenergetically…to play is to explore, to discover and to experiment. Playing helps children develop ideas and gainexperience. It gives them a wealth of knowledge and information about the world in which they live - andabout themselves. So to play is also to learn. Play is funfor children. But it’s much more than that - it’s good forthem, and it’s necessary…play gives children the opportunityto develop and use the many talents they were born with.
Lego’s Building Set